GEOGRAPHY

MPPSC 2020

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MADHYAPRADESHGEOGRAPHY

CONTENTS Chapter 1 Physical and Natural Divisions OfMadhya Pradesh  An introduction to Geography of  Factual Takeaways Chapter 2  Physical Geography of Madhya Pradesh  Factual Takeaways Chapter 3  Climate Season and Rainfall in Madhya Pradesh  Factual Takeaways Chapter 4  Soils in Madhya Pradesh  Factual Takeaways Chapter 5  Rivers and Drainage System of Madhya Pradesh  Factual Takeaways Chapter 6  Irrigation and River Valley Projects  Factual Takeaways Chapter 7  Forests of Madhya Pradesh  State of Forest Report 2017 (MP Specific Data)  Factual Takeaways Chapter 8  Wildlife of Madhya Pradesh  Biosphere Reserves  National Parks  Wildlife Sanctuaries

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1. INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY OF MADHYA PRADESH

Topography of Madhya Pradesh Introduction  Madhya Pradesh is situated at the north-central part of Peninsular plateau , whose boundary can be classified in the north by the plains of Ganga-Yamuna, in the west by the Aravali, east by the Chhattisgarh plain and in the south by the Tapti Valley and the plateau of .  GeologicalStructure: Geologically MP is a part of Gondwana Land. 3,08,252 km2 Area (9.38% of the total area of India) 21: 6' - 26 :30' Latitudinal Expansion 605 km (North to South) 74: 59' - 82 :66' Longitudinal Expansion 870 km (East to West) Width is more than Length Indian Standard Meridian Singrauli District ( Only one district in MP) 82:30' passes Topic of Cancer and Indian Standard Meridian do not cross each other in any part of MP Geographical Position of MP

 Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area with its area 9.38% of the total area of the country. (Rajasthan is first areawise)  Madhya Pradesh is the 5th largest state by population.  International Boundaries: Madhya Pradesh does not touch any International border and has no coast line. Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan touches its boundary and make it a `Land Locked' state.  Natural Boundaries: The river Chambal in North, river Tapti in South and the ranges of Maikal and Kaimur in the East, defines its natural boundaries.

5 STATES

States sharing border with Madhya 1. Uttar Pradesh in the North, 2. Chhatisgarh in the East, Pradesh 3. Maharashtra in the South, 4. Gujarat in the West 5. Rajasthan in the North West. 14 Districts 1. Morena 2. Bhind 3. Datia Districts of Madhya PradeshSharing 4. Shivpuri border with Uttar Pradesh 5. Ashoknagar 6. Sagar 7. Tikamgarh 8. Niwari 9. Chhatarpur

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10. Panna 11. Satna 12. Rewa 13. Sidhi 14. Singrauli 12 Districts 1. Agra 2. Etawah 3. Jalaun 4. Jhansi 5. Hamirpur Districts of Uttar Pradesh Sharing 6. Mahoba border with Madhya Pradesh 7. Lalitpur 8. Banda 9. Chitrakoot 10. Prayagraj 11. Mirzapur 12. Sonbhadra. 6 Districts 1. Sidhi 2. Singrauli Districts of Madhya Pradesh sharing 3. Shahdol border with Chhatisgarh 4. Anuppur 5. Dindori 6. Balaghat 7 Districts 1. Balrampur 2. Surajpur Districts of Chhattisgarh sharing 3. Koriya border with Madhya Pradesh 4. Bilaspur 5. Mungeli 6. Kabeerdhan 7. Rajnandgaon 10 Districts 1. Jhabua 2. Ratlam 3. Mandsaur 4. Neemuch Districts of Madha Pradesh sharing 5. Agar border with Rajasthan 6. Rajgarh 7. Guna 8. Shivpuri 9. Sheopur 10. Morena 10 DISTRICTS 1. Banswara 2. Pratapgarh 3. Bhilwara Districts of Rajasthan sharing border 4. Chittorgarh with Madhya Pradesh 5. Jhalawad 6. Baran 7. Kota 8. Sawai Madhopur

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9. Karauli 10. Dholpur 2 Districts Districts of Madhay Pradesh sharing 1. Jhabua border with Gujarat 2. Alirajpur 2 Districts Districts of Gujarat sharing border 1. Dahod with Madhya Pradesh 2. Chhota Udaipur 9 Districts 1. Alirajpur 2. Barwani 3. Khargone Districts of Madhya Pradesh sharing 4. Khandwa border with Maharashtra 5. Burhanpur 6. Betul 7. Chhindwara 8. Seoni 9. Balaghat 9 Districts 1. Dhule 2. Bhusaval 3. Amrawati Districts of Maharashtrasharing 4. Nagpur border with Madhya Pradesh 5. Bhandara 6. Buldhana 7. Jalgaon 8. Nandurbar 9. Gondia Geographical Facts  There are 7 physical territories in MP after separation of C.G.  C.G. takes away 30.47% area (1,35,361 km2) from M.P.  Shape of MP is like a Sitting Camel.  Shape of C.G is like a Sea Horse  The district shares maximum inter state boundary: Niwari  The only district of MP which shares it's two opposite sides to two states :Shivpuri (UP in east and Rajsthan in west).  The only district shares it's boundary to C.G. and U.P.: Singrauli.  The only district shares it's boundary to C.G. and Maharastra: Balaghat.  The only district shares it's boundary to Gujarat and Maharastra: Alirajpur.  The only district shares it's boundary to Gujrat and Rajasthan: Jhabua.  The largest neighbouring state of MP : Rajasthan

