DOCSLIB.ORG

Written Evidence Submitted by Amnesty International UK (XIN0046) Submission to the Foreign Affairs Committee

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Written Evidence Submitted by Amnesty International UK (XIN0046) Submission to the Foreign Affairs Committee Written evidence submitted by Amnesty International UK (XIN0046) Submission to the Foreign Affairs Committee: Xinjiang Detention Camps, China October 2020 * This submission focuses on human rights in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) in China. Amnesty International United Kingdom Section The Human Rights Action Centre, 17-25 New Inn Yard, London EC2A 3EA Tel: 020 7033 1500 Fax: 020 7033 1557 www.amnesty.org.uk Summary of key recommendations The UK Government should Take specific measures to ensure that Uyghurs, Kazakhs or others residing in the UK are protected from intimidation and other harassment by Chinese embassies and agents. Should ensure, in line with non-refoulement commitments already made and in accordance with its obligations under international law, that Uyghurs, Kazakhs or other Chinese nationals from Xinjiang are not transferred, directly or indirectly, to China if they were to face a real risk of serious human rights abuses. Ensure that any Uyghurs, Kazakhs or other Chinese nationals have prompt access to a fair and effective asylum process, legal counsel, a thorough assessment of the risks of human rights abuses they might face upon return and the ability to challenge any removal orders. Work with its international partners to stop all kinds of harassment and intimidation against Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic groups living overseas. Work actively with its international partners to Convene a Special Session of the UN Human Rights Council on the human rights situation in China and urgently create an independent international mechanism to address serious ongoing human rights violations. Call for the immediately release of all persons held in “de-extremification”, “transformation-through-education” or other facilities in Xinjiang, unless there is sufficient credible and admissible evidence that they have committed an internationally recognized offence, are transferred to recognized detention facilities, and are granted a fair trial in line with international standards and without recourse to the death penalty, and allow all those held to effectively legally challenge their continued detention. Use every available opportunity, including in the context of China’s membership of the Human Rights Council, to urge China to repeal or amend laws and regulations that arbitrarily restrict the exercise of human rights by Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities and ensure that any legal provisions aimed at protecting national security or counter-terrorism are clearly and narrowly defined, are non-discriminatory and conform with all international human rights law and standards. Continue to call for independent and unrestricted access to Xinjiang for independent human rights monitors, including the High Commissioner for Human Rights and relevant UN Special Procedures. Establish a new law to mandate companies to undertake human rights due diligence across their supply chains to prevent harms from taking place and to hold companies to account for when they fail to prevent human rights abuses. Amnesty International UK Amnesty International UK is a national section of a global movement of more seven million people. We represent more than 600,000 individuals in the UK. We undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of all human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments. We are independent of any Government, political ideology, economic interest or religion. Overview Since 2017, the Xinjiang authorities have been engaged in a massive campaign of intrusive surveillance, arbitrary detention, political indoctrination and forced cultural assimilation targeting the region’s Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other predominantly Muslim people. An estimated 1 million or more people have been held in “transformation-through-education” or “vocational training” centres, where they have endured a litany of human rights violations, apparently because of their ethnic or religious identity. According to some testimonies from former detainees, they were subjected to political indoctrination and those who resisted or failed to show enough progress reportedly faced punishments ranging from verbal abuse to food deprivation, solitary confinement, beatings and use of restraints and stress positions – likely to amount to violations of the absolute prohibition under international law of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. What is the best form of support to offer to members of the Uyghur diaspora (and others) who are experiencing persecution and harassment abroad? 1) Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other ethnic Muslims outside of China have been trying to find information about the situation of their family members in Xinjiang who have been or might have been detained.1 Many have been very reluctant to speak publicly, fearing possible retaliation against either themselves or other relatives in Xinjiang. But accounts collected by Amnesty from approximately 400 overseas Uyghurs, Kazakhs and members of other ethnic groups in 22 countries revealed how the Chinese authorities have been systematically harassing Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic groups even after they have left the country.2 The UK Government should take specific measures to ensure that Uyghurs, Kazakhs or others residing in the UK are protected from intimidation and other harassment by Chinese embassies and agents. 