DOCSLIB.ORG

Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd. v. Qingdao Aoshang Network Technology Co., Ltd. et al., An Unfair Competition Dispute Guiding Case No. 45 (Discussed and Passed by the Adjudication Committee of the Supreme People’s Court Released on April 15, 2015) CHINA GUIDING CASES PROJECT English Guiding Case (EGC45) November 15, 2015 Edition * * The citation of this translation of the Guiding Case is: 《北京百度网讯科技有限公司诉青岛奥商网络技 术有限公司等不正当竞争纠纷案》 (Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd. v. Qingdao Aoshang Network Technology Co., Ltd., An Unfair Competition Dispute ), CHINA GUIDING CASES PROJECT , English Guiding Case (EGC45), Nov. 15, 2015 Edition , available at http://cgc.law.stanford.edu/guiding -cases/guiding -case -45. This document was primarily prepared by Jasmine Chen, Jeffrey Chivers, Oma Lee, Jeremy Schlosser, Yifan Yang, and Shiyue Zhang. The document was finalized by Sean Webb, Jordan Corrente Beck, and Dr. Mei Gechlik. Minor editing, such as splitting long paragraphs, adding a few words included in square brackets, and boldfacing the headings to correspond with those boldfaced in the original Chinese version, was done to make the piece more comprehensible to readers. The following text, otherwise, is a direct translation of the original text and reflects the formatting of the Chinese document released by the Supreme People’s Court. The following Guiding Case was discussed and passed by the Adjudication Committee of the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China and was released on April 15, 2015, available at http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/04/id/1602323.shtml. See also 《最高人民法院关于发布第十批指 导性案例的通知》 (The Supreme People’s Court’s Notice Concerning the Release of the Tenth Batch of Guiding Cases ), Apr. 15, 2015, available at http://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/2015/04/id/148149.shtml. Copyright 2015 by Stanford University 2 2015.11.15 Edition Keywords Civil Unfair Competition Network Service Principle of Good Faith Main Points of the Adjudication An act by [any] business operator engaged in Internet services that forcibly causes advertisements to pop up on the search results pages of other business operators’ websites violates the principle of good faith and generally recognized business ethics, hinders the proper business operation of other business operators, and adversely affects their legal rights and interests. [Such an act] may, in accordance with the principles [set forth in] Article 2 of the Anti - Unfair Competition Law of the People’s Republic of China , 1 be determined to be unfair competition. Related Legal Rule(s) Article 2 of the Anti -Unfair Competition Law of the People’s Republic of China Basic Facts of the Case Plaintiff Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd. 2 (北京百度网讯科技 有限公司 ) (hereinafter referred to as “Baidu Company”) claimed: The www.baidu.com website (hereinafter referred to as the “Baidu website” ) that it owned [featured] a Chinese search engine. The three defendants Qingdao Aoshang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 3 (青岛奥商网络技术 有限公司 ) (hereinafter referred to as “Aoshang Network Company”) , the Qingdao Municipality Branch of China United Network Communications Corporation Limited 4 (中国联合网络通信有 1 《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》 (Anti -Unfair Competition Law of the People’s Republic of China ), passed and issued on Sept. 2, 1993, effective as of Dec. 1, 1993, available at http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000 -12/05/content_4600.htm. 2 Translators’ note: the name “ 北京百度网讯科技有限公司 ” is translated here as “Beijing Baidu Netcom Science and Technology Co., Ltd.” in accordance with the name used in an announcement about a patent application filed by the company on December 3, 2011, at http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012126259A1?cl=it:. 3 Translators’ note: the name “ 青岛奥商网络技术有限公司 ” is literally translated here as “Qingdao Aoshang Network Technology Co., Ltd.”. The term “ 奥商 ” is translated here as “Aoshang” in accordance with the translation used on the company’s website, at http://www.og.com.cn/emotionlist.aspx. 4 Translators’ note: the name “ 中国联合网络通信有限公司 ” is translated here as “China United Network Communications Corporation Limited” in accordance with the name used in an announcement made by the company on August 28, 2014 to meet certain legal requirements in Hong Kong, at Copyright 2015 by Stanford University 3 2015.11.15 Edition 限公司青岛市分公司 ) (hereinafter referred to as “Unicom Qingdao Company”), and the Shandong Province Branch of China United Network Communications Corporation Limited ( 中 国联合网络通信有限公司山东省分公司 ) (hereinafter referred to as “Unicom Shandong Company”) used Netcom’s 5 Internet access network services in the region of Qingdao, Shandong Province, to forcibly add advertisements to the search results pages of Baidu Company’s website. [These] acts adversely affected Baidu Company’s goodwill and economic performance and benefit, violated the principle of good faith, and [therefore] constituted unfair competition. [The plantiff] requested that [the court] hold that: 1. The acts of Aoshang Network Company and Unicom Qingdao Company constituted unfair competition with the plaintiff and [thus, the companies must] cease those acts of unfair competition. The third party [to this case must] bear joint and several liability. 