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Obstacles in Tourism Growth: the Case of Alexandra Township, Johannesburg

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Obstacles in Tourism Growth: the Case of Alexandra Township, Johannesburg COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). Obstacles in tourism growth: The case of Alexandra Township, Johannesburg by AYANDA DLADLA A dissertation submitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Masters of Tourism and Hospitality Management at the College of Business and Economics UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Prof. Llewellyn Leonard 2019 i ANTI-PLAGIARISM DECLARATION University of Johannesburg Department: School of Tourism and Hospitality Title: Obstacles in tourism growth: The case of Alexandra Township, Johannesburg Name: Ayanda Dladla Student number: 201125084 Course: Masters of Tourism and Hospitality Management Supervisor: Prof. Llewellyn Leonard 1. I hereby declare that this study is my own original work. 2. Where the secondary material has been used (either from a printed or online source), it was carefully acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the department requirements. 3. I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the department’s policy in this regard. 4. This research project is submitted for the degree of Master at the School of Tourism and Hospitality at the University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg. 5. It is a compulsory requirement according to the university for a student to obtain a master degree. 6. I confirm that the research had never been submitted to any academic institution for any purpose. Signature_______________________ Date___19 December 2019__________ ii ABSTRACT This research sought to examine the challenges facing the growth of tourism in the township of Alexandra in Johannesburg, and to propose possible recommendations to address these challenges. It further attempted to investigate the role of tourism as a tool for poverty relief. According to previous studies, Alexandra is one of the poorest urban areas in South Africa, and has a very weak, albeit growing, tourism sector. Research reveals that the township is characterised by high levels of poverty, hunger, unemployment, low income households, poor living conditions, informal and backyard dwellings, poor housing and sanitation, environmental problems, limited access to municipal services, and high crime rates. When South Africa attained democracy in 1994, tourism was identified as a potential tool for economic growth and social development, and is valued for its role in reducing poverty, supporting existing and new Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs), and creating jobs. However, several studies have found that Alexandra is falling behind other townships in terms of tourism growth, for example Soweto has emerged as a well-known destination since 1994, while township tourism has been a more recent phenomenon in Alexandra. Over the years, the government, along with other stakeholders, has implemented various projects in an effort to develop tourism, yet despite some improvements, the township still encounters challenges resulting in an underdeveloped tourism sector. It was thus important to conduct a study on tourism development to understand the obstacles towards tourism growth, as the government identified the tourism potential in Alexandra in 2001. As there is limited published research on township tourism in Alexandra, this research intended to help create an enabling foundation to understand the obstacles to tourism growth in Alexandra. The study engaged in semi-structured interviews with key informants (i.e. government, the private sector, civil society, and Non- Government Organisations) to understand these challenges. The results indicate that a lack of skills, a lack of SMME development, crime and the poor marketing of Alexandra as a tourism brand are a few important constraints. The study also found that Alexandra has potential to be a strong tourism destination, with developments already implemented since 2001, although these developments have been limited. To boost tourism to benefit the community, the provincial government thus needs to increase its intervention in those areas that are hindering tourism growth. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Llewellyn Leonard, who has guided me throughout my research. Thank you for all the necessary and useful suggestions and advice while I wrote this study. I would also like to extend my deep appreciation to the Gauteng Tourism Authority in Johannesburg, particularly to Ester Hlapa, Monica Ngwenya, and Natasha Johnson. Thank you for giving me your valuable time and contributing to this research by guiding me and recommending the right people to contact as informants when I was planning the fieldwork. My appreciation also goes to Namhla Zulu of the Gauteng Enterprise Propeller in Johannesburg, for all the assistance she offered relating to SMMEs in Alexandra. In Alexandra, thanks are due to Miss Pasha at the Alexandra Tourism Association, for all the assistance and time she provided me to connect me with several key role players, including business owners and organisations that are engaged within the local tourism industry. To a fellow student and a close friend, Linda Mjiyakho, thank you for your help and companionship when I was travelling around Alexandra conducting the interviews. Lastly, I would like to thank Thabo Mopasi, the owner of the Detwapotleng Business Enterprise and a member of the Alexandra Heritage Team, for sharing his knowledge about the history of Alexandra. Although my interview with him took place in the latter stages of my research, he was the one who welcomed and introduced me into the township. Thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ANTI-PLAGIARISM DECLARATION ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES ix ANNEXURES x DEFINITIONS xi ABBREVIATIONS xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Research statement 4 1.3 Main research question 5 1.3.1 Sub-research questions 5 1.4 Research aims 5 1.5 Research objectives 5 1.6 Scope of the study 6 1.7 Ethical considerations 6 1.8 The history of Alexandra 8 1.8.1 Alexandra before the democratic transition 8 1.8.2 The township of Alexandra in a post-apartheid South Africa 10 1.8.2.1 Socio-economy for Alexandra 12 1.9 Conclusion 16 1.10 Outline and structure of the study 16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 The tourism industry as a tool for economic growth and development 17 2.2.1 Tourism development on a global scale 17 2.2.2 Tourism development in Africa 19 2.2.3 Tourism development in South Africa 21 2.3. Difference between slum and township tourism 24 2.4. The development of slum tourism 25 2.4.1. The development of slum tourism around the world 25 2.4.2. The development of slum tourism in Asia 28 2.4.3. Development of tourism in the slums of Africa 29 2.4.4. The development of township tourism in South Africa 32 2.5. Ethical consumption and consideration in the practice of township tourism 37 2.6. The nature of slum tourism 39 2.7. Criticisms and challenges associated with slum tourism around the world 40 2.8. Advantages of township tourism in South Africa 42 2.9. Challenges and criticisms of township tourism in South Africa 43 v 2.10. Attempt to address issues of voyeurism in the tourism sector in South Africa 46 2.11. The development of the township of Alexandra since the apartheid regime 47 2.11.1. Previous and present developmental programmes for Alexandra 47 2.11.2. The Master Plan 48 2.11.3. The Urban Renewal Plan 49 2.11.4. The Urban Renewal Programme 51 2.11.5. The Alexandra Renewal Project 52 2.12. Township tourism development in Alexandra 54 2.12.1. Tourism growth in Alexandra in post-apartheid South Africa 54 2.12.2. The role of government and tourism development projects in Alexandra 53 2.12.3. Development of tourism SMMEs for poverty reduction in Alexandra 58 2.13. Key challenges of the tourism industry in the township of Alexandra 60 2.13.1. Lack of community participation due to a lack of knowledge and skills 60 2.13.2. Slow development and progress of SMMEs and lack of government support 61 2.13.3. Shortage of accommodation facilities and demand (low occupancy) 62 2.13.4. Lack of tourism facilities and other tourist activities 63 2.13.5. The lack of employment opportunities created by the tourism industry 63 2.13.6. Tourism development and the issue of crime in Alexandra 64 2.13.7. Issues related to environmental problems 65 2.14. The gap in knowledge about tourism development in Alexandra 66 2.15. Conclusion 67 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Methodological approach 68 3.2.1 Qualitative research approach 68 3.2.2 Research techniques for the study 70 3.2.2.1 Semi-structured interviews 70 3.2.2.2 Drafting of guiding questions for semi-structured interviews 72 3.2.2.3 Identification of research informants (snowball sampling method) 73 3.2.2.4 One-on-one interviews 74 3.2.3 List of semi-structured interviews conducted 75 3.3 Research design for the study 77 3.3.1 Description of the research site 77 3.3.2 Target study population 78 3.3.3 Methods used to access and select the most relevant informants 79 3.3.3.1 Purposive and heterogeneous sampling 79 3.3.4 Tools utilised in the process of collecting data 79 3.3.4.1 Digital recording 79 3.3.4.2 Transcribing method 80 3.3.5 Secondary sources used in the results/analysis 81 3.4 Technique for analysing the data 82 vi 3.4.1 Content analysis 82 3.4.2 The selection and identification of common themes 86 3.5 Ethical considerations 87 3.6 Conclusion 89 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.1.1.
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