2) Several Uyghur interviewees told Amnesty International that local authorities in Xinjiang had targeted their relatives back home as a way to suppress the activities of Uyghur communities living abroad. Others said the Chinese authorities had used social messaging apps to track, contact and intimidate them. Those targeted are reportedly threatened that if they do not cooperate, their family members back in Xinjiang would be detained. Those living abroad also fear what might happen to them if they return to Xinjiang. The UK Government should ensure, in line with non- refoulement commitments already made and in accordance with its obligations under international law, that Uyghurs, Kazakhs or other Chinese nationals from 1 Amnesty International, China: “Where are they?” Time for Answers about Mass Detentions in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Index: ASA 17/9113/2018). 2 Amnesty International, China: Nowhere Feels Safe: Uyghurs tell of China-led intimidation campaign abroad (Feature, 21 February 2020). Xinjiang are not transferred, directly or indirectly, to China if they were to face a real risk of serious human rights abuses. 3) Those with the right to reside in other countries are at least able to stay where they are. However, students on short-term visas or people seeking asylum in other countries do not always have that option.3 The UK Government should ensure that any Uyghurs, Kazakhs or other Chinese nationals have prompt access to a fair and effective asylum process, legal counsel, a thorough assessment of the risks of human rights abuses they might face upon return and the ability to challenge any removal orders. 4) Accounts of surveillance and intimidation are validated by details of government policies found in leaked documents published by media organizations in late 2019 and early 2020. In addition to information about measures to gather information about overseas Uyghurs, Kazakhs and members of other ethnic groups, these leaked documents also shed light on mechanisms used to exert control in the ongoing repression in Xinjiang.4 The UK Government should work with its international partners to stop all kinds of harassment and intimidation against Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic groups living overseas (including through mechanisms described below). How can the UK use organisations and agreements such as the UN Human Rights Council and the Genocide Convention to influence China towards better human rights practices? 5) The UK has played an important role in addressing the human rights situation in China at the UN over the past 18 months. Amnesty International UK welcomes the UK’s co-signing of a statement delivered by the UK on behalf of 28 countries at the 44th session of the UN Human Rights Council in June 2020 and another delivered by Germany on behalf of 39 countries at the UN General Assembly’s Third Committee in October.5 The statements, and increased support for them from different regional groups, show the growing international concern over the human rights situation in China, with a particular emphasis on Xinjiang. Both statements made clear calls on China to allow immediate, meaningful and unfettered access to Xinjiang for independent observers including the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and her Office and relevant special procedure mandate holders. The UK government should work actively with its international partners to Convene a Special Session of the UN Human Rights Council on the human rights situation in China and urgently create an independent international mechanism to address serious ongoing human rights violations. 3 Amnesty International, Families of missing Uighurs terrified to search for their loved ones (Feature, 31 March 2019). 4 Austin Ramzy and Chris Buckley, “‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims”, New York Times, 16 November 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html; International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, “China Cables: China’s Operating Manuals
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • SCTIW Review
    SCTIW Review Journal of the Society for Contemporary Thought and the Islamicate World ISSN: 2374-9288 February 21, 2017 David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier, Harvard University Press, 2016, 386 pp., $39.95 US (hbk), ISBN 9780674660373. Since the 1980s, Western scholarship on modern Chinese history has moved away from the narrative of a tradition-bound Middle Kingdom reacting to the dynamism of Japan and the West. A “China-centered” view of modern Chinese history has by now become standard, much to the benefit of historical research.1 In more recent years, Anglophone scholarship on Central Asia has increasingly assumed a comparable orientation, combining indigenous and imperial sources to recenter modern Central Asian history around Central Asian actors. David Brophy’s Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier, the culmination of a decade of research, represents a major advance in this regard. In a wide- ranging study, Brophy carefully reconstructs the interplay of local elites, intellectuals, community, and state from which the contemporary Uyghur nation emerged: a Uyghur- centered view of modern Uyghur history.2 On the basis of extensive archival, published, and manuscript sources, Brophy has written the fullest and most convincing account to date of the twentieth-century development of the Uyghur national concept. Synthesizing intellectual and political history, he puts persuasively to rest the frequent assertion that modern Uyghur identity was imposed from above by Soviet bureaucrats and passively adopted by its designated subjects. Brophy demonstrates that the Uyghur national idea, and the bureaucratic reification of that idea, emerged from complex negotiations between proto-Uyghur elites and intellectuals, ethnographers of various backgrounds, and Soviet officials on the local and national level.
