APRIL 199 9 Inside

3 BALKANS Carl Bildt

4 RUSSIA Vol. V, No. 3 Prospects for Democracy UN I T E D STAT E S IN S T I T U T E O F PE AC E ■ WA S H I N G TO N, DC 6 ECUADOR/PERU Creative Peace

8 PROFILE Igor Zevelev on Clinton Promotes Russia’s “Near Abroad”

Engagement with China 10 Separate Educa- tion/Training Programs “When human rights are violated and we have the means to make a difference, we should try . . . ,” President Clinton said during a speech hosted by the U.S. Institute of Peace.

lobalization has many positive effects, A course of but it is not an unmixed blessing. It engagement can help to expose repression, human with China is rights violations, and suffering, but it the best means cannot prevent them, President Bill of furthering Clinton said in a recent foreign policy democracy speech focused on China, hosted by there, President the U.S. Institute of Peace. Nor can the United Clinton said in a GStates prevent such abuses in every instance. “But broad-ranging when human rights are violated and we have the foreign policy means to make a difference, we should try, as we are speech on doing in Kosovo,” Clinton said. And he stressed China, hosted that, although human rights problems still exist in by the Institute. China, the United States will continue to follow a course of engagement with that country as the best means of furthering democracy there. “We will not change our policy in a way that iso- lates China from global forces that have begun to empower the Chinese people to change their society and build a better future,” Clinton said. Clinton selected the Institute of Peace as the forum for a major foreign policy speech on April 7, the eve of his meeting with Chinese premier Zhu Rongji, who was in the United States on a nine-day visit. In his introductory remarks, Institute president Richard H. Solomon discussed the Institute’s work See Clinton, page 2 2 hatreds that may lead to the misuses of those tools. Cl i n t o n “Only national governments working together can reap the full promise and reduce the problems of the 21st century. The United States, as the largest and strongest country in the world at this moment— largest in economic terms and military terms—has the unavoidable responsibility to lead in this increas- ingly interdependent world.” China’s leaders have been unwilling to open up the country's political system, Clinton said, because they believe that would contribute to instability. “In fact,” he added, “giving a people a say in their deci- sions actually provides a peaceful outlet for frustra- tion. China's biggest challenge in the coming years will be to maintain stability and growth at home by meeting, not stifling, the growing demands of its Top: Left to to help prevent, manage, and resolve conflicts around people for openness and accountability.” right, Richard the world. “There’s a great need today for U.S. That said, Clinton stressed that the United States Solomon, Max engagement and leadership in world affairs,” said needs to keep in mind the risk of a weak China— Kampelman, Solomon, an expert on China and Southeast Asian “beset by internal conflict, social dislocation, and President security issues. “We look to our president for under- criminal activity—becoming the center of a zone of Clinton, Harriet standing and guidance on the tough issues that con- instability in Asia. Despite Beijing's best efforts to Hentges, Tara front us.” rein in these problems, we have seen the first danger Sonenshine, and Clinton thanked the Institute “for what you do sign: freewheeling Chinese enterprises selling Sandy Berger. every day to help our administration and the weapons abroad, the rise in China of organized Congress and the American people think through crime, stirrings of ethnic tensions and rural unrest, Right: Left to the most challenging foreign policy issues of our right, President time.” He also cited the Institute’s many educational Clinton, Richard programs, which promote understanding of interna- Solomon, and tional conflict resolution among high school students Max Kampelman and teachers and college faculty. “I thank you in par- discuss the ticular for your determination to reach out to a Institute’s younger generation of Americans, to talk to them Capital Cam- about the importance of these [international] issues paign to build and the world they will live in,” Clinton said. a permanent Solomon and board vice chairman Max M. home on the Kampelman met with Clinton before his speech to National Mall. discuss the Institute’s project to build a permanent home at the northwest corner of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Clinton expressed enthusiasm for the building project.