Population wise the biggest neighbouring state of MP: UP Notable Facts  Geographically Madhya Pradesh is the Eastern part of Central High Lands of India.  Tropic of Cancer passes almost through the middle of the state through 14 districts of M.P. Shahdol, Umaria, Katni, Jabalpur, Damoh, Sagar, Raisen, Vidisha, Bhopal, Sehore, Rajgarh, Agar, Ujjain, Ratlam  The tropic of cancer is almost parallel to the river Narmada

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 14 districts of Madhya Pradesh share boundary with Uttar Pradesh while only 2 districts share boundary with Gujarat. (Jhabua and Alirajpur)  Physiographic map of India divides Madhya Pradesh into 3 Geographical divisions that is o Central Highlands o Satpura :Maikal Range and o Baghelkhand plateau  On the western part of the state the Deccan trap is present while on the eastern part the Vindhyan mountain range is present.  Climate of Madhya Pradesh is Subtropical.  Narmada is the longest river of the state.  Narmada and Tapi rivers flow westwards.  Black soil is the most commonly found soil in Madhya Pradesh.  Highest peak of Madhya Pradesh isDhupgarh in with an altitude of 1,350 m  Bhedaghatwhich is in Jabalpur is known for and world famous marble rock mountains on the hanks of river Narmada.  Kanha National Park which is also a Tiger Reserve is the largest National Park of MP.  The famous novel Jungle book by "Rudyard Kipling”draws its inspiration from the forests of Pench National Park.  Karera Bird Sanctuary in Shivpuri district is famous for the Great Indian Bustard (Son Chidiya).

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2. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF M.P.

Divisions  Undivided MP had 9 physical divisions while as of now Madhya Pradesh has 7 physical divisions.  The seven natural divisions of Madhya Pradesh are— 1. Plateau of Central India, 2. Plateau of Bundelkhand, 3. Plateau of Malwa, 4. Plateau of Rewa—Panna, 5. Narmada—Sone Valley, 6. Satpura Maikal range and 7. Plateau of Baghelkhand.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND THEIR CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS

Area Region Districts Rivers Crops Miscellaneous &Location

Total area is 32896 sq Km Gwailor, [10.6% of MP] Bhind, Shivpuri, Chambal, Wheat, Its many parts is hilly Central India Shoepur, Sindh, Jawar, Plateau It covers North and undulated Morena, Parwati, Alsi, latitude 24- Soil is majorly Laterite, 26.48 and Eat Mandsaur, Kwari Sesame Black. Nimach Longitude 75.5-74.1 Tikamgarh, Cattle are found in Datia, Betwa, Total area is Chattarpur and Wheat, large numbers Bundelkhand Sindh, 23733 sq Km few tehsils of Jowar, Highest peak of Region Phauj, Ken, [7.71% of MP]. Shivpuri, Saseme Bundelkhand is Ghasan Gwailor and Sighbaba peak [1172 Bhind meters]

Major Land is Red and Mixture of Red + black and Red + Yellow.

Total area is Rewa, Panna, Tons, Ken, Diamonds are found in Wheat, RewaPanna 31954 sq Km Damoh and few Sonar, large numbers in mines rice, Plateau [10.36% of tehsils of Sagar Bichya, of Majhagon and Jowar MP] district Bihar RAMKHEDIA.

Cement industry is also found in Satna, Rewa and Katni

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Cotton mills of , It is the Artificial silk of Nagda and fertilizer of Betwa, area of Indore, Ujjain, Total area is Chambal, Daccan Vijaypur is famous. dewas, Dhar, Malwa 88272 sq Km Gambhir, trap with Raltam, rasisen, Plateau [26.6 % of Kalisindh, Black Uranium is found in Shajapur, MP]. Shipra, Laterite Sagar, Chattarpur. Sehore, Jhabua Bama soil. Highest peak of Malwa plateau is Sigar [ 881 Meters]

Jabalpur, It has dark black and Hoshangabad, Wheat, medium black soil Narmada Son Total area is Raisen, Narmada, Jowar, Major industries Valley 86000 sq Km. Khandwa, Son Cotton include Cement, glass, Khargone, Limestone, Marble etc Mandla. Sal trees are also found in SonValley It has hightest peak of Khandwa, It covers Tapti, Tawa, Satpura- Khargone, Jowar, MP – Dhoopgarh. 34000 sqkms Vardha, Maikala Betul, Balaghat, Wheat, Major minerals [11% of MP] Venganga, Range Alirajpur, cotton includes Manganese, Shakkar ChindwaraSeoni Marble, Bauxite, Coal, Marble etc.

It has an average rainfall of 125 cms It covers Jabalpur, The highlands are Eastern approx. 26000 Shahdol, made up of Ancient Baghelkhand sqkms Umaria, Sidhi, Rocks, Gondwana Plateau [7% of MP] Katni, Singrauli Rocks, Vindhya Rocks, Dharwar rocks etc Coal, Bauxite, Manganese is found here.

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Factual Takeaways 1. Plateau of Central India  Plateau of Central India region receives less rainfall and Bhind district which receives least rainfall in this region only. Chambal is the most important river of this region and alluvial soil is the most prominent soil found here.