2. The three defendants [must] publish a statement in the newspapers [apologizing for their acts] so as to eliminate the effects of [those acts]; 3. The three defendants [must] jointly pay the plaintiff 480,000 yuan as compensation for economic losses and 100,000 yuan [as compensation for] expenses reasonably incurred in this case. Defendant Aoshang Network Company defended its position, claiming: it did not [carry out] any act amounting to unfair competition and [therefore] should not apologize or pay 480,000 yuan as compensation. Defendant Unicom Qingdao Company defended its position, claiming: The plaintiff had no evidence to prove that [Unicom Qingdao Company] had carried out the alleged act, nor did [the plaintiff] submit evidence to prove the actual losses [the plaintiff alleged it] had suffered. The plaintiff had no competitive relationship with [Unicom Qingdao Company] and [the court] should reject all of the plaintiff’s litigation requests. Defendant Unicom Shandong Company defended its position, claiming: The plaintiff had no evidence to prove that [Unicom Shandong Company] had carried out the alleged act of unfair competition or the allegedly infringing act. [Therefore,] there was no legal basis for it to bear joint and several liability. http://www.chinaunicom.com.hk/fileservice.ashx?f=yDy%2FJ2mrNWSl9N%2F7Y6egvmzzpAkId%2BHiRSDHrEh gKwQu9jgxqsjLa2SjR%2B6h1JyBVgCxWI4gm2qlg2JM9dg%2F4SOlwrD1nFyZ. 5 Translator’s note: the name “网通 ” (“Netcom”) likely refers to “ 中国网通 ” (“China Netcom”), the abbreviated name of “ 中国网络通信集团公司 ” (“China Network Communications Group Corporation”). In January 2009, the corporation and China United Network Communications Group Company Limited ( 中国联合通 信有限公司 ) merged to form China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd. ( 中国联合网络通信集团有 限公司 ), which is generally known as “China Unicom” (“ 中国联通 ”). For more information, see China Unicom’s Corporate Profile, at http://eng.chinaunicom.com/about/Eng -gsgl/index.html. Copyright 2015 by Stanford University 4 2015.11.15 Edition Third-Party Qingdao Pengfei International Air Travel Service Co., Ltd. (青岛鹏飞国际 航空旅游服务有限公司 ) (hereinafter referred to as “Pengfei Air Company”) stated: this case did not actually involve Third-Party [Pengfei Air Company]. The court handled the case and ascertained: The scope of Baidu Company’s business [included the provision of] Internet information services. The Baidu website, the address of which was examined and approved as www.baidu.com, primarily provided network users with Internet information search services. The scope of Aoshang Network Company’s business included network engineering and construction, [the provision of] network technology application services, and computer software design and development. Its website [domain name] was www.og.com.cn. The company stated in the “Corporate Overview” [section] of the above- mentioned website that it had four websites: China Aoshang Net (www.og.com.cn), Ouge Network Marketing Partner (www.og.net.cn), Qingdao Telephone Real Name Net (www.0532114.org), and Peninsula Talent Net (www.job17.com). When the company introduced on its website its “Network Express” business, it stated: no need to install any plug- ins, advertising webpages will forcibly appear. When [the company] introduced how the product “Search Know-It-All” performed, graphics and text were used to list the following procedures: Step One: enter keywords in the search engine dialogue box. Step Two: the space for [displaying] Network Express advertisements first appears [on the screen] (five-second display). Step Three: [While the advertisements appear on the screen] click the above- mentioned space for [displaying] advertisements to directly enter a new window of the promotional website. Step Four: after five seconds, the original window automatically displays the requested search results of Step 1. That website also used other formats to introduce the above-mentioned services. The scope of Unicom Qingdao Company’s business included [the provision of] Internet access and information services. The Qingdao Information Port ([whose] domain name was qd.sd.cn) was a website owned by [Unicom Qingdao Company]. The “Telephone Real Name” [registration system] 6 was a voice search business 7 jointly operated by Unicom Qingdao 6 Translator’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
    Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan
    [Show full text]
  • Land-Use Efficiency in Shandong (China)