Clinton’s Speech the use of Chinese territory for heroin trafficking, and even piracy of ships at sea. In short, we're seeing In his speech, Clinton said that the benefits of global in China the kinds of problems a society can face opportunity depend on the very things globalization when it is moving away from the rule of fear but is alone cannot guarantee: peace, democracy, the stabil- not yet firmly rooted in the rule of law. ity of markets, social justice, and the protection of “The solutions fundamentally lie in the choices health and the environment. China makes,” Clinton said. “We have an interest in And while globalization can promote integration seeking to make a difference and in not pretending among nations, it also can lead to disintegration that the outcome is foreordained. We can't do that within them. “It can bring prosperity on every conti- simply by confronting China or trying to contain it. nent, but still leave many, many people behind. It We can only deal with the challenge if we continue a can give people the modern tools of the 21st century, policy of principled, purposeful engagement with but it cannot purge their hearts of the primitive See Clinton, page 11 3 A ‘European Deal’ for the Balkan s

A regional strategy is required to bring peace to the troubled Balkans region and to pave the way for its integration into Europe, says Carl Bildt.

t's time for the inter- exercises to help reduce military spending. Balkan national community military spending is greater than in the rest of Ito adopt a clear-cut, Europe, even though social and economic conditions comprehensive regional in the Balkans are worse than in some of the most strategy to bring peace desperate areas of Russia, Bildt said. and economic prosperi- While his proposal is likely to be unpopular among ty to the Balkans, says current Balkan leaders who benefit from the status Carl Bildt, former quo, the Balkan countries do wish to be seen as “nor- Swedish prime minister mal Europeans” and to be offered “all the possibilities and the international that the process of European integration can bring,” community's high rep- Bildt said. “We should offer them a European deal,” resentative in Bosnia in he said, one that will help them build the structures Carl Bildt 1995-97. The strategy necessary for entry into the European Union. As should include a broad range of military, economic, things are now, no Balkan country is “even close” to and political measures aimed at deterring further war starting the process that might lead to membership in and preparing the countries of the region to join the the EU, he said. At the same time, the proposed European Union (EU), he says. The measures would reforms will help build networks of integration within in no way aim to re-create the former Yugoslavia. the region itself. Bildt discussed the broad strokes of a proposal for The Balkans is a region where problems are bringing long-term peace to southeastern Europe at a numerous and they have to be faced, Bildt concluded. U.S. Institute of Peace current issues briefing on But it is also a region where there are long-term March 16. The Institute was deemed a logical site for important possibilities for the future. “If we do not his speech because of the extensive and important address long-term issues but continue to stay in a work its Balkans initiative has undertaken in the short-term mode, I fear we will have to stay in that region. Executive vice president Harriet Hentges short-term mode for a very long time.” heads the initiative. Before other measures can be implemented in the region, however, NATO needs to recognize that the Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is published six times a year by the Balkans—southeastern Europe—is the new central United States Institute of Peace, an front for NATO in Europe, Bildt said. No other area independent, nonpartisan federal institution created by Congress to pro- in Europe will require such extensive military force to mote research, education, and training on the peaceful resolution of international conflicts. The views expressed herein do not necessarily deter war. NATO should consolidate its forces in the reflect the views of the Institute or its board of directors. region into a regional command, making it clear to To receive Peace Watch, write to the Editor, Peace Watch, United States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, Balkans political and military leaders that NATO Washington, DC 20036-3011. For general information call 202-457- forces will be in the region “for quite some time.” 1700, fax 202-429-6063, e-mail: [email protected], or check our web site: www.usip.org. The international community—America, Europe, President: Richard H. Solomon and Russia, with the European Union acting as the Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges lead institution—needs to implement a variety of mea- Publications Director: Dan Snodderly Editor: Cynthia Roderick sures that would integrate the military forces and eco- Production Manager: Joan Engelhardt nomic structures of the region while guaranteeing a Production Coordinator: Marie Marr Photo Credits: Associated Press, Bill Fitz-Patrick, staff stable political framework, one that also would ensure Board of Directors “the sovereignty and the integrity and the autonomy of Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chairman: Max M. Kampelman. all the parts.” The international community would call Members: Dennis L. Bark, Theodore M. Hesburgh, Seymour Martin Lipset, W. Scott Thompson, Allen Weinstein, Harriet Zimmerman. a conference to put the framework “in cement.” Members Ex Officio: Phyllis Oakley, Assistant Secretary of State for Among his proposals, Bildt called for Balkan Intelligence and Research; Daniel H. Simpson, Vice President, National Defense University; Walter B. Slocombe, Department countries to reduce arms and conduct joint military of Defense; Richard H. Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). 4 R U S S I A Prospects for Russia and for U.S.-Russian Rel a t i o n s

Experts discuss the future of democracy in Russia in memory of Russia’s Galina Starovoitova, a democratic leader who was recently assassinated.