 This area has subtropical forest which has Babul, Kher and Sheesham.  Famous tourist attractions of Gwalior are in this region.  Sahariya tribe is found here.  Mustard is widely grown followed by wheat.

2. Plateau of Bundelkhand

 Plateau of Bundelkhand is composed of rocks of granite and gneiss.  It lies to the east of Central India plateau.  Areas under Datia, Chhatarpur. Panna,Niwari,Tikamgarh. Shivpuri. Gwalior and small area of Bhind and small portions of Northern part of our state constitute plateau of Bundelkhand.  It has Continental type of climate and rainfall is between 75-100 centimetres.  Betwa, Ken and Sindh are the main rivers of the region.  The most famous tourist spot of Madhya Pradesh that is Khajurahois located in this region only.  Rock phosphate is found here.

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 Jowar,wheat and lentils are grown in this region.  Mixed soil is more prevalent in this region. 3. Plateau of Malwa  It covers almost the entire western region of Madhya Pradesh.  The plateau is formed by the rocks of Deccan trap.  Its topography is in the form of plain upland.  Climate of this zone is even, tropical monsoon type with average rainfall of around 120- 130 centimetre.  Soyabean, wheat, cotton, groundnut, gram and sugarcane are mainly grown.  It is one of the most prosperous regions of Madhya Pradesh and Indore lies in this region only.  It constitutes of districts of Mandsaur. Ratlam, Shajapur, Rajgarh, Sagan Indore, Guna, Vidisha, Raisen, Dewas, Sehore, Bhopal and Ujjain.  Chief rivers of this region arc Chambal, Kali, Sindh, Betwa. Parvati, Kshipra etc.

Narmada-Sone Valley

 This region is drained by Narmada and Son rivers extending from north east to west.  Districts of Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Khandwa, Dhar and Dewas constitute this region.  Typical monsoon type climate prevails here and average rainfall is around 125 centimetres.

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 Deep Black soil is found in this region.

4. Plateau of Rewa-Panna  Districts of Damoh, Satna, Rewa, Panna and Sagar constitute this region.  Climate is continental type and rainfall is around 125 centimetres.  Laterite soil is prominent in this region.  Major agricultural crops are wheat, jowar and oil seeds.  Major rivers in the region are Tons, Ken and Son.

5. SatpuraMaikal Range  This range rises in Gujarat running east through borders of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the East till Chhattisgarh.  Districts of Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Khandwa and Khargone constitute this region.  Tapi is the chief river flowing through the region.  Three ranges which have found here are-- Rajpipla, Satpura and Maikal.  Rainfall varies between 125 and 175 centimetres and the climate is monsoon type.  Jowar is the main agricultural crop along with wheat, rice and cotton.  This region is rich in minerals.

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6. Plateau of Bundelkhand  Districts of Shandol, Umaria, Sidhi, Singrauli and Dindori constitute the region.  Son is the chief river flowing through the region.  Red yellow soil is mainly found in this region,  It is made up of Gondwana and Vindhyan Rock groups.  Energy capital of Madhya Pradesh which is Singrauli is situated in this region only and the area is rich in coal.  Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of this plateau.  Climate is monsoon type and the rainfall varies between 125 and 175 centimetres.

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3.CLIMATE, SEASONS& RAINFALL MADHYA PRADESH

Madhya Pradesh is divided into 5 Climatic zones:

1. Northern Plains – Extreme climate conditions are experienced here with very hot summer and very could Winter 2. Hilly Region of Vindhyan – It does not have extreme temperatures. 3. Baghelkhand Plateau – Tropic of cancer passes through its middle and has monsoon climate. 4. The Narmada Valley – It is very hot in summer and moderately cold in winter 5. The Malwa Plateau – It has moderate climate which is neither too hot in summer nor not too cold in winter. Indian meteorological department has indicates 4 different seasons in MP. They are as follows –  Cold weather season: December mid to March Mid  Hot – Dry weather Season : March Mid to May  Wet Season : June to September  Retreating Monsoon Season : October to December mid Rainfall distribution in MP  Very High Rains [200 cm] – Panchmadi and its nearby areas.  High Rains [125-150 cm] – South east Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat, Amarkantak  Medium Rains [75-80 cm] – North East Madhya Pradesh, Bundelhand plateau and RewaPanna Plateau  Low Rains [30-75 cm] – Jhabua, Dhar, Neemuch, Madsaur, Ujjain and Ratlam  Very low Rains [Below 30 cm] – Bhind, Morena, Nothern areas of Bhopal and few other parts of western MP Factual Takeaways  Madhya Pradesh has monsoon type of climate.  ln terms of climate Madhya Pradesh is divided into four parts viz. Northern plains, Malwa plateau, Vindhya plateau region and Narmada Valley.  Tropic of Cancer passes midway through Madhya Pradesh and has great influence on the climate of the state.  Climate is the average of the weather conditions taken over a long period of time.  Most of the rainfall in Madhya Pradesh is received through southwest monsoon.

