MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 MPPSC MAINS 2019 MAINS TEST SERIES MAINS MENTORSHIP PROGRAM (MMP) TEST 3 GS PAPER 1 Part B GEOGRAPHY - Topic 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 MODEL HINTS ------3 MARKERS 1. This question consists of 15 very short answer type questions from (a) to (o). Each question is to be answered in 1 or 2 lines. There is no internal choice. Each question carries 3 marks.
(a) Location of Central Highlands in Madhya Pradesh. Model Hints
Central High Land is one of the physiographic divisions of Madhya Pradesh. It is the high land measuring the upper part of the M.P. from east to west.
It is the part of Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river. It is the biggest structure of the state comprising various plateaus, mountains and valleys.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 Supplementary Notes
Central Highlands have been further classified into:
A. Plateau of Central India B. Bundelkhand Plateau C. Rewa-Panna Plateau D. Malwa Plateau E. Narmada Son Valley The Central high lands are made up of Cuduppah rock group, Vindhya rock group, Deccan trap and the new sedimentation.
The highland has very less forest only 20%.
Most important forest product found is the catechu. (extract of acacia trees)
(b) Define Perihelion and Aphelion Model Hints
On the Earth's orbit around the Sun, when the earth is closest to the sun, the position is called perihelion and when it is farthest the position is called aphelion. Supplementary Notes
On January 3rd, the earth in its orbit is closest to the sun. This time of the earth is said to be Perihelion. On about July 4th, the earth is farthest from the sun, at this time the earth is said to be Aphelion. At aphelion the distance of the sun is 152 million km. While at its closest at perihelion the earth is 147.3 million km away from the sun. Owing to the elliptical orbit, the minimum distance of the earth from the sun is reached on or about January 3rd every year. It is winter in the Northern Hemisphere when the axis is tilted away from the sun. While the tilt makes the Northern Hemisphere cool in winter, its comparative nearness to the sun helps to make the Southern Hemisphere warm in summer.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 (c) Cropping Intensity Model Hints
Cropping intensity refers to raising of a number of crops from the same field during one agricultural year. It can be measured through a formula :
Cropping intensity = Total cropped area x 100 Net sown area
(d) Where is the highest mountain peak of India located. Also mention its height? Model Hints
Kanchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in India and ranked 3rd highest peak in the world with It height is 8,586 m (28,169 ft). It is situated at the border of India and Nepal in the Sikkim Himalayas. List of Top 10 Highest Peaks of India Name of Highest Peak (Decreasing order) Height (metre) Kangchenjunga Peak 8586 metre Nanda Devi Peak 7816 metre Kamet Peak 7756 metre Saltoro Kangri Peak 7742 metre Saser Kangri Peak 7,672 metre Mamostong Kangri Peak 7516 metre Rimo Peak 7385 metre Hardeol Peak 7151 metre Chaukamba Peak 7138 metre Trisul Peak 7120 metre
(e) How is the sex -ratio calculated in India? Model Hints
Sex composition is studied with the help of an index called sex ratio which reflects the balance between males and females. In India, sex ratio is measured in terms of females per thousand males and is worked out using the formula.
Sex Ratio = Female Population x 1000 Male Population
Sex-ratio in India according to 2011 census is 940, it implies that there are 940 females per 1000 males in India. Sex ratio has a profound effect on other demographic features like growth of population, marriage rates, occupational structure etc.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 (f) Key Diamond producing areas of India. Model Hints
The Majhgawan mine at Panna in the Madhya Pradesh is the only state with a diamond mine in the country as well as in Asia. It produces 30,000 carats every year During the year 2017-18, Madhya Pradesh has produced 28,424 carats of diamonds (up to December 2017). Madhya Pradesh is the state which is known as Diamond of India. (g) Which is the place of origin of Chambal river? Model Hints Chambal River
It is the 2nd longest river of MP with total length on 965 kms. It originates from Janapav hill near Mhow [Indore District] It falls in Yamuna river near Etawah [UP] Its major tributaries include Sindh, Kali Sindh, Paravti, Banas, Shipraetc It marks northern boundary of MP with rajasthan Major dams include Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar etc It flows through Dhar, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Morena, Shoepur, Bhind districts etc.