A Russian .S.-Russian relations are woman casts worse than they have been her ballot in St. Ufor over a decade, and they Petersburg, have deteriorated further in the December aftermath of recent NATO air 1998, in elec- strikes against Serbia. Indeed, tions for the adjectives used to describe the Legislative U.S.-Russian relationship have Assembly. gone from a “strong partnership,” Polls show that to a “pragmatic partnership,” to a Russians place “selective partnership,” to no a high value on adjective at all, says Arnold their right to Horelick of the Carnegie vote. Endowment for International Peace. states. Horelick characterized the American public for giving Russia Horelick discussed the future relationship as moving from additional aid. In America, many of U.S.-Russian relations and estrangement toward mutual believe that “Russia has taken a prospects for democracy in that alienation, but still far from con- lot of assistance and advice from country at a U.S. Institute of frontation. us and not used it well,” Horelick Peace forum on February 18. That is so in part because said. Other panelists included Peter Russia increasingly depends on “U.S. policy is swinging Reddaway of George the United States for financial between extremes,” he said. On Washington University and assistance, in particular for U.S. the one hand, some policymakers Michael McFaul of Stanford backing of further funding from say that Russia is too big and too University. Paula Dobriansky of the International Monetary Fund nuclear to be allowed to fail, the Council on Foreign Relations (IMF). Still, the United States is while others say that Russia is in in Washington moderated the not popular in Russia these days. such a hopeless condition that event, which was organized by Russia’s political elites resent the there’s nothing the United States Sally Blair, program officer in the country’s growing dependency on can do to help. “The American Jennings Randolph program, and the United States, panelists said. stake in Russia is so large, we Tara Sonenshine, special adviser And they noted that the Russian can’t afford the second position,” to the Institute’s president. public believes the West generally Horelick said. Nevertheless, it is Panelists noted that the list of gave Russia bad advice that led to clear that “Russia is in disarray issues the two governments dis- the country’s current economic and so is U.S. policy toward agree over is getting longer— crisis—a belief that may in part Russia.” ranging from U.S. policy in be true, panelists agreed. Serbia, to U.S. plans to build a However, the growing rift Russia in Turmoil missile defense program, to between the two countries is like- Russia’s selling of arms technolo- ly to further diminish support in Domestically, Russia seems under gy and know-how to “rogue” the U.S. Congress and among the the sway of a corrupt regime marked by financial chaos, social down and create something new, 5 breakdown, and crime, said but those among them with a Left: Galina Richard H. Solomon, president strong commitment to democracy Starovoitova of the Institute of Peace. “Russian were always few in number. The speaking at a society is going through a pro- democrats had to make alliances news conference found and difficult transition, and and political deals, including the in September we are not sure what it’s heading deal to have Boris Yeltsin run for 1998. toward.” president as the leader of the Starovoitova, a Solomon introduced the democratic movement, which in leading demo- forum, which was held in memory retrospect was a bad decision, crat who of former senior fellow Galina McFaul said. planned to run Starovoitova, one of Russia’s The transition to democracy for president in leading democratic political fig- also has been confrontational and Russia’s next ures and a crusader for political protracted, in part because leaders presidential reforms and human rights. She were preoccupied with defining elections, was was slain in St. Petersburg last the borders of the state and priva- assassinated in November in what appears to tizing the economy. Indeed, November 1998. have been a political assassination. Yeltsin made a clear decision to impotent state, a state unable to Observers say that Starovoitova’s emasculate the growing grass- ensure much law and order, a murder indicates the depth of the roots democratic political move- state increasingly unable to turmoil in the country. ment that had put him in power, defend itself because its military “Galina believed that crime, Reddaway said. “The key to is disintegrating, and [it has] a and especially organized crime understanding Yeltsin is that he president, government, and par- and the mafia, needed to be com- has a tremendous . . . desire to liament that all have very, very bated . . . and that may be the hang onto political power . . . weakened legitimacy.” The strug- main reason why she died. . . . whatever the costs to the Russian gle to regain that legitimacy will She was extraordinarily coura- people and his country.” be the challenge in Russia’s geous,” said Reddaway. He was a Yeltsin has bought political future, Reddaway said. senior fellow at the Institute with support by steadily selling por- In conclusion, McFaul cau- Starovoitova in 1993–94. tions of the state’s powers to tioned that conditions within Russia’s leaders are unlikely to strong individuals and groups that Russia and relations between the address the country’s underlying problems until after the parlia- mentary elections later this year and the presidential elections next year, Horelick said. “The most optimistic bet for Russia is that it will somehow continue to muddle along.” The good news about Russia is that today it is an electoral democracy, and “everybody recog- nizes and plays by the rules of the game of electoral politics,” said McFaul. The Western media write about the collapse of the Soviet Union as if it had been somehow inevitable, he said, but were potential opponents. He United States and Russia need to Above: Left to in fact the forces within Russia even refused to combat crime and be kept in perspective. “Ten years right, Michael for and against dismantling the official corruption, thus opening ago, Soviet president Mikhail] McFaul, Peter Soviet Union and scuttling com- the way for criminal groups to Gorbachev would not have nego- Reddaway, munism were approximately equal enforce their will using their own tiated whether NATO troops Arnold in their power. The citizens of particularly brutal methods, should move into the former Horelick, and Russia—people like Starovoitova Reddaway said. “Russia is a Yugoslavia, and the IMF loans Paula —helped to bring the old system bankrupt state, it is a politically See Russia, page 11 Dobriansky. 6 L A T I N A M E R I C A A Creative Peace for