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 Because of its location Madhya Pradesh receives rainfall from both and Bay of Bengal branch.  Madhya Pradesh is a landlocked state and hence there is no moderating effect of the sea.  Lowest temperature is registered at Pachmarhi (Hoshangabad).  Pachmarhiof Madhya Pradesh receives highest rainfall (199 centimetres).  Bhind of Madhya Pradesh receives lowest rainfall (55 centimetres).  Temperature and pressure changes due to the change in position of the Sun, and hence the climate changes.  Rainfall received in the month of December and January is due to western disturbances and are cyclonic in nature.  Tropic of Cancer passes through14 districts of Madhya Pradesh.  Based on the rainfall distribution Madhya Pradesh has been divided into three parts—low rainfall region, average rainfall region and high rainfall region.  On 21st June sun is vertically overhead on Tropic of Cancer and it is summer solstice.  The only weather observatory of Madhya Pradesh is located at Indore.  Highest temperature in Madhya Pradesh has been recorded at Khajuraho of Chhatarpur district.  Average rainfall of Madhya Pradesh is 112 centimetre.  Presence of Tropic of Cancer responsible for making climate of Madhya Pradesh tropical. (On 22nd December the sun is directly overhead Tropic of Capricorn hence it is winter solstice.)  Western part receives less than 75 centimetre of rainfall while eastern part receives greater than 75 centimetre of rainfall.  Madhya Pradesh receives rainfall from June to September.  Madhya Pradesh has three seasons namely summer, winter and rainy season.  Summer in Madhya Pradesh is also known asUnala, Siyala for winter and Chaumasafor rainy season.  Rainfall received due to retreating monsoon is known asMavatha in Madhya Pradesh.

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4. SOILS

SOILS CHARACTERISTICS REGIONS FOUND Black Soil  Also called as Regur soil.  Found in maximum part of  Has water retention capacity. state. Approx 47%.  Iron, lime is found in the soil.  Covers Malwa plateau,  Lacks phosphorus, nitrogen. Narmada basin, ranges of  Cotton, soyabean, wheat, gram, Maikala, Satpura. jowar is cultivated in the soil. Red and  Created by Gondwana rocks by  It covers 36.5% of the state. Yellow breakage and erosion.  Found in eastern part of MP Soil  Red color is due to presence of bundelkhand, baghelkhand iron. region.  Aluminum and lime is found in  District like Rewa, Panna, the soil. Mandla, Balaghat, Chhatarpur.  Lacks nitrogen and humus.  Its ph value ranges from 5.5 to 8.5 thus can be acidic to alkali or basic.  Rice, linseed, grains are cultivated in the soil. Alluvial  Most fertile in nature.  Found in north-western Soil  Used for cultivating sugarcane, region i.e. Chambal. mustard, jute etc.  District like Shivpuri, Bhind, Gwalior, Morena has alluvial soil deposited from rivers like Chambal. Laterite  Found by long term weathering  Found in Shivpuri, Morena,

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Soil of parent rock. Bhind and Gwalior.  Has aluminium and iron oxide in abundance.

Mixed Soil  Mixture of black, red yellow soil.  Found in Bundelkhand  Cereals are mainly grown in region. mixed soil.

Factual Takeaways  Soil is formed by the agents of weathering and degradation which has acted upon the parent rock material to produce thin layer of soil.  Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic material which develop on the earth's surface.  The major factors that affect the formation of soil are relief, parent material, climate, vegetation and time.  Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil because of surplus of minerals.  Wheat, sugarcane and mustard are grown on alluvial soil.  Old alluvial soil is known as Bangar while new alluvial soil is known as Khadar.  Mixed soil is found in Bundelkhand region.  Coarse cereals are grown in mixed soil in general.  Mixed soil contains red, yellow and black soil as mixture.  Mixed soil is found in Bundelkhand region also.  Laterite soil is suitable for wheat, cotton and sugarcane.  Laterite soil is mainly found in Bhind, Morena, Gwalior and Sheopur region.  Black colour in black soil is due to the presence of iron.  Water retaining capacity of black soil is maximum.  Black soil is of three types viz. Dark black soil, normal black soil and layered black soil.  Black soil is also known as regur soil.  Black soil is acidic in nature.  Red yellow soil is made out ofGondwana mountain ranges.  Paddy is mainly grown on red yellow soil.  Red yellow soil is mainly found in the Eastern part of Madhya Pradesh especially Baghelkhand region.  The removal of the top layer of the soil which contains humus and other organic material is known as soil erosion.  in Madhya Pradesh is responsible for maximum soil erosion.

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 Red and yellow soil is found in sufficient quantity in Mandla, Balaghat, Shahdol and Umaria district.  Most of the part of the state of Madhya Pradesh is covered by Black soil.  Laterite soil is the most fertile soil and is found in layers.  Under the black soil, the subcategory called normal black soil is mostly found in Madhya Pradesh.  The formation of black soil in Madhya Pradesh is out of Deccan trap and basaltic igneous rocks.

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5. RIVERS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF MADHYA PRADESH

MAJOR RIVERS OF MADHYA PRADESH

RIVERS LENGTH ORIGIN AT DRAINS AT FACTS Total length It originates , Other names of is 1312 KM at Arabian Sea Narmada but in MP it Amarkantak isNamados [by flows 1077 [Anuppur Ptolemy], Rew, KM. District] in Maikalsutraetc Catchment Maikal hills Indira Sagar area is [Punasa Dam] 93180 and 1. Narmada sqkms Sardarsarovar river are dams build on . Major waterfalls include Kapildhara, Dudghdhara, Dhuandhar fall, Mandar, Dardi fall