    sustainability Article Land-Use Efficiency in Shandong (China): Empirical Analysis Based on a Super-SBM Model Yayuan Pang and Xinjun Wang * Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020 Abstract: A reasonable evaluation of land-use efficiency is an important issue in land use and development. By using a super-SBM model, the construction and cultivated land-use efficiency of 17 cities in Shandong from 2006 to 2018 were estimated and the spatial-temporal variation was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The land use efficiency levels were quite different, and low-efficiency cities impacted the overall development process. (2) The efficiency values of construction land generally fluctuated and rose, meaning that room remains for future efficiency improvements. Cultivated land generally showed a high utilization efficiency, but it fluctuated and decreased. (3) The construction land-use efficiency was highest in the midland region, especially in Laiwu city, followed by the eastern region and Qingdao city, and the western region. The spatial variation in cultivated land presented a trend of “high in the middle, low in the periphery,” centered on Jinan and Yantai city. (4) Pure technical efficiency was the main restriction driving inefficient utilization in the western region, while scale efficiency played that role in the east. Based on the findings, policy suggestions were proposed to improve the land-use efficiency in Shandong and promote urban sustainable development. Keywords: land use; efficiency level; super-SBM model; Shandong Province; construction land; cultivated land 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh Chittagong China Hong Kong Shenzhen
    Japan Tokyo 14 Dalian Seoul 15 Yokohama 17 South 13 Tianjin 8 16 Korea 12 Osaka-wan 10 Inch'on Kobe 7 6 9 Beijing Qingdao Busan Australia Australia 34 Brisbane 34 Brisbane Australia Australia 3 Shanghai Australia Brisbane 34 34 Brisbane 34 Brisbane China Taipei Australia Brisbane 29 34 New Delhi 21 Australia Taiwan Brisbane 5 Kao-hsiung Sydney 34 Guangzhou 32 Sydney 11 Perth 32 Hong Kong 36 Adelaide 2 Perth Bangladesh 36 35 Adelaide 4 35 Shenzhen Sydney Sydney Chittagong Sydney 32 32 Nagpur 23 Perth Perth Adelaide 32 18 Perth 36 36 Adelaide Mumbai (Bombay) 20 Philippines 36 Adelaide 35 35 Manila 27 Melbourne35 India 33 Melbourne 33 Sydney 32 Perth Thailand 36 Adelaide Sydney Auckland 35 Melbourne 32 Melbourne Vietnam Perth Melbourne 33 33 37 Auckland Bangkok 30 36 Adelaide33 37 Bangalore 22 19 Chennai (Madras) 35 31 Ho Chi Minh City Auckland Auckland Auckland 37 37 Melbourne New Zealand 37 33 New Zealand Melbourne Colombo 28 Sri Lanka Main Transport Terminals Trade(import-export) value Population (million people) 33 Malaysia Connections (billion US dollars) in 2007 AucklandNew Zealand 37 New Zealand Kuala Lumpur New Zealand Road Asia Highway >1000 0 - 2 Auckland 25 Network 37 26 Port of Tanjung 1 Indonesia International Airport 500 - 1000 2 - 5 Pelepas Singapore River New Zealand Sea Harbour 100 - 500 5 - 10 New Zealand River Harbour <100 0 245 490 Miles > 10 Free Economic Zone Jakarta 24 0 245 490 KM 1. Singapore 2. Hong Kong 3. Shanghai 4. Shenzhen 5. Kaohsiung 6. Busan 7. Beijing 8. Dalian Singapore is the world’s biggest container port with yearly throughput Hong Kong is a hub port serving the South Asian Pacific region and Shanghai is the power house for the economic growth of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Layout of Multimodal Transport Center in Jinan City
    E3S Web of Conferences 38, 01040 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801040 ICEMEE 2018 Research on layout of multimodal transport center in Jinan City Xue Qin ZHANG 1,*, Ying Ran CUI 1, Yuan LI 1 ,and Xiu Feng LIANG 1 1Shandong Jiaotong University, Ji’nan, Shandong 250300, China Abstract. Multimodal operation is an efficient form of transportation organization. By integrating various modes of transport, the advantages of each mode are fully exerted, and the efficiency and quality of transportation are improved to meet the demand for personalized transport. This article first analyzes the status of multimodal transport development in various regions of Shandong Province; through the analysis of the external environment in which Jinan City is located, it proposes the layout of the Jinan Multimodal Transport Center; finally, it proposes various solutions based on the actual development status. 1 Introduction Table.1 2011-2017Shandong Province GDP and industrial With the development of society, people pay more and structure ratio more attention to the efficiency of transport. In this case, Years GDP/ Billion The proportion of multimodal transport has emerged as the times require. It three industries depends on the combination of sea and land, land and 2011 45429.2 8.8:52.9:38.3 land, and so on, which greatly reduces the transportation 2012 50013.2 8.6:51.4:40.0 time and saves manpower. Most multimodal transport 2013 54684.3 8.7:50.1:41.2 today relies on large containers for loading and 2014 59426.6 8.1:48.4:43.5 unloading of goods.
    [Show full text]
  • About Shandong
    About Shandong People's Government of Shandong Province Administrative division As at December 31, 2017, the investigation land area of Shandong Province totaled 157,965km2. By the end of 2017, the total population of Shandong was 100,058,300. By December 31, 2017, Shandong Province had jurisdiction over 17 prefecture-level cities including Ji’nan, Qingdao, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Yantai, Weifang, Ji’ning, Tai'an, Weihai, Rizhao, Laiwu, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze, covering 137 county-level units and 1,824 township-level administrative units. Geological resources [Location & area] Shandong Province is located on the eastern coast of China and the lower reaches of the Yellow River, between 34°22.9′~38°24.01′N and 114°47.5′~122°42.3′E. The territory is composed of the peninsula and inland. The Shandong Peninsula stands out in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, facing the Liaodong Peninsula. The inland part is bordered by Hebei, He’nan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces from the north to the south. The territory is about 420km long from north to south and around 700km wide from east to west, with a total area of 157,100km2, accounting for 1.64% of the total area of China, The capital of Shandong Province is Ji’nan. [Terrain & landform] The terrain of the province is composed of mountains in the center and basins and plains in the northwest and the northwest, forming a landform of mountainous & hills as the skeleton and the plains & basins interlaced. The mountain area accounts for 15.5% of the total area of the province, hills 13.2%, plains 55%, lowlands 4.1%, lakes & plains 4.4%, and others 7.8%.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Degradation of the Yangtze and Nile Delta-Estuaries in Response to Dam Construction with Special Reference to Monsoonal and Arid Climate Settings
    water Review Ecological Degradation of the Yangtze and Nile Delta-Estuaries in Response to Dam Construction with Special Reference to Monsoonal and Arid Climate Settings Zhongyuan Chen 1,*, Hao Xu 2 and Yanna Wang 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study reviews the monsoonal Yangtze and the arid Nile deltas with the objective of understanding how the process–response between river-basin modifications and delta-estuary ecological degradation are interrelated under contrasting hydroclimate dynamics. Our analysis shows that the Yangtze River had a long-term stepwise reduction in sediment and silicate fluxes to estuary due to dam construction since the 1960s, especially after the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) closed in 2003. By contrast, the Nile had a drastic reduction of sediment, freshwater, and silicate fluxes immediately after the construction of the Aswan High Dam (AHD) in 1964. Seasonal rainfall in the mid-lower Yangtze basin (below TGD) complemented riverine materials to its estuary, but little was available to the Nile coast below the AHD in the hyper-arid climate setting. Nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fluxes in both river basins have increased because of the overuse of N- and P-fertilizer, land-use changes, Citation: Chen, Z.; Xu, H.; Wang, Y. urbanization, and industrialization. Nutrient ratios (N:P:Si) in both delta-estuaries was greatly Ecological Degradation of the Yangtze altered, i.e., Yangtze case: 75:1:946 (1960s–1970s), 86:1:272 (1980s–1990s) and 102:1:75 (2000s–2010s); and Nile Delta-Estuaries in Response and Nile case: 6:1:32 (1960s–1970s), 8:1:9 (1980s–1990s), and 45:1:22 (2013), in the context of the to Dam Construction with Special optimum of Redfield ratio (N:P:Si = 16:1:16).
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 74, No. 57/Thursday, March 26, 2009/Notices
    13178 Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 57 / Thursday, March 26, 2009 / Notices of the functions of the agency, including Subsequently, several Vietnamese listed below. If a producer or exporter whether the information shall have producers/exporters withdrew their named in this notice of initiation had no practical utility; (b) the accuracy of the request for revocation of the exports, sales or entries during the POR, agency’s estimate of the burden antidumping duty order.3 The it must notify the Department within 30 (including hours and cost) of the anniversary month of these orders is days of publication of this notice in the proposed collection of information; (c) February. In accordance with the Federal Register. The Department will ways to enhance the quality, utility, and Department’s regulations, we are consider rescinding the review only if clarity of the information to be initiating these administrative reviews. the producer or exporter, as appropriate, collected; and (d) ways to minimize the DATES: Effective Date: March 26, 2009. submits a properly filed and timely statement certifying that it had no burden of the collection of information FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: exports, sales or entries of subject on respondents, including through the Catherine Bertrand (Vietnam) or Scot merchandise during the POR. All use of automated collection techniques Fullerton (PRC), AD/CVD Operations, submissions must be made in or other forms of information Office 9, Import Administration, accordance with 19 CFR 351.303 and technology. International Trade Administration, Comments submitted in response to are subject to verification in accordance U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th this notice will be summarized and/or with section 782(i) of the Tariff Act of Street and Constitution Avenue, NW., included in the request for OMB 1930, as amended (the ‘‘Act’’).
    [Show full text]
  • Qingdao Port International Co., Ltd. 青 島 港 國 際 股 份 有 限
    Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness, and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement. Qingdao Port International Co., Ltd. 青 島 港 國 際 股 份 有 限 公 司 (A joint stock company established in the People’s Republic of China with limited liability) (Stock Code: 06198) INSIDE INFORMATION EXPLANATIONS ON CERTAIN MEDIA REPORTS This announcement is made by Qingdao Port International Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) pursuant to Rules 13.09 of the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “Listing Rules”) and the Inside Information Provisions (as defined under the Listing Rules) under Part XIVA of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Chapter 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong). The Company noticed certain recent media reports concerning the consolidation of certain ports in Shandong province and hereby explains below. I. BRIEF OF CERTAIN MEDIA REPORTS Recently, it came to the notice of the Company that recently there were certain media reports concerning the consolidation of certain ports in Shandong province, which reported that (a) the composition of the senior management team of Shandong Port Group (山東省港口集團); (b) the establishment of Shandong Port Group, among which, (i) Qingdao Port (Group) Co., Ltd. (青島港 （集團）有限公司, “QDP”), Yantai Port Group Co., Ltd. (煙臺港集團有限公司), and Rizhao Port Group Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Pengyuan Credit Rating (Hong Kong) Co.,Ltd
    Public Finance China Combing through the creditworthiness of prefecture-level governments in China Contents Summary Summary ........................................... 1 The institutional framework of prefecture-level governments is overall solid and largely predictable and stable. The prefecture-level governments typically Outline of Prefecture-level have most of their service expenditures defined and receive predictable and stable Governments in China ....................... 2 fiscal support from their higher-level governments. The five cities (Shenzhen, Our Rating Framework ....................... 2 Xiamen, Qingdao, Dalian and Ningbo) under state planning are exceptional in that they have economic and fiscal management authorities at the province level. As a Credit Overview of 327 Prefecture- result, they have a more robust institutional framework than other prefecture-level level Governments ............................. 3 governments. Additionally, the central government has designated a few Economic Growth Is More Divergent prefecture-level cities as sub-provincial cities, giving them more political power and Among Poorer Prefecture-level financial resources than their peers. Regions .............................................. 4 The creditworthiness of prefecture-level governments is generally sound. To Fiscal Pressure Is Mounting on have a credit overview on the prefecture-level governments in China, we examined Prefecture-level Governments ........... 5 the credit profiles of the majority (327 out of 333) of prefecture-level governments based on publicly available data and our rating framework. The prefecture-level Debt Burden is Increasing but governments’ indicative standalone credit profiles (SACP) are generally good, with Manageable ....................................... 7 around 79% rated between {BBB-} and {BBB+}. On top of that, the indicative credit Prefecture-level Governments estimates of prefecture-level governments are substantially enhanced by the Generally Have Adequate Liquidity ...
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Miocene Birth of the Yangtze River
    Pre-Miocene birth of the Yangtze River Hongbo Zhenga,1, Peter D. Cliftb, Ping Wanga, Ryuji Tadac, Juntao Jiad, Mengying Hee, and Fred Jourdanf aSchool of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; cDepartment of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; dSchool of Geosciences, China Petroleum University, Qingdao 266580, China; eSchool of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; and fWestern Australian Argon Isotope Facility, Department of Applied Geology and John de Laeter Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia Edited by Paul Tapponnier, Earth Observatory of Singapore, Singapore, and approved March 22, 2013 (received for review September 19, 2012) The development of fluvial systems in East Asia is closely linked to Geological Setting the evolving topography following India–Eurasia collision. Despite Downstream of the Three Gorges, the river crosses the Jianghan this, the age of the Yangtze River system has been strongly debated, Basin (JHB; Fig. 1 and Fig. S1), entering the East China Sea along with estimates ranging from 40 to 45 Ma, to a more recent initiation the southern margin of the Subei–South Yellow Sea Basin. The 40 39 around 2 Ma. Here, we present Ar/ Ar ages from basalts interbed- Jianghan Basin begun rifting in the Late Cretaceous, as did the ded with fluvial sediments from the lower reaches of the Yangtze Subei–South Yellow Sea Basin, and became a well-developed together with detrital zircon U–Pb ages from sand grains within extensional basin during the Paleogene (10, 11).
    [Show full text]
  • China Qingdao Port Qianwang Phase 2 Construction Project 1. Project
    China Qingdao Port Qianwang Phase 2 Construction Project Report Date: October , 2002 Field Survey: September, 2001 1. Project Profile and Japan's ODA Loan Site Map: Quindao Port Site photo: Container berths 1.1 Background Located on the southeast coast of Huanghai-Jiaozhouwan, Qingdao Port is the largest commercial port of Shandong Province and also one of the major foreign trade ports of China. The Port is the originating point of Jiaozhouwan-Ji'nan Railway and Ji'nan-Qingdao Expressway and important for the economic development of its hinterland (Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Sha'anxi Provinces). This Project is the only port project included in the early phase of the 9th Five Year Plan of China and the highest priority project in 10 major construction projects of Qingdao City in 1995. The throughput of the Port in 1995 was 51.03 million tons among which container cargo was 6.0 million tons and general cargo 21.13 million tons. On the other hand, the capacities for handling these cargos in 1995 were 2.8 million tons and 13 million tons, respectively, which were by far exceeded by throughputs, demanding the expansion of the capacities. 1.2 Objectives To construct two container berths and four general cargo berths at Qianwan District of Qingdao Port in Shandong Province, thereby to meet the growing transport demand associated with the economic development of its vast hinterland. 1.3 Scope of the Project The Project consists of the construction of six berths (design water depth: -10.7 to –11.8m; length: 153 to 169 m), installment of loading equipments and various utility facilities/equipments, and procurement of vessels and vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Qingdao Facts
    QINGDAO CHINA EXPAT GUIDE Qingdao Facts Geographic Location & Climate Qingdao is located in the middle of Shandong Peninsula (120°22′E, 36°4′N), with the Yellow Sea to the east and south, and the mainland to the west and north. Qingdao covers an area of 10,654sq km. Located in the temperate semi-humid continental climate zone, it is a well-known summer resort. The average summer and winter temperatures are 25 and 1.3 respectively with an annual average temperature of 12.2 . Average annual rainfall is 775.6 mm. ℃ ℃ ℃ Districts, Counties, and Population Qingdao is comprised of 7 districts: Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Licang, Chengyang, Huangdao, and Laoshan, and 5 county-level cities: Jiaozhou, Jiaonan, Jimo, Pingdu, and L a i x i. The total population of approximately 8.2 million comes under the jurisdiction of Qingdao Local Government. The urban population is 2.3 million which includes 60,000 Koreans working and/or residing in Qingdao. Getting Here and Away Liuting International Airport: Qingdao currently offers 19 international & interregional passenger and freight air routes, with over 300 flights per week. Qingdao's International Airport (TAO) offers direct flights to Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Seoul, Busan, Taegu, Paris, Singapore, Bangkok, Hong Kong, and Macao with a new route to Frankfurt currently underway. Qingdao's airport also provides over 800 domestic flights per week, directly linking Qingdao with 47 cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou. Flight Times to Adjacent Cities: Seoul: 1 hour Busan: 1 hour 30 min. Fukuoka: 1 hour 30 min. Tokyo: 2 hours 40 min. Osaka: 2 hours Beijing: 1 hour Shanghai: 1 hour Guangzhou: 2.5 Railway, Highway Networks, Bus & Ferry Terminals The Qingdao Railway Station provides frequent connections to regions throughout China with direct routes to Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan, Weihai, and Yantai (just to name a few).
    [Show full text]