The Ecuador-Peru peace agreement stipulates that Peru retains sovereignty over part of the disputed territory while ownership resides with Ecuador.

Left to right: he fruits of peace can their determination to “sit President be incalculable. They on the same side of the Alberto Tinclude friendship, [negotiating] table” during Fujimori of greater economic opportuni- the talks that brought nearly Peru; President ty, and outright joy, if one is six decades of conflict to an Jamil Mahuad to take as an example presi- end. One of the sticking of Ecuador. dential statements about the points in the negotiations settlement of the historic was over control of a one- border dispute between square-kilometer area inside Ecuador and Peru. Presi- Peru, called Tiwintza, where dents Jamil Mahuad of The Institute is publishing a Ecuadoran soldiers died Ecuador and Alberto Fujimori of Peaceworks report on the settle- fighting and were buried. Peru recently exhibited great wit ment, Territorial Disputes and “Neither country could give it and warmth as they discussed Their Resolution: The Case of up,” Mahuad explained. what peace has meant for their Ecuador and Peru, by former Finally, the negotiating team countries at a U.S. Institute of senior fellow Beth A. Simmons. and consultants agreed upon a Peace current issues briefing on The report analyzes the history of unique division of two concepts February 5. the conflict and the factors that that traditionally have been treat- “There are no losers, but all contributed to a solution. Also, ed as inseparable: sovereignty and [are] winners” in the agreement, Einaudi has contributed a chapter ownership. In the settlement, which was signed in October on the agreement to Herding among other items, Peru retained 1998, Fujimori said. “Now Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a sovereignty over the disputed ter- Ecuador and Peru are working Complex World, edited by Chester ritory while giving ownership to together as they should have been A. Crocker, chairman of the Ecuador. By dividing sovereignty doing for decades.” Institute’s board of directors; for- and ownership of the land, “the The peace agreement—which mer senior fellow Fen Hampson; pride of both countries was pro- contains important components and Pamela Aall, director of the tected,” said Mahuad, who cred- dealing with trade, navigation of Education Program. The book is ited Roger Fisher of the Project the Amazon River, and environ- forthcoming from the Institute’s on Negotiation at Harvard Law mental preservation—is “a tri- Press in the fall. School with facilitating the solu- umph for the entire hemisphere,” Based on this and related tion. Mahuad had studied nego- said Luigi R. Einaudi, the lead work, the Institute also is devel- tiation with Fisher, who was U.S. mediator at the talks and oping conflict resolution training involved in the search for a settle- moderator for the briefing. The programs with the Organization ment to the Ecuador-Peru con- agreement will facilitate the eco- of American States and other flict for some time. nomic integration of the two organizations that will draw on The presidents noted that countries and dramatically the Ecuador-Peru experience. throughout the complicated improve the quality of life in the In their presentations, peace process, both they and the region, he said. Mahuad and Fujimori detailed media in their countries put great 7 CHINESE EDITORS VISIT THE INSTITUTE