(h) What are the geographical areas occupied by 'Gond' tribe in India? Model Hints
• Gond tribal group is Scheduled Tribes of central and south-central India. • They live in Indian Peninsular regions in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha • In Madhya Pradesh Bhils have the highest no..of population (46.18 Lakh), followed by Gond (43.57 Lakh). Gond Sub Tribes: Pardhan, Agaria, Ojha, Nagarchi, Solhas Gond Geographical Area in MP: Found in almost every district but mainly in Vindhya & Satpura Region 3 largest Tribes of India 1. Bhil 2. Gond 3. Kol 3 largest Tribes of MP 1. Bhil 2. Gond 3. Baiga
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 (i) Crop zones in Madhya Pradesh Model Hints • Madhya Pradesh is divided into five Crop Zones: • 5 Crop Zones are : o Rice Zone o Wheat Rice Zone o Wheat Zone o Wheat Jowar Zone o Cotton Jowar Zone (j) Differentiate between Stalactites and Stalagmites Model Hints Stalactite
• The water, containing limestone in solution, seeps through the roof of the caverns in the form of a continuous chain of drops. • A portion of the drops hangs on the roof and on the evaporation of water, a small deposit of limestone is left behind contributing to the formation of a stalactite. • A stalactite grows downwards from the roof. • Its thickness is maximum near the roof and it thins out downwards. Stalagmite • The remaining portion of the drop falls to the floor of the cavern. • This also evaporates, leaving behind a small deposit of limestone aiding the formation of stalagmite, thicker and flatter, rising upwards from the floor. • Its thickness is maximum at the floor of the cavern and it thins out upwards.
(k) Mixed Cropping Model Hints
Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops together on the same piece of land in one crop season. The different crops to be grown together are so selected that the products and waste materials from one crop stimulates the growth of the other crop For example, wheat, gram and mustard are grown as mixed rabi crops in dry regions of Northern India.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 (l) Agro Ecology Model Hints Agroecology is the study of Ecological processes that operate in agricultural production systems. Its an integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of food and agricultural systems. It seeks to optimize the interactions between plants, animals, humans and the environment while taking into consideration the social aspects that need to be addressed for a sustainable and fair food system. (m) Differentiate between Spring Tides and Neap Tides. Model Hints Tides do not rise to the same height every day. They are influenced by the relative position of the moon and the sun with respect to the earth. Accordingly two types of tides are recognized: 1. Spring Tide. On the full moon and the new moon, the moon and the sun are almost in a line with the earth. Hence, they exert their combined pull on the earth. Therefore, on these two days tides are highest and are known as spring tides. 2. Neap Tide. When the moon is at first and last quarter, the sun and the moon make a right angle at the earth's centre. The attraction of the sun and the moon tends to balance each other. As a result, tides with lowest amplitude occur. These tides are termed as neap tides.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 (n) Duars Model Hints
• The longitudinal flat floored structural valleys region between the Lesser Himalayas and the Outer Himalayas are called as ‘duars’ (door) in the eastern himalayan region in India. Its called as ‘duns’ in the western himalayan region. • The Bhabar of Punjab are known as duars in Assam • Duars is the gateway to the hill stations of North Bengal, Assam and Bhutan. • Duar region is famous for its tea gardens, forests. • It is ideal for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers. (o) What is Supply Chain Management ? Model Hints
• Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. • It includes the movements of finished goods from point of Origin to point of Consumption.
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2. Write the answers of any 10 of the following questions in about 100 words each.