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SahastraDharaetc

It is the 2nd It originates It falls in Yamuna Its major longest river from Janapav river near Etawah tributaries of MP with hill near [UP] include Sindh, total length Kali Sindh, on 965 kms. [Indore Paravti, Banas, District] Shipraetc It marks northern boundary of MP with rajasthan Major dams 2. Chambal include Gandhi River sagar,

RanaPratapSagar, JawaharSagaretc It flows through Dhar, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Morena, Shoepur, Bhind districts etc

The total It originates Confluence is with It marks the length of the at Kumara Yamuna near boundary river from Village in Hameerpur [UP] between MP and its origin to Raisen UP. its district It passes through confluence Vidisha, Bhopal, with Sagar, Tikamgarh Yamuna is in MP 590 kilometres It is also referred at Ganga of MP and was called Vetravati in 3. ancient puranans Its tributaries includes Bina, Dhasan, Sindhuetc Mata -Tila reservoir is build on it Vidhisha, Orcha, Sanchi, Guna are major towns located on the banks of Betwa. 4. It flows It originates It falls at Gulf of It flows parallel

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westwards at Multai Khambat [Arabian with Narmada over a length [Betul Sea] in Gujarat and flows east to of 724 km District], MP west. It’s main tributary is Purna [west bank] Burhanpur is the major town located at its bank The Son It originates It confluence with In MP it flows river which in Ganga river near through Anupur, is 784 Amarkantak Danapur in Bihar Umeria, Shahdol, kilometres [Anupur Sidhi, Rewa, 5. long, is one district] near Singrauli districts of the Narmada is longest river origion build at Devlod Indian rivers [] Johila is its main tributary The Tawa is It originates It joins the Longest dam of the from Kalibhit Narmada at the MP is located on Narmada's hills in village of Tawa at longest Mahadeo BandraBhan Hoshangabad tributary, at mountain in Hoshangabad MP’s only hill 6. Tawa River 172 km. [Pachmarhi] District. station Pachmardi is located on Tawa river

OTHER RIVERS 1.

 It originates from KakaraBardi Hills [Indore] and confluences with Chambal river  Ujjain [famous for Mahakal Temple] is situated on its Banks  Khan river is its tributary. 2. Kali

 Its length is 150 kms.  It originates from Bagli tehsil [Dewas] and confluence with Chambal river in Rajasthan  In MP it flows through Dewas, Shajapur and Narsinghgarh district 3. Parvati River

 It originates in and confluences with Chambal river.  Shajapur, Rajgarh, Astha are important towns located on its banks 4.

 It originates in Seoni [Paraswada plateau]  In MP it flows through Seoni, Balaghat, Chindwara districts Website : mppscadda.com Gmail: [email protected] Telegram : t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp : 7982862964 WhatsApp/Call : 9711733833

 Pranhita [Maharastra] is the confluence of Wainganga and Wardha 5.

 Its length is 427 Kms  It originates from Vindhyachal and confluence with Yamuna river. 6. Sindh River

 It originates from Sironj [Guna Districts] and confluence with Chambal in UP.  In MP it flows through Guna, Shivpuri, Bhind, Datia districts. 7. Tons River

 It originates in Kaimur Hills [Satna District] and confluences with Ganga river [UP] 8.

 Its length is 528 Kms  It originates at Vardhan peak at Multai Tehsil []  It confluences with Wainganga in Maharastra 9. ChotiTawa

 It is made of 2 small rivers called Sukta and Awana.  Its presence is in Burhanpur district

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Factual Takeaways  In India, maximum number of rivers flow in MP  MP is also known as `Maeka' of rivers.  5 longest rivers of MP are- Narmada, Chambal, Son, Tapti and Betwa.  Narmada is MP's longest and 5th longest river in India.  Narmada river is termed as the life line of MP.  Narmada is the main river of MP and is considered sacred as the Ganges.  Narmada originates from MP state.  Narmada passes through MP, Gujarat and Maharashtra states.  From Amarkantak, 3 rivers originate within a distance of 3 km—Narmada, Son and Johila.  Famous geographer Ptolemy has referred to Narmada river as Namados.  Narmada and Tapti rivers do not form deltas, instead they make estuaries.  In Mahabharata, it is said that Tapti is the daughter of Sun god.  Narmada—Shipra confluence is in Ujjaini village, 20km from Indore.  Shiprariver is known as the Ganges of Malwa.  Betwa is known as the Ganges of MP.  On the banks of Shipra. Mahakumb fair is organized every 12 years.  Chambal river has been a refuge for dacoits because of the presence of ravines.  Chambal river flows in MP, UP and Rajasthan states.  MP's longest dam is on Tawariver, (1322 m).  The confluence point of Vardha and Benganga rivers is known as 'Pranhita'.  MP's highest waterfall is Chachai.  MP's first hydel power project is Gandhisagar dam in Mandsaur on Chambal river.

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6.IRRIGATION AND RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS OF MP

Introduction  Wells – They are the main source of irrigation in MP which accounts for 69% [approximately] of irrigated area especially in Malwa plateau and northern districts  Canals – It covers 17.8% of irrigated area of MP and used in Gwailor, Bhind, Morena, Soepurtikamgard, Chattarpur districts  Ponds – It covers 2.3% of total irrigation of MP and are mainly used in Balaghat and Seoni districts  Districts with good irrigation facilities are - Datia, Hoshangabad, Gwailor, Morena,  Districts with poor irrigation facilities are – Dindori, Anupur, Mandla, Shahdol etc.