effort into explaining develop- Institute president Richard H. Solomon (second from right) hosted a delega- ments in the negotiations to the tion of six editors from China’s leading foreign policy journals at an Institute public. “The media in Ecuador of Peace meeting in February. The National Committee on United States– took a clear position that they China Relations sponsored the group’s visit to the United States. were working for peace, helping Among the issues discussed at the Institute meeting were China-Taiwan to explain the problems,” Mahuad relations and the emerging role of the Internet in China. The editors agreed said. that it would be helpful to improve the flow of information across the Peace has enabled Ecuador and Taiwan Strait, but to date there has not been “a sufficient foundation of Peru to reduce military expendi- understanding” to exchange regular news correspondents. They also said tures. Ecuador, for example, now that the use of the Internet is developing rapidly in China; however, the gov- has a four-year moratorium on ernment recently imposed some restrictions on its use “because we are wor- arms spending and has cut its mil- ried about pornographic materials, especially their influence on young peo- itary draft by 60 percent. ple,” said Zheng Wanzhen (far right), editor-in-chief of China’s Foreign In addition to the economic Affairs Journal and leader of the delegation. incentives to peace, the presidents noted, peace also will contribute to critical protection of the NAGO R N O - K A R A BA K H Amazon habitat. Ecuador and Peru have devoted about 30 square miles along either side of the border as a national refuge where scientists from around the world can work to help protect the biodiversity of the Amazon region. Fujimori and Mahuad con- cluded by stressing how a com- mitment to peace and a willing- ness to identify shared interests were central to the success of their negotiations. “One of the main U.S. Institute of Peace grantees Peter R. Rosenblatt (far left), president of issues for both of us was to not the Fund for Democracy and Development, and Edward Djerijian (far right), take rigid positions, but to define director of the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy in Houston, recent- our interests,” Fujimori said. ly traveled to Armenia and Azerbaijan to explore possible new approaches Mahuad added, “And we never to the future political status of Nagorno-Karabakh. They are shown here at a did anything that would compli- meeting in Yerevan last December with, from Rosenblatt’s left, U.S. ambas- cate the work of the other presi- sador Michael Lemmon, Armenian president Robert Kocharian, an assistant dent in his own country.” to Lemmon, and Gregory Djerijian. 8 P R O F I L E Russians feel a deep sense of obligation toward Russians living in the Soviet successor states; that concern could take a variety of forms—some quite constructive, says former senior fellow Igor Zevelev. Ru s s i a ’ s atyana is a Latvia, they became truly stateless, 57 - y e a r - o l d as these former Soviet republics did Russian schoolteacher not offer them citizenship. who lives in the apartment The relationship between in downtown Riga, Latvia, Russians living in what is now ‘Near where she was born. Her called the “near abroad” and the bookshelves are lined with new Russian state poses profound well-worn volumes challenges to Russia’s leadership, of the Russian says Igor Zevelev, a former senior literature she fellow at the U.S. Institute of has taught to Peace (1997–98). “Across the school children political spectrum, there is a con- throughout her career— sensus that Russia does have some Ab r o a d ’ poems and stories by Pushkin, responsibility to those people who Lermentov, Gogol, and, of course, identify themselves as Russians Tolstoy, to name but a few. and who live in the successor Not that long ago—in the days states,” he says. It is critical that before the collapse of the Soviet the United States understand the empire—Tatyana traveled with deep sense of obligation shared by groups of other schoolteachers to all Russians in this matter, Zevelev St. Petersburg and Moscow for says. And further, it might facili- professional conferences. Though tate a peaceful resolution of the she enjoyed her visits, she was problem if U.S. policymakers con- never tempted to move to those sidered that Russia could respond cities, and she says she has no in a variety of ways—some of intention of moving there today. them quite constructive. “Riga is my home,” she told Peace Zevelev, a visiting professor of Watch in 1996. history at Macalester College on Tatyana is one of an estimated leave from the Institute of World 25 million ethnic Russians who sud- Economy and International denly found themselves living out- Relations of the Russian Academy side the boundaries of the new of Sciences in Moscow, is writing Russian state when the Soviet a book on the Russian diaspora Union collapsed in December 1991. based on research he conducted Igor Zevelev Not only did the Russians living in while at the Institute of Peace and the far-flung regions of the old the Woodrow Wilson empire lose their Soviet citizenship, International Center for Scholars. but they also found themselves