(a) Describe the ocean currents of the Pacific Ocean. Model Hints Currents of the Pacific Ocean :
Pacific Ocean is divided into North Pacific and South Pacific. A. Currents of the North Pacific Ocean 1. North Equatorial Current. 2. Kuroshio Current. 3. North Pacific Current. 4. Californian Current.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 5. British Columbia or Alaska Current. Oya Shio Cold Current. 6. Okhotsk Current.
Note: Due to the meeting of warm Kuroshio current from the south and cold Oya Shio current from the north, a very dense fog occurs near the coast of Japan. B. Currents of the South Pacific Ocean Following are the currents of the South Pacific Ocean: 1. South Equatorial Current. 2. East Australian Current. 3. South Pacific Current. 4. Peru Current.
Counter Equatorial Current Between the North and the South Equatorial Currents, a current flows from west to east which is known as the Counter Equatorial Current. The North and the South Equatorial Currents cause accumulation of water in the western parts which disturbs the surface level. This difference in level makes the Counter Equatorial current flow eastward.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 (b) Name the three most populated states according to 2011 Census and state its causes. Model Hints
According to the Census 2011, the three most populated States are : UP, Maharashtra, Bihar Uttar Pradesh Reasons behind high population Large fertile plains Plain topography Co-existence of religion Less education and propagation of family control method techniques. Maharashtra o The cause of such a high growth rate is said to be because of the long history of migration o Mumbai has been at the vanguard of the growth of capitalism, which led to economic and social changes o Census figures pointed out that over 50 per cent of migration into the state was due to the availability of employment and business opportunities at large. Bihar o Large fertile plains o High fertility rate of women (3.7 per cent), o Lack of education for women and girls was the main cause for high population growth rate.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3
(c) Give a brief account of the Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Madhya Pradesh. Model Hints Vulnerable tribes of Madhya Pradesh:
Among scheduled tribes, there are certain communities who had are categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (earlier known as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) having the following characteristics: o declining or stagnant population, smallness of number, stagnating or diminishing population, o low level of literacy, o pre-agricultural level of technology and o economically backward o residing in remote isolated areas (enclaves) o Vulnerable tribes are the tribes having low development indices. o practice of hunting and gathering, Bharia, Baiga and Sahariya are the 3 particularly vulnerable tribal group(now it is known as primitive tribal group) in Madhya Pradesh. Bharias
Bharia speaks Dravidian language and are completely isolated from the outside world. Bharia People have deep knowledge of their forest areas and its various medicinal plants and herbs. Area: Patalkot in Chhindwara district Baigas They are well known for their Tattoo tradition. Women of Baigas are expert in tattooing . Baigas practices shifting cultivation. Area: Mandla, Dindori, Umaria ,Shahdol, Anoopur and Balaghat districts Sahariyas
These are very less developed tribe of Madhya Pradesh which is also found in some areas of Rajasthan. Sahariyas practices traditional wood gathering and hunting from the forests. Area: Gwalior, Datia, Morena, Sheopur, Bhind, Shivpuri districts.
(d) Bring out the salient features of Himalayan Range in the context of its distinct longitudinal range. Model Hints
The Himalayan mountain ranges are much younger as compared to the Peninsular Plateau and are called the Young Fold Mountains.