Major Irrigation Projects

 Its joint project of MP and Rajasthan  It was commenced in 1954 and was completed in 3 phases 1. Chambal River  – It has been constructed in Mandsaur in Project the First phase of Chambal Valley project. Gandhi Sagar Hydro Power station was installed in it. 115 MW power is generated  RanapratapSagar Dam – It is been constructed in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan. The produces 172 MW power and has water storage capacity in 1567 million Cubic meters.  JawaharSagar dam – It was the last stage of Chambal river project and is located in Kota district. It produces 99 MW power. The right bank canals irrigate MP.

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 It is the multipurpose project with a total of 29 big, 135 medium and 3000 small projects. 2. Narmada Valley  It irrigates 27.55 lakh hectares and it generates 3000 MW Project power.  Indira Sagar project is at Punasa [Khandwa] whereasSardarSarovar project is at Bharooch, Gujarat.  Besides these, Omkareshwar and Maheshwar reservoir are also important for irrigation and electricity generation.  Several committees were constituted to resolve disputes like Khosla committee [1964], narmada water disputes Authority [1969], Saifuddin Committee [2006] and Shunglu Committee.  It is also called Halali project as it is based on Halali river in Raisen and Vidhisha districts 3. Samrat Ashok  Its irrigation capacity is 37000 hectares Sagar Project  945 meter long and 29 meter tall dam is constructed under it.

 It is also called Bargi project as it is based on Bagri river [tributary of Narmada]. 4. Rani  It is located in but it also benefitmandla, AwantibaiSagar Seoni, and Narsinghpur Districts Project  It can provide irrigation to 1.50 lakh hectare land.

 It is located at Hoshangabad district of MP and has longest 5. Tawa River dam of MP Project  Its irrigation capacity is 3.3 lakh hectares.

 It is the joint project of MP, UP and Bihar.  The electricity generation is 405 MW and is shared in the 6. Bansagar Project ratio of 50:25:25 by MP:UP:Bihar respectively.  It benefits Rewa, Sidhi and Shahdol districts of MP.  120 Meter long dam is build on river Son near Devlond, 50 Km from Rewa.  It was the 1st project under river linking project.  It is the joint project of MP and UP 7. Ken-Betwa  The major beneficiary is Bundelkhand region of MP. Project  231 KM canal will connect ken and betwa rivers  Chattarpur, raisen, tikamgard, vidhisha and panna districts will get irrigated under it.  It is also called matatila project  It is a joint project of MP and UP. 8. Rani Laxmibai  This project is on river Betwa. project  It would benefit 6 districts of MP by irrigating 1.16 hectare of land.  It is also called matatila project  It is a joint project of MP and UP. 9. Pench project  This project is on river Betwa.  It would benefit 6 districts of MP by irrigating 1.16 hectare of land

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 It is the joint project of MP and Maharsatra  The dam is constructed on at 10. Pench project  It would benefit balaghat and chindwara district by irrigating 63,300 hectares of land.

 It is the joint project of MP and UP. 11. Rajghat Project  This project is made on river Betwa near Lalitpur, Jhansi [UP]  It provides irrigation to 34000 hectare land.

 This project is made on which would irrigate 12770 hectare of land. 12. Mahi project  2 dams are constructed on Dhar and

13.  It is the joint project of MP and Maharashtra Bhawanthariproject  The project is been constructed in  It would irrigate 18600 hectare land in MP

Joint projects of MP

 MP And Rajasthan- Gandhi Sagar, RanapratapSagar, JawaharSagar  MP And Maharashtra – Wagh Project, Pench Project, Bawanthari Project, Kali Sagar Project  MP And UP – Urmil Project, Rani LaxmibaiRajghat Project, Mata Tila Project.  MP, UP And Bihar – Ban Sagar Project  MP, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra – SardarSarovar Project.

Factual Takeaways  M.P water Resources Department was formed in 1956. o Irrigation simply means watering the crops through artificial means. o In MP, irrigated area is 7140 thousand hectares. o In MP. Irrigation Nigam was formed in 1976.  In MP. There are 3 main sources of irrigation—canals, wells and ponds.  Maximum irrigation is done by wells (66.3%).  Maximum irrigation by wells is done in western regions of MP.  Maximum irrigation by wind mills is done in Indore.  Maximum irrigation by canals is done in districts such as—Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Gwalior, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Sehore, Vidisha etc.  In Balaghat and Seoni, irrigation is done by ponds.  MP's average annual rainfall is 112 cm.  District with lowest irrigation is Dindori (0.8%).  MP’s first multipurpose river valley project Chambal Project which began in 1953-54.  Mrs first inter-valley project has been built on Choral river in Dr.Ambedkar Nagar, Mhow.  Narmada is an interstate river and flows through MP, Gujarat and Maharashtra.  On Narmada, there are 29 big, 135 medium and 3000 small projects.  Narmada Control Authorty (NCA) was formed in 1980.  Indira Sagar Project was inaugurated in 1984 by the then PM Indira Gandhi.  Ken-Betwa link project will pass through Panna National Park. This project is being seen as a revolution from environmental point of view.  Mahi project is on Mahiriver in Dhar.  Man project is on Man river in Dhar district near Jirabad.

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7.FORESTS OF MADHYA PRADESH

Basic Facts  Tropical forest are found in MP  It is been divided in 16 forest circles and 62 forest divisions  Khandwa is biggest forest circle and Hoshangabad is smallest forest circle.

Historical Background  Nationalization of forest – 1970  MP forest animal preservation act – 1974  Panchvan scheme – 1976  Social forestry scheme – 1976  Lokvahini pilot project – 1999  MP’s Forest policy – 2005 [1st in 1952] Data on Forest Cover Total forest in MP is calculated by 2 reports 1. State of forest report – It gives recorded forest area which is more of administrative nature 2. Forest survey of India report 2017 – It is done after every 2 years and its data is more acceptable and realistic.

STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2017 Total recorded forest area in MP is 94689 and its administrative classification is  Reserve forest – 61886 sq km  Protected forest – 31098 sq km

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 Unclassified forest – 1705 sq km

Approx. 30.72% is Recorded forest area under forest in Madhya Pradesh which is 12.3% of total Indian forest.

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA report 2017, [which is more accurate and acceptable]

 Total forest cover area in MP is 77414sq km which is 25.11% of MP geographically area .  There is reduction of 48sqkms [compared to 2015 forest survey of India report]  Per capita forest : 0.16 sq km [national average is 0.07 sq km]

In terms of forest canopy density classes,  Very dense forest [VDF] – 6563 sq km  Moderately dense forest [MDF] – 34551 sq km  Open forest – 35889 sqkms  Scrub – 6222 sqkms

As per Forest Survey of India 2017 report

1. Balaghat [ 4934sq km] Top 3 districts with maximum forest area 2. Chhindwara [4560sq km] 3. Betul[3653sq km]

1. Ujjain [27sq km] Top 3 districts with minimum forest area 2. Shajapur [46sq km] 3. Ratlam [55sq km]

1. Balaghat [53.46%] Top 3 districts with maximum percentage of 2. Shoepur [52.77%] forest cover 3. Umaria [49.85%]

1. Ujjain [0.44%] Top 3 districts with minimum percentage of 2. Shajapur [0.74%] forest cover 3. Ratlam [1.13%]

Classification of Forest

Tropical Deciduous  It is found in maximum area of MP where rainfall in 50-100 cms forest  It is found in Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara, sagaretc districts [close to line of cancer]  Their leaves fall in summer  Main trees – teak, shisham, neem, peepaletc

Tropical semi  It is found in areas of red-Yellow soil with rainfall 100 – 150 cms. Deciduous forest  Districts – Balaghat, Madla, Annupur, Shahdol, Singruli, Seoni, Umariaetc  Trees – Sal, teak, Mahua, peepal, shishametc  Not all trees shed their leaves [only partially]

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Tropical dry  Rainfall – 25-75 cm deciduous forest  Districts – Seopur, shivpuridatia, gwailor, morena, tikamgard, ratlam, etc  Trees – Largely thorny, catechu, babul, harra, seja, palasetc

Forest institutions in MP

 State forest development corporation – Bhopal [1975]  Indian forest research Institute [regional center], Tropical Forest institute – Jabalpur  College of forestry [forest management training center] – Balaghat [1979] and betul [1980]  Forest ranger training institute – Balaghat  Regional forestry schools – Amarkantak, shivpuri, lakhadon [seoni], govindgard [rewa]  Indian institute of forest management [iifm]- Bhopal [1982]  SanjiviniInstitue – Bhopal  Forest research and human development institute – Chhindwara  MP ecotourism development corporation – Bhopal [2005]

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8.WILDLIFE OF MADHYA PRADESH (BIOSPHERE RESERVES, WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL PARKS)

Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks

 MP has 3 biosphere reserves. These are 1. Panchmarhi [1999] 2. Amarkantak – Achanakmar [2005] 3. Panna biosphere reserve [ 2001]  National park and wildlife sanctuaries are created and preserved under the Act – wildlife protection act, 1974  MP holds 1st rank in maximum number of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India.  MP has 11 national parks and over 30 wildlife sanctuaries to provide natural environment to animals and preserve nature.  7 sites for Project Tiger [6 national parks + Ratapani sanctuary, Raisen in 2010]  Maximum number of national parks under Project Tiger. [2nd rank – Maharashtra]  10% of world’s and 19% of India’s tiger are found in MP  Latest National Park is – OmkareshwarNational park [ ]  Largest National Park – KanhaKisli [940 sqkms]

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 Smallest – Fossils National park [Dindori] 0.27 sq km

National Parks

1. KanhaKisli National park  MP’s 1st and biggest National Park  Made safari in 1933, sanctuary in 1952, national park in 1995 and project tiger in 1974  Barahsingha [Bredary species of swamp deer] is found here  Hollo and Banjar Valley is tourist attraction  In association with national park service of USA, park interpretation scheme is been implemented

2. Bandhavgarh National Park  It was made national park in 1968 and was included in Project tiger in 1993  Surrounded by 32 hill and present in 437 sqkms in Umaria  White tigers are found here  Maximum tiger dencity [ 1 tiger/8 kms]

3. Panna National Park  It is made national park – 1981 and project tiger in 1995  Reptiles are main attraction here  Its area is 543 sq km  Airplane service is available in this national park

4. Madhav National Park  It is made national park in 1958 and is located in Shivpuri district  National highway 3 passes through it  George castle is present here

5. Pench National Park  It is also called Indira Gandhi Pridarshini national park.  It is made national park in 1975 and project tiger in 1983.  “Mogliland” is main tourist attraction here.

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 Its area is 293 sq km and located in Chhindwara – seoni districts of MP [border of mp and Maharashtra]

6. Sanjay national park  In the unified MP [when chattishgarh was part of MP], this was largest national park. It was earlier called Dubari sanctuary  It is made national park in 1981 and project tiger in 2008  Its present area is 466 sqkms

7. Satpura national park  It is made national park in 1983 and project tiger in 2000.  It is 525 sq km and located in Hoshangabad district

8. Fossils national park  It is one of the 4 fossils national parks of India.  It is the smallest national part of MP.  It Is located in Dindori

9. Van Vihar national park  It was declared national park in 1979  Its area is 4.45 sq km and it is located in Bhopal

10. Omkareshwar national park  It is proposed by Government of India and MP  It is located in Khandwa district of MP  Its size is 239 sq km

11. Dinosaur fossil national park, Dhar  This national park is proposed at Dhar district of MP  It is also referred as bag fossils park.  It is created to preserve dinasour fossils and eggs.  Its size is approx. 108 sqkms

Wildlife Sanctuaries  Largest wildlife sanctuary is Nauradelhi [Sagar]  Smallest wildlife sanctuary is ralamandal [Indore]  Crocodile protection o Chambal Sanctuary [Morena] o Son Sanctuary [Sidhi – Shahdol] o Ken Santuary [Chattarpur – Panna]  Kharmaur bird protection – o Sardarpur [dhar] o Sailana [ratlam]  Son bird [golden bird] protection – o Karera [shivpur] o Ghatigaon [gwailor]

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 Dudhraj [MP’s state bird] is protected at Sardarpur Sanctuary [Dhar]  Kamdhenugaiabhayaranya [Cow protection and research] is done at Shajapur district

Factual Takeaways  MP has 11 National Parks(6 under project Tiger) and more than 31 Sanctuaries  Cheetal is the most commonly found animal in the National parks in MP.  India’s first solar park is Ganeshpur(Rajgarh)  India’s smallest bird (Fulchuki) and Tallest bird Saras both are found in MP  MP's biggest National Park is Kanhakisli (area 940 sq km).  MP’s smallest National Park is Fossil Park (area 0.27 sq km).  MP’s first Fossil Park is in Dindori.  MP has the highest number of National Parks and sanctuaries in India.  MP's biggest sanctuary is Nauradehi, Sagar (1194.67 sq km).  MP's smallest sanctuary is Ralamandal.  MP's only Snake Park is in Bhopal.  Reptile Park is in Panna.  Bhopal's Van Vihar National Park is a unique National Park which is also recognized as modern zoo.  KanhaKisli is MP's only National Park where rare species hard-ground Barasingha (Cervusduvaucelibranderi is found.  In KanhaKisli National Park, Haloghati and BanjarGhati are located.  In KanhaKisli, training is given for wildlife conservation.  KanhaKisli National Park attracts maximum tourists.  Kanha region was made a sanctuary in 1933 and a National Park in 1955.  Pench National Park is also known as Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini National Park.  MP is also known as Tiger State.  As per All India Tiger Assessment Report 2014, MP stands 3rd in the country with 308 tigers (afterKarnataka 406 and Uttarakhand 340 tigers).  White Tiger Safari is being created in Mukundpur, Rewa district. Website : mppscadda.com Gmail: [email protected] Telegram : t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp : 7982862964 WhatsApp/Call : 9711733833

 The founder of Project Tiger in the world is GainyManford while that in India is KailashSankhaliya.  Tiger Project in MP Is' started from Kanha National Park.  Bandhavgarh National Park is MP's most dense park (from point of view of tigers) and has 1 tiger per 8 sq km.  Bandhavgarh National Park is famous for White Tigers. Rewa district is famous for White Tiger. Bandhavgarh National Park is surrounded by 32 hills.  Ratapani sanctuary is included under project Tiger  Project Elephant and Project Hangul are also running in MP.  In Madhavgarh National Park, Shivpuri, there is a magnificent castle called George Castle built on the top of a hill.  In Satpura National Park, maximum Black Bucks are found.  As per Wildlife Conservation Act 1972, Tiger Foundation Society has been formed in every Tiger Project of state since 1997.  On 1'' Nov 1981, MP govtdeclaredBarahsingha deer as state animal and Dudhraj or Shahi Bulbul (Paradise Flycatcher) as state bird.  For conservation of Kharmaur bird, there are two sanctuaries—Sardarpur (Dhar) and Sailana (Ratlam).  For conservation of Son bird, there are two sanctuaries—Karera (Shivpuri) and Ghatigaon (Gwalior).  For conservation of Ghariyal, there are three sanctuaries-Chambal (morena), Ken (Chattarpur) and Son (Shahdol).  For conservation of Vulture, Project Survival has been started in gandhiSagar Sanctuary.  For conservation of state bird Doodhraj, there is Sardarpur Sanctuary.  Panchmari is declared as Biosphere Reserve by central forest and Environment ministry.This is MP’s 1st and India’s 10th Biosphere Reserve.  Old name of Sanjay Sanctuary is Dubri Sanctuary  It is proposed that more Asian Tigers will be translocated from Gir National Park to PalanpurKuno Sanctuary (Morena)  It is proposed to convert Panna Sanctuary into National Park for Buffalo.  Sirpur Lake lndore became Bird Sanctuary in 2012.

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