an The book will focus on the inter- “instant” minority in the successor relationship between Russia’s states. Moreover, in Estonia and attempts to forge a new identity, the impact of the Russians living form breakaway regions that we must not abandon those peo- 9 in the near abroad, Russia’s for- would reunite with Russia. ple. American policymakers need eign policy, and conditions for Politicization of the diasporas and to understand that it is politically international security in and efforts to redraw state borders impossible for even the most lib- around Russia. along ethnic lines are among the eral Russian politician not to most significant threats to security express some concern for the fate The Russian Diaspora in the region. of those Russians, so the best But, Zevelev stresses, it is also option is to encourage them to The new Russian diaspora is possible that Russia will pursue “a take more positive steps in the one of the largest in the world, very constructive, very humanistic direction of protecting human Zevelev says. Seventy-five percent course.” Such a course might rights.” of the diaspora lives in Belarus, include helping Russians in the And indeed, Zevelev says, in Kazakstan, and Ukraine. While diasporas maintain their distinct conjunction with a focus on some of the Russians in the near culture by, for example, helping to human rights, Russia and the sur- abroad live scattered among the develop educational institutions. majority populations of the Soviet Or it might include efforts to pro- successor states, others do not. tect Russians’ human rights by For example, in Estonia, out of a acting within the framework of Politicization of the diasporas and efforts to total population of one and a half existing international institutions redraw state borders along ethnic lines are million, 500,000 are Russians, designed for the protection of many of whom live in the north- both individual human rights and among the most significant threats to security eastern part of the country. In the rights of minorities, such as in the region. Kazakstan, nearly six million the Council of Europe and the Russians live in the north. In Organization for Security and rounding states might also be Ukraine, 11 million ethnic Cooperation in Europe. encouraged to advance their eco- Russians live in the eastern part of U.S. foreign policymakers nomic integration and open the the state and in Crimea. would be wise to support Russian borders. “If people can move In response to their plight, leaders in their efforts along these about freely, and if the countries Russia has made it increasingly lines in part because that might can work together to resolve cul- easy for former Soviet citizens deter them from taking more tural identity issues, there would who wish to move to Russia to extreme measures, Zevelev says. be no point in starting a bloody become Russian citizens, but Nevertheless, some observers still process to break up,” as continues dropped efforts to create dual citi- fear that Russia will use human to happen in the Balkans, Zevelev zenship for those in the diaspora rights issues as a cover for inter- says. The integration would when the new states opposed the fering in the domestic policies of resemble Europe’s and thus might idea. the successor states. While Russia also lead to some form of volun- Russia’s future efforts to help does aspire to be the dominant tary political union similar to the the Russians in the near abroad power in the region, currently it is European Union. could range from renewed imperi- in no position politically, eco- “In the former Soviet Union, alistic ambitions to efforts to nomically, or militarily to pose integration is the only peaceful ensure their human rights, any threat to the new states, alternative to the rise of ethnona- Zevelev says. Zevelev says. The real danger is tionalism and the claims that we On the imperialistic side— the possibility that the interna- Russians are a divided nation and much feared by international tional community might overreact must reunite under one political observers as well as by leaders of to Russia’s boastful rhetoric about roof,” Zevelev concludes. the successor states—it is possible protecting the interests of the “American foreign policymak- Russia could use the Russian pop- Russians in the near abroad. ers tend to perceive even talk ulations to help re-establish its “The tendency today is to about integration of the former domination, perhaps turning the automatically assume that any talk Soviet republics as a disguised successor states into protectorates about the Russians in the succes- attempt to reinstitute Russian or semi-independent entities in a sor states is potentially aggressive, domination, if not to restore the buffer zone around Russia. In the but that need not be the case,” Soviet Union. It would benefit countries where the diasporas are Zevelev says. “There is a broad everyone if they could begin to adjacent to Russia, Russia could consensus among the Russian consider the positive aspects of stir up the Russian populations to elite and the common people that integration in the region.” 10 E D U C A T I O N A N D T R A I N I N G Separate Institute Programs fo r an d Education Tra i n i n g