According to the Plate Tectonic Theory, “The Himalayan ranges were formed when the Indian Plate was driven northwards and pushed beneath the Eurasian Plate. With the advance of the Indian Plate towards
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 the north, the Tethys started contracting about 65-70 million years ago. About 30-60 million years ago, the two plates came closer and the Tethys Sea crust began to fracture into thrust edges. About 20-30 million years ago, the Himayalan ranges started emerging. The Himalayan mountain ranges are still in their youthful stage which is evident from the presence of landforms like gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids, falls etc. Longitudainally, From west to East, Himalayas have been divided into six regions viz. Kashmir Himalayas, Himachal Himalayas, Kumaun Himalayas, Central & Sikkim Himalayas, Arunachal Himalayas and Purvachal Himalayas. The Kashmir Himalayas The Kashmir Himalayas have the largest number of Glaciers in India. The Ladakh region of the Kashmir Himalayas is India’s Cold Desert Biosphere reserve. A special feature of the valleys of Kashmir Himalayas is the Karewa deposits which are made up of silt, clay and sand. The important passes are Pir-Panjal, Banihal, Zoji-La, Saser-La, Chang-La, Jara-La etc. The Himachal Himalayas Himachal Himalayas are spread in Himachal Pradesh. The Rohtang, Bara-Lacha, Shipki-La are important passes joining India and China. The valleys of Kullu, Kangra, Manali, Lahaul, Spiti are known for orchards and tourist spots. The Kumaun Himalayas Kumaun Himalayas are located between the Sutlej and Kali rivers. They are home to India’s highest peak Nanda Devi. Other peaks located in Kumaun Himalayas are Kamet, Trishul, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Dunagiri, Gangotri etc. Gangotri and Pindar are important glaciers. The Sikkim (Central) Himalayas Sikkim Himalayas are located beyond the Kali River up to the Teesta River. Most of them are located in Nepal and known as Central Himalayas. These Himalayas are home to highest peaks of Himalayas such as Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna Eastern Himalayas & Purvanchal Hills The Eastern Himalayas occupy the Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan. The important hills in this region are Aka Hills, Daphla Hills, Miri Hills, Mishmi Hills, Namcha Barwa The Dihang and Debang passes of Arunachal Pradesh are its parts. Passing from Arunachal Pradesh, there is an eastward extension of the Himalayas in the north-eastern region of India. This is known as Purvanchal Hills. Purvanchal Hills comprises the Patkai hills, the Manipur hills, Bairal range, the Mizo hills and the Naga hills.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3
(e) Explain the Plate Tectonic Theory. Model Hints Plate Tectonic Theory The rigid lithospheric slabs or rigid and solid crustal layers are known as PLATES. The lithosphere is broken into several plates. It includes the crust and the top mantle with its thickness ranging between 5-100 km in the oceanic parts and about 200 km in the continental areas. Individual plates may have continental crust, oceanic crust or both. All the plates move independently in different directions over the asthenosphere.
Causes of Plate Movements In 1928, Arthur Holmes suggested that subcrustal convection currents involved the mechanism of thermal convection which acts as driving force for movement of plates. Hot currents rise, then cool as they reach the surface. This convectional movement moves the crustal plates. Due to movements of the currents, the rigid plates of the lithosphere, which 'float' on more mobile asthenosphere, are in constant motion. Small centres of past volcanic activity and often located far from any active plate boundary suggest the effect of convection currents on the lithosphere. These centers of volcanic activity are called the hot spot.
Plate Boundaries
Three types of movements of lithospheric plates have been noticed because of which plates are said to have three types of boundaries. Divergent Boundaries (Constructive) There are plates which are moving away from each other, these plates are called Diverging Plates and give rise to Diverging Boundaries. The sites where the plates move away from each other are called Spreading Sites. Most of the diverging boundaries are along the Mid Oceanic Ridges. It is generally characterized by continuous upwelling of molten lava from within the earth.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 The best-known example of divergent boundaries is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where American Plates are separated from the Eurasian and African Plates.
Convergent Boundaries (Destructive) The plates which move towards each other are called Converging Plates and the boundaries between two converging plates are known as Converging Boundaries. Oceanic - Continental Convergence a. When an oceanic plate collides with continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is forced below the lighter continental plate. The overrun plate is subducted or thrust into the mantle and part of the plate is melted. Melting also takes place due to heat created by pressure of rocks from above. The Molten Rock (magma) rises to the surface forming volcanic mountains along the continental edge. b. Trenches: Alternately a trench may be formed. Some of the famous trenches are Peru-Chile trench has been formed by collision of the Nazca Oceanic plate and the South American continental plate. Continental-Continental Convergence: When two continental plates converge, neither of the plates can be forced under the other. In such a situation the sediments are folded, and fold mountains are formed. The Himalayas and the Alps have been formed in this way.