    [Show full text]
  • Koshymova Aknur the Role of Oghuzes in the VIII-XIII Centuries In
    Koshymova Aknur The role of Oghuzes in the VIII-XIII centuries in the formation of ethno genesis of Turkic peoples ANNOTATION To the dissertation prepared to get PhD degree in “History” – 6D020300 General description of the dissertation. The dissertation paper explores the place of Oghuz in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples in the context of the history of the Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Turks. The relevance of the research. The studied problem reflects one of the topical issues that has a peculiar place both in national history and foreign historiography. Due to the antiquity and deep historical roots of the ethnogenetic process of the formation of the late Turkic peoples, the researchers recognized the direct involvement of the Oghuz clans and tribes in the history of the Kazakhs. During the study of the ethnogenesis of a single Turkic people, the process of its formation, development paths and features, you can see how great the role of migration and assimilation processes in the content of ethnic mixing of the autochthonous population and alien tribes, which determined the future ethnic composition, language, culture, and this circumstance allows us to consider this factor as the leading one. Therefore, the history of the Oghuz-speaking peoples who inhabited Central and Asia Minor, the Caucasus, from a modern point of view, must be investigated in close connection with the history of the Kazakh people, which makes it possible to obtain valuable scientific results. The history of the Oghuz originating in the VIII century from the territories of the Mongolian plateau and the northeastern part of modern Kazakhstan, which as a result of mass movements occupied the Syrdarya valley, then the territory of modern Turkmenistan, then Azerbaijan and Anatolia, which led to dramatic changes in ethnic processes in these regions, it is necessary to consider taking into account the historical and genetic continuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries)
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 8; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Medieval Turkic Nations and Their Image on Nature and Human Being (VI-IX Centuries) Galiya Iskakova1, Talas Omarbekov1 & Ahmet Tashagil2 1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of History, Archeology and Ethnology, Kazakhstan 2 Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Faculty of Science, Turkey Correspondence: Galiya Iskakova, al-Farabi Avenue, 71, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan. Received: November 27, 2014 Accepted: December 10, 2014 Online Published: March 20, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n8p155 Abstract The article aims to consider world vision of medieval (VI-IX centuries) Turkic tribes on nature and human being and the issues, which impact on the emergence of their world image on nature, human being as well as their perceptions in this case. In this regard, the paper analyzes the concepts on territory, borders and bound in the Turks` society, the indicator of the boundaries for Turkic tribes and the way of expression the world concept on nature and human being of above stated nations. The research findings show that Turks as their descendants Kazakhs had a distinctive vision on environment and the relationship between human being and nature. Human being and nature were conceived as a single organism. Relationship of Turkic mythic outlook with real historical tradition and a particular geographical location captures the scale of the era of the birth of new cultural schemes. It was reflected in the various historical monuments, which characterizes the Turkic civilization as a complex system.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia: Confronting Independence
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY UNLOCKING THE ASSETS: ENERGY AND THE FUTURE OF CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – APRIL 1998 CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE Introduction After the euphoria of gaining independence settles down, the elites of each new sovereign country inevitably stumble upon the challenges of building a viable state. The inexperienced governments soon venture into unfamiliar territory when they have to formulate foreign policy or when they try to forge beneficial economic ties with foreign investors. What often proves especially difficult is the process of redefining the new country's relationship with its old colonial ruler or federation partners. In addition to these often-encountered hurdles, the newly independent states of Central Asia-- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-- have faced a host of particular challenges. Some of these emanate from the Soviet legacy, others--from the ethnic and social fabric of each individual polity. Yet another group stems from the peculiarities of intra- regional dynamics. Finally, the fledgling states have been struggling to step out of their traditional isolation and build relations with states outside of their neighborhood. This paper seeks to offer an overview of all the challenges that the Central Asian countries have confronted in the process of consolidating their sovereignty. The Soviet Legacy and the Ensuing Internal Challenges What best distinguishes the birth of the Central Asian states from that of any other sovereign country is the incredible weakness of pro-independence movements throughout the region.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Editorial Board
    https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2019.76.kazakh FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD KAZAKH DIASPORA IN KYRGYZSTAN: HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT AND ETHNOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES Bibiziya Kalshabayeva Professor, Department of History, Archeology and Ethnology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: [email protected] Gulnara Dadabayeva Associate Professor, KIMEP University Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: [email protected] Dauren Eskekbaev Associate Professor, Almaty University of Management Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: [email protected] Abstract: The article focuses on the most significant stages of the formation of the Kazakh diaspora in the Kyrgyz Republic, to point out what reasons contributed to the rugged Kazakh migration process in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and how it affected the forms and types of their settlements (compact or disperse). The researched issues also include the identification of factors provoked by humans and the state to launch these migrations. Surprisingly enough, opposite to the claims made by independent Kazakhstan leadership in the early 2000s, the number of Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan wishing to become repatriates to their native country is still far from the desired. Thus the article is an attempt to find out what reasons and factors influence the Kazakh residents’ desire to stay in the neighboring country as a minority. To provide the answer, the authors analyzed the dynamics of statistical variations in the number of migrants and the reasons of these changes. The other key point in tracing what characteristic features separate Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan and their kinsmen in Kazakhstan is the archival data, statistical, historical, and field sources, which provide a systematic overview of the largely unstudied pages of the history of the Kazakh diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Written Evidence Submitted by East Turkistan Government in Exile (XIN0078)
    Written evidence submitted by East Turkistan Government in Exile (XIN0078) The East Turkistan Problem and How the UK Should Address it East Turkistan Government in Exile The East Turkistan Government in Exile (ETGE) is the democratically elected official body representing East Turkistan and its people. On September 14, 2004, the government in exile was established in Washington, DC by a coalition of Uyghur and other East Turkistani organizations. The East Turkistan Government in Exile is a democratic body with a representative Parliament. The primary leaders — President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Speaker (Chair) of Parliament, and Deputy Speaker (Chair) of Parliament — are democratically elected by the Parliament members from all over the East Turkistani diaspora in the General Assembly which takes place every four years. The East Turkistan Government in Exile is submitting this evidence and recommendation to the UK Parliament and the UK Government as it is the leading body representing the interests of not only Uyghurs but all peoples of East Turkistan including Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, and Tatars. More importantly, the ETGE has submitted the first ever legal complaint to the International Criminal Court against China and its officials for genocide and other crimes against humanity. We would like the UK Government to assist our community using all available means to seek justice and end to decades of prolonged colonization, genocide, and occupation in East Turkistan. Brief History of East Turkistan and the Uyghurs With a history of over 6000 years, according to Uyghur historians like Turghun Almas, the Uyghurs are the natives of East Turkistan. Throughout the millennia, the Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples have established and maintained numerous independent kingdoms, states, and even empires.
    [Show full text]
  • China's De-Extremization of Uyghurs in Xinjiang
    PATRIK MEYER CHINA’S DE-EXTREMIZATION OF UYGHURS IN XINJIANG JUNE 2016 About the Author About New America Patrik Meyer is a fellow with New New America is committed to renewing American politics, America’s International Security program. prosperity, and purpose in the Digital Age. We generate big He has eclectic personal, academic, and ideas, bridge the gap between technology and policy, and professional backgrounds, which inform curate broad public conversation. We combine the best of his multidisciplinary research and narrow a policy research institute, technology laboratory, public the gap between theory and practice in his work. He forum, media platform, and a venture capital fund for earned his PhD in politics and international studies from ideas. We are a distinctive community of thinkers, writers, the University of Cambridge, working with Chinese researchers, technologists, and community activists who scholars to provide better understanding of the conflicts believe deeply in the possibility of American renewal. in Xinjiang, China, that fuel tensions between the Uyghurs and the Chinese government. He also holds an M.P.A. in Find out more at newamerica.org/our-story. development from Harvard Kennedy School, an M.S. in structural dynamics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a B.S. in civil engineering from the About the International Security Program University of California, Berkeley. New America’s International Security program aims to Before commencing his academic studies, Patrik provide evidence-based analysis of some of the thorniest spent twenty years traveling the world, mainly through questions facing American policymakers and the public. the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia, where he was The program is largely focused on South Asia and the deeply involved in Islamic and Chinese studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Xinjiang Problem
    THE XINJIANG PROBLEM Graham E. Fuller S. Frederick Starr © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies The Johns Hopkins University Tel.: 1 202 663 7723 [email protected] The Xinjiang Problem 3 Table of Contents Introduction: The Xinjiang Project............................................. 1 I. What is the Problem in Xinjiang? ...........................................4 II. The Geopolitical Realities: a Primer......................................10 III. What Do The Key Players Want? .......................................16 Uyghur Grievances.................................................................................. 16 Uyghur Goals and Actions ........................................................................22 China’s Grievances..................................................................................26 China’s Goals and Actions ........................................................................30 IV. What Is At Stake? Why The Xinjiang Problem Matters ........33 Implications for Ethnic Minorities.............................................................. 33 Uyghurs and the Muslim World.................................................................34 Terrorism .............................................................................................. 40 China and Regional Geopolitics..................................................................43 Human Rights Issues................................................................................47 Economic
    [Show full text]
  • The Mass Internment of Uyghurs: “We Want to Be Respected As Humans
    The Mass Internment of Uyghurs: “We want to be respected as humans. Is it too much to ask?” TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................3 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................5 The Re-education Campaign Emerges from “De-extremification”……………………………….6 The Scale and Nature of the Current Internment Camp System…………………………………10 Reactions to the Internment Camps…………………………………………………...................17 VOICES OF THE CAMPS ...........................................................................................................19 “Every night I heard crying” .........................................................................................................19 “I am here to break the silence”.....................................................................................................20 “He bashed his head against a wall to try to kill himself”.............................................................23 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS .............................................................................................................38 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................41 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................43
    [Show full text]
  • A Cultural Analysis of a Physicist ''Trio'' Supporting the Backlash Against
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Global Environmental Change 18 (2008) 204–219 www.elsevier.com/locate/gloenvcha Experiences of modernity in the greenhouse: A cultural analysis of a physicist ‘‘trio’’ supporting the backlash against global warming Myanna Lahsenà Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Epaciais (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Sa˜o Jose´ dos Campos, SP 12227-010 Brazil Received 18 March 2007; received in revised form 5 October 2007; accepted 29 October 2007 Abstract This paper identifies cultural and historical dimensions that structure US climate science politics. It explores why a key subset of scientists—the physicist founders and leaders of the influential George C. Marshall Institute—chose to lend their scientific authority to this movement which continues to powerfully shape US climate policy. The paper suggests that these physicists joined the environmental backlash to stem changing tides in science and society, and to defend their preferred understandings of science, modernity, and of themselves as a physicist elite—understandings challenged by on-going transformations encapsulated by the widespread concern about human-induced climate change. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Anti-environmental movement; Human dimensions research; Climate change; Controversy; United States; George C. Marshall Institute 1. Introduction change itself, what he termed a ‘‘strong theory of culture.’’ Arguing that the essential role of science in our present age Human Dimensions Research in the area of global only can be fully understood through examination of environmental change tends to integrate a limited con- individuals’ relationships with each other and with ‘‘mean- ceptualization of culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]