Left, Pamela “In recent years, the U.S. Institute implementing U.S. multilateral the International Council for Aall; right, of Peace has experienced a grow- peacekeeping policies. Educational Development (New George F. ing demand for our programs in A captain in the U.S. Marine York), and the New York Ward, Jr. education and training, which are Corps, Ward served in Vietnam Botanical Garden. central to the Institute’s mission,” in 1965–69 and received a num- Aall holds a B.A. from says president Richard H. ber of honors in that capacity, Harvard University and an M.A. Solomon. “We have decided to including the Navy Commenda- from Columbia University. She create two separate programs to tion Medal with a decoration has conducted postgraduate better serve our growing con- of valor. He also received two research at the London School of stituencies.” Accordingly, the Presidential Meritorious Awards Economics on political and eco- Institute is pleased to welcome and the State Department nomic integration in Scandinavia George F. Ward, Jr., former Distinguished Honor Award, and Europe. With Institute board ambassador to Namibia, as direc- among others. Ward earned an chairman Chester A. Crocker and tor of the new Training Program. M.P.A. degree from Harvard former senior fellow Fen Osler Pamela Aall, who served as act- University in 1980; he graduated Hampson, she edited Managing ing director of the Education and Phi Beta Kappa in history from Global Chaos: Sources of and Training Program, will be the the University of Rochester in Responses to International Conflict director of the Education 1965. (1996), and is currently working Program. Pamela Aall—before coming with Crocker and Hampson on a Ward is a career diplomat with to the Institute in 1993—was a follow-up volume, Herding Cats: 30 years of distinguished service, consultant to the President's Multiparty Mediation in a most recently as ambassador to Committee on the Arts and the Complex World, due out in the fall. Namibia in 1996–99. He was Humanities and the Institute of principal deputy assistant secre- International Education. She tary of the State Department’s held a number of positions in the Bureau of International international relations division Organization Affairs in 1992–96, of the Rockefeller Foundation in and served as deputy ambassador New York, and has worked for to Germany 1989–92. In both the University of Houston, the those positions, he was directly European Cultural Foundation involved in formulating and in Amsterdam and Brussels, 11