Transform Boundaries Two adjacent plates may slip horizontally past one another along a fault line called as Transform Fault. The boundaries along which such a movement of the plates takes place are called transform boundaries. Such boundaries are characterized by numerous earthquakes. For ex: San Andreas Fault in California.
(f) Mention the petroleum producing areas of India. Model Hints Petroleum
Petroleum has assumed great significance and primarily used as motive power. Its other uses are for lubrication, and as raw material for large number of industries. For exploration of petroleum, wells were drilled in Upper Assam valley in 1866, just seven years after the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in USA. Oil was discovered in 1890 in Digboi area. Assam continued to be the only producer in India until 1959 when Khambhat oilfield was discovered in 1958 and the first well (Vasudhara) was drilled in Ankaleshwar in 1960. First offshore drilling was started in 1970 atAliabet in Gujarat. Later, the Bombay (Mumbai) High was discovered in 1975 and production from this area started in 1976. As a result of these efforts, production of petroleum in the country increased rapidly. Distribution of Oilfields North-Eastern Region
. This is the oldest oil producing region of India (started in 1866) and remained the sole producer for about MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com
MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 hundred years until 1959. . It extends over vast area in the Upper Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. . The important fields of this region are Digboi (oldest in India), Naharkatiya, Moran, Rudrasagar, Galeki and Hugrijan. . In Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh, there is Nigru oilfield. . In the nearby Nagaland, oilfields are at Borholla, close to Nagaland-Assam border. Gujarat Region
. This region encompasses the Khambhat basin and Gujarat plain. Oil was struck in this region in 1958. . The major oilfields of this region are Ankleshwar, Kalol, Nawagam, Kosamba, Kathana, Barkol, Mehsana, Sanand and Lunej. . Oil has also been found on the Aliabet island situated in Saurashtra. Mumbai High
. Mumbai High is an oil bearing region north-west of the Mumbai coast. . A drilling platform known as `Sagar Samrat' was set up here in 1975. . Another offshore oilfield has been discovered at Bassein in the south of Mumbai High. This area is estimated to be richer than the Mumbai High. East Coastal Region
. This region extends over the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin. . Extensive exploration work was carried on by Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and Oil India Limited (OIL) in 1980s. . Narimanam and Kovilappal are important oilfields in the Kaveri offshore area. . Recent explorations have indicated the presence of vast oil reserves in the Krishna-Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh. . Oil reserves have also been discovered in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. (g) Describe various causes of origin of earthquakes. Model Hints
Some of the common causes of earthquakes are: 1. Plate Movements: The most important and widely accepted theory regarding causes of the earthquakes is the Plate Tectonic Theory. The crustal plates are constantly moving at different speeds in different directions. The convergence and divergence of plates leads to the occurrence of earthquakes. 2. Due to Faults : These are the most common earthquakes and are generated by sliding of rocks along a fault plane. 3. Volcanic Eruptions : As the name indicates these earthquakes are caused by volcanic eruptions and are quite devastating. However, these are confined to areas of active volcanoes. 4. Intense Mining Activity: In areas of intense mining activity, often the roofs of underground mines collapse and minor tremors take place. These are called collapse earthquakes. 5. Chemical & Nuclear Explosion: When a chemical or nuclear explosion takes place, ground shaking occurs, and an earthquake is known as explosion earthquake. MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com
MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 6. Reservoir induced : Such earthquakes are caused by the pressure of water collected in large reservoir. (The Koyna earthquake in 1967 was caused by Koyna reservoir.)
(h) Enumerate the major issues and challenges related to quality and supply of seeds in India? Model Hints Among the various inputs required for crop production, Seed is the most basic and vital one, hence timely availability of good quality seeds is the deciding factor in the growth of agriculture sector in India. Good quality seeds are out of the reach of majority of the farmers, due to the following reasons: o The high cost of hybrid and GMseeds especially with respect to the seeds of commercial crops. o Introduction of some spurious seeds by some private companies in the market. o High fertilizer and irrigation requirement of hybrid seeds. o Requirement of special environment by genetically modified seeds to germinate.
(i) Where is gully erosion prominent in Madhya Pradesh? Suggest the important measures to control it. Model Hints The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels known as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land In the Chambal basin, such lands are called ravines. The Chambal region in central India is one of the most densely populated regions in the country. It has a very complex socio-economic structure, where more than 80 per cent of the population is primarily dependent on agriculture. There are no major industries in the region and alternative livelihood options are also very limited. Therefore, the dependency on land is very high Important Measures and various coping mechanisms o Contour Bunding o Channelling o Gully path modifications MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com
MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 o Changing Cropping patterns, and o Land leveling.
With increasing availability of heavy machinery, land leveling has expanded phenomenally. Large parts of the Chambal ravines are being leveled. During the last 40 years, around 600 sq km of these degraded ravines, locally known as bihads, have been leveled in the Chambal region. (j) What are the implications of high Soil Salinity? Model Hints Soil salinity and alkalinity has many implications:
Salinity is closely linked to other soil degradation issues, including soil erosion. Salinity is often associated with prolonged wetness and lack of surface cover and therefore increases the vulnerability of soils to erosion. Soil fertility is reduced which results in crop failure. Cultivation is not possible on saline soils unless they are flushed out with large quantities of irrigation water to leach out the salts. Choice of crops becomes limited because some crops are sensitive to salinity. Only high salt tolerant crops such as cotton, barley etc. and medium tolerant crops like wheat, rice, linseed, pulses, millets etc.can be grown. Quality of fodder crops is also reduced. Salinity and alkalinity creates difficulties in building and road construction. These cause floods due to reduced infiltration, leading to crop damage in the adjoining areas. The most significant off-site impact of dryland salinity is the salinisation of previously fresh rivers. This affects the quality of water for drinking and irrigation—with serious economic, social and environmental consequences for both rural and urban communities. Salt interacts with in-stream biota (animals and plants), changing the ecological health of streams and estuaries. The greatest threat to biodiversity is from the loss of habitat—both on land and in water. ------15 MARKERS
3. Answer any three of the following questions in about 300 words each.
(a) Describe the major physical division of Madhya Pradesh and what are their key characteristics Model Hints
Madhya Pradesh is divided into the following physicla divisions based on its topography and physical features: 1. Central Highlands 2. Satpura Maikal Range 3. Eastern or Baghelkhand plateau
Central Highlands
Central Highlands have been further classified into: Plateau of Central India MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com
MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 Bundelkhand Plateau Rewa—Panna Plateau Malwa Plateau Narmada Son Valley A. Plateau of Central India Plateau of Central India is situated in the north east of Malwa plateau. It covers an area of 32,896 sq km (10.68% of area of MP). It covers the northern part of the lower basin of Chambal river. It is composed of Vindhyan rock groups with the Deccan Trap in the south. The region is composed of mixed topography of lowland and upland. The area is marked by the deep ravines of Chambal river.
B. Bundelkhand Plateau It lies to the east of the Central India plateau and is bound on Northeast by Rewa—Panna plateau. It covers an area of 23,733 sq km (7.7% of area of MP). The area consists of granite rocks of Archean age. Siddha Baba is highest peak of the region. C. Rewa—Panna Plateau It is also known as Vindhyan plateau and lies to the north east of Bundelkhand plateau. It covers an area of 31,955 sq km (10.37% of area of MP). The maximum height of the plateau is 750 m. The area is drained by the Ken, Sonar and Tons river. Districts of Satna, Rewa, Damoh and Panna together constitute the region. Limestone and Diamonds are found in this region. D. Malwa Plateau It covers almost the entire western region of the state and the plateau is formed by the rocks of Deccan trap. It starts from north of the Narmada and covers Guna, Rajgarh, Mandsaur, Jhabua, Dhar, Ratlam, Dewas, Ujjain, Shajapur, Raisen and parts of Sagar district. The region is drained by Chambal, Mahi, Shipra and Parvati rivers. E. Narmada—Son Valley This region is drained by Narmada and Son rivers and it extends from north east to west with an average elevation of 300 m. It covers an area of 86,000 sq km (27.92% of area of MP). It is bounded by the Vindhyan, Kaimur and Bhander hills in the north and Satpura Maikal Range in the south. Baghelkhand lies to the east of it. The narrow portion in the middle of the eastern and western parts of Narmada and Son rivers is what constitutes Narmada Son Valley. This region is made up of Deccan trap, Vindhyan and Cuddapah rock groups.
Satpura Maikal Range
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3
The region is south of the Narmada Valley where the average elevation is around 300 m constitutes Satpura Maikal Range. The highest point in the statethat is Dhupgarh (1350m) is situated in this range only. The slope is sharp on the south while gentle towards the north. Tapti is the chief river flowing through the region. High rainfall is registered in this region of Madhya Pradesh.
Baghelkhand Plateau (Eastern Plateau) The area includes Eastern region of Madhya Pradesh and South of Son River and Son Valley. Districts of Rewa, Satna, Shandol, Katni, Umaria, Sidhi, Singrauli and Anuppur constitute this region. The climate here is of monsoon type and variable soil types are found in this region. It is composed of rock groups of Gondwana and Vindhyan. (b) Discuss the copper producing areas of Madhya Pradesh and also explain its uses. Model Hints
Copper Copper is the topmost mineral resource of Madhya Pradesh. The state has more than one fourth share in the national copper reserves. Copper is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Rajasthan has highest reserves, while M.P. ranks 1st in production. Reserves: 84 Million Tonn. Major Producing Districts: Balaghat and Betul Malajkhand (Balaghat district) is the largest open cast copper ore mine of India. Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL) is operating copper mines in the state.
Uses of Copper
Historically, copper was the first metal to be worked by people. The discovery that it could be hardened with a little tin to form the alloy bronze gave the name to the Bronze Age. Traditionally it has been one of the metals used to make coins, along with silver and gold. However, it is the most common of the three and therefore the least valued. Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. Because it corrodes slowly, copper is used in roofing, guttering, and as rainspouts on buildings. It is also used in plumbing and in cookware and cooking utensils. In terms of percentage copper is used 40% in electrical equipments 15% in cables and 45% in alloys. Copper sulfate is used widely as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 Copper compounds, such as Fehling’s solution, are used in chemical tests for sugar detection.
(c) Explain the scope of Food Processing industries in India Model Hints Food Processing includes process under which any raw product of agriculture, dairy, animal husbandry, meat, poultry or fishing is transformed through a process in such a way that its original physical properties undergo a change and the transformed product has commercial value and is suitable for human and animal consumption.
It also includes the process of value addition to produce products through methods such as preservation, addition of food additives, drying etc. with a view to preserve food substances in an effective manner, enhance their shelf life and quality.
Significance
Employment Generation Doubling of farmers’ income Reduce malnutrition Reduce food wastage Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange Curbing Migration Curbing Food Inflation Crop-diversification Enhances consumer choices
Scope
As per an estimate, India’s current food processing industry is estimated at USD 130 Billion and expected to attract huge domestic and foreign investment. Some of the key factors which are likely to increase the demand for processed food and consequently the food processing industry in the coming years are:
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(d) Elaborate the major non-conventional sources of Energy. Model Hints
Energy resources are of two types: (i) conventional and (ii) non-conventional. Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy
Energy based upon exhaustible sources, such as coal, mineral oil and nuclear minerals, will not last long. Therefore, efforts are being made to obtain energy from inexhaustible sources. These sources of energy cover biogas, biomass, solar energy, wind energy, small hydropower, solar photovoltaic power and recovery of energy from urban, municipal and industrial wastes. During the past quarter century, a variety of renewable energy technologies have been developed and deployed in villages and cities. India has succeeded in developing technologies for harnessing renewable non-conventional energy resources. Solar Energy
When sun's rays are tapped in photovoltaic cells and converted into energy, it is known as solar energy. There are two processes which are very effective in tapping solar energy, these are photovoltaics and solar thermal energy. Solar thermal technology has its own advantages because it is cost competitive, environment friendly and easy to construct. Solar energy is 7 per cent more effective than coal or oil based plants and 10 per cent more effective than nuclear plants.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3 It is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc. The western part of India has greater potential for the development of solar energy in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Wind Energy
Wind energy is harnessed with the help of wind mill, which in turn drives a generator to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. This energy can be derived from the permanent wind systems such as the trade winds, westerlies and seasonal winds like monsoons. Beside these, local winds, land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity. India has an ambitious plan to install 250 wind-driven turbines with a total capacity of 45 megawatts spread over 12 locations. Coastal locations are specially suited to setting up of wind driven turbines. The country's potential of wind power generation is more than 50,000 megawatts of which one-fourth can be easily harnessed. Favourable conditions for harvesting wind energy exist in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat in Kachchh is the largest in Asia. An-other, wind power plant is located at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu. Tidal and Waves Energy
Tides and waves have vast energy stored in them due to movement of water. Efforts have been made to harness this energy since the beginning of 17th and 18th century. It is estimated that India possesses 8000-9000 MW of tidal energy potential. Gulf of Khambhat is the best suited area with about 7000 MW potential of tidal energy. This is followed by Gulf of Kachchh (1000 MW) and Sunderbans (100MW).
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal is made up of two words, Geo meaning Earth and thermal meaning heat. Thus, geothermal is obtained from the heat of the earth. Tremendous heat is released when magma from the interior of the earth comes out on the surface. In addition to this, hot water that gushes out through geyser wells is also a great source of energy. The hot springs and geysers are being used since medieval period. In India, a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.
Bio-energy
Bio-energy is obtained from biological products such as agricultural residues, municipal wastes, industrial wastes and other types of waste material. This energy can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas energy for cooking purpose. It will also solve the problem of waste management and reduce environmental pollution. A plant to convert municipal waste into energy has been set up at Okhla in Delhi.
(e) Evaluate the National Population Policy 2000. Model Hints
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India has the second largest Population in the world after China. To provide a policy framework with respect to population, the National Population Policy was introduced in 2000. NPP 2000 was made to make sustainable population as per its economic growth by 2045. Significant feature of National Population Policy 2000
Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30/100 live births Free and compulsury education upto 14 years Universal immumnization of childrens delayed marriage of girls Preventing spred of AIDS and other Communicable diseases 100 percent registration of birth, death ,marriage and pregnancy Promote the importance of small family Reduce maternity mortality rate to below 100/100000 live birth Meet the basic needs of reproduction (contraception),supplies and infrastructure, child health services Promote 80% institutional deliveries and 100% deliveries by traines person.
Critical Evaluation India’s national population policies have failed to achieve their objectives as we remain world’s second largest populated country. The population of India in 1951 was 35 crore, but by 2011, it had increased to 121 crore. There have been few shortcomings. Firstly, the NPP have a narrow perspective, give much importance to contraception and sterilization. The basic prerequisite of meaningfully controlling population include poverty alleviation, improving the standards of living and the spread of education. Secondly, on national scale the policy was not publicized and failed to generate mass support in favour of population control. Thirdly, we have insufficient infrastructure owing to the lack of trained staff, lack of adequate aptitude among the staff and limited use or misuse of the equipment for population control resulted in failure of the policy. Lastly, the use of coercion during the Emergency (1976-77) caused a serious resentment among the masses. This made the very NPP itself very unpopular.
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NOTES
MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com
MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 3
MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com