Ne w Fac u l t y Cl i n t o n Continued from page 2 Pro g ra m s China's leaders and China's peo- ple. “Our long-term strategy must Ex p a n d be to encourage the right kind of development in China, to help Ou t re a c h China grow at home into a strong, prosperous, and open society coming together, not he U.S. Institute of Peace participants from diverse subject falling apart; to integrate China presented its first regional areas and disciplines. into the institutions that promote Tfaculty seminars for college In the new arrangement, global norms on proliferation, and university faculty on March Institute staff will work collabora- trade, the environment, and 5–6 in Miami. Altogether, 55 fac- tively with academic institutions human rights. ulty, administration officials, and around the country to organize “We must build on opportuni- doctoral candidates attended the and host seminars that will bring ties for cooperation with China programs, presented in collabora- in academic experts and practi- where we agree even as we tion with Florida International tioners, who will discuss conflict strongly defend our interests and University (FIU), the University and conflict management. values where we disagree,” of Miami, and Nova Southeastern Education Program staff will lead Clinton concluded. “That is the University. workshops and hold discussions purpose of engagement, not to Jeffrey Helsing, program offi- about incorporating conflict stud- insulate our relationship from the cer in the Institute's Education ies into the classroom. consequences of Chinese action, Program, developed the seminars, In addition to faculty, the first but to use our relationship to which he taught along with seminar—held in collaboration influence China's action in a way David Little, the Institute's with FIU—was attended by the that advances our values and our senior scholar in religion, ethics, university's vice president for aca- interests.” and human rights, and Dennis demic affairs and the chairs of the Sandole, professor of conflict res- departments of psychology, envi- olution and international relations ronmental affairs, and interna- at George Mason University. tional relations. The morning ses- Rus s i a Continued from page 5 The seminars replace the sion explored an interdisciplinary annual summer faculty workshops perspective on conflict, and the wouldn’t have happened,” he said. that formerly were held in afternoon session focused on Also today, although bilateral Washington, and enable the methods and tools for teaching relations may be suffering, thou- Institute to expand its outreach in international conflict resolution. sands of Americans are working post-secondary education, notes The second workshop, held in with Russians on business, cultur- Pamela Aall, director of the partnership with FIU, the al, and other matters, which is Education Program. “Not only University of Miami, and Nova important in terms of normalizing will we be able to reach larger Southeastern University, brought relations with Russia. numbers of faculty, but the new together faculty and doctoral stu- Moreover, “liberal values and lib- format will allow the staff to dents from colleges, universities, eral ideas have not died out in develop more specialized seminars and community colleges in the Russia,” McFaul said. “And the where the focus could be on a south Florida region. The sessions Russian people are not willing to particular region or on conflict or focused on bridging theory and give up the vote.” Although the on topics such as peace and secu- practice in international conflict democrats in Russia have been rity, mediation, or post-conflict resolution, as well as on teaching ostracized and marginalized, “they reconciliation,” she says. The methods and tools. haven’t disappeared. . . . These are Institute will continue to select dark times now, but the future is on their side.” 12 he board of directors recently COST OF THE TROUBLES STUDY, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR Tapproved the following Belfast, Northern Ireland. Film survivors STRATEGIC STUDIES, London. Consider unsolicited grants. of violence in Northern Ireland, the changing impact of international law concentrating on the feelings of these on the resort to force by states, in ACADEMIC ASSOCIATES PEACE individuals and their needs. Themes particular whether international law is include the experience of living in the developing in ways that restrict the WORKS, Ibadan, Nigeria. Study the increasing conflicts among the Itsekiri, isolation of silence, relationships between freedom of action of states in the context Urhobo, and Ijaw ethnic groups in the individuals, and effects of the trauma. of secessionist movements or other Niger Delta of Nigeria; provide training Marie Smyth. $45,000. internal unrest. Christopher J. workshops in conflict management for Greenwood, Gerald Segal. $18,000. COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, youth and adult leaders; support concili- LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY, ation through the Nigeria Corps of Washington, D.C. Convene a conference Upper Mediators. Isaac Olawale Albert. $40,000. for experts from mainland China and Montclair, N.J. Examine the principal Taiwan, along with American specialists, ideas and debates in Arab intellectual BALKAN ACTION COUNCIL, to examine and debate precedents in inter- discourse about U.S. policies toward the Washington, D.C. Develop and national law in order to rethink some basic Arab world, focusing particular attention disseminate recommendations on ways to ideas concerning Taiwan's status over the on the peace process, the Gulf, political achieve electoral reform in Bosnia to help near and long term. Jerome Cohen. Islam, political reform, and terrorism. stimulate more constructive political $43,000. Muhammad Y. Muslih. $40,000. discourse there. James R. Hooper. $34,000. DARTNELL, MICHAEL, Montreal. Conduct NATIONAL PEACE FOUNDATION, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, a cross-national study to examine how Washington, D.C. Continue training Washington, D.C. Assess India's evolving organizations and political movements use workshops on leadership in conflict status in the post–Cold War period, with on-line technologies as an information prevention and management for 150 particular attention to prospects for provision tool in campaigns against university students and faculty members regional conflict management in a governments. $30,118. from the Republic of Georgia, Armenia, nuclearized subcontinent, the role of and Azerbaijan. Stephen Strickland, EAST-WEST CENTER, domestic factors in foreign policy, and the Honolulu, Hawaii. Deborah Welsh. $35,000. impact of economic change on peace and Study the nuclear situation in the Asia- PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, security. Stephen Cohen. $20,000. Pacific, including the security role of Princeton, nuclear weapons in the post–Cold War N.J. Analyze the impact of war on the era, mechanisms for strengthening the southern African environment through a BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R.I. Focus on the former Soviet Union to nonproliferation regime at the global and comparative study of the Namibian/ explain why some conflicts do not turn regional levels, and the implications of Angola and South African/Mozambican violent, and what the conditions are for nuclear arms for peace and security in the border regions. Emmanuel Kreike. peaceful resolution and management of region. Muthiah Alagappa. $40,000. $39,250. serious conflicts. Case studies include EASTERN MENNONITE UNIVERSITY, SAACID VOLUNTARY ORGANI- Crimea and Transdniestria; Tatarstan and ZATION, Chechnya; and Ajaria and Abkhazia. Harrisonburg, Va. Produce a manual Nairobi, Kenya. Promote peace Dominique Arel, Stephen Shenfield, P. (When You Are the Peacebuilder) for groups in Somalia and particularly in Mogadishu Terrence Hopmann. $30,000. and individuals working at community- through public dialogue and track-two level peacebuilding in Africa, to provide diplomacy. Raha M. Janaqow. $30,000. them with stories and basic conceptual CABALLERO, MARIA CRISTINA, Bogota, STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, Colombia. Examine the roots of the materials for use in conflict transformation political conflict in Colombia, assess its and peacebuilding. Janice Jenner. $39,000. Binghamton, N.Y. Examine the inter- impact in the region and internationally, connected relationships among peace- FOURTH FREEDOM FORUM, and posit approaches to advancing the Goshen, keeping, demilitarization, democratization, peace process and ending the country's Ind. Develop specific strategies for and development in Africa. Issues include decades-long strife. $50,000. designing and implementing economic the comparative advantages of international sanctions that apply coercive pressure versus regional peacekeeping in Africa, the against particular decision-making groups effects of peacekeeping in target states and COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York. Based on case studies of Angola, Sierra rather than entire populations. David intervening states in Africa, and the Leone, Mozambique, Liberia, Uganda, El Cortright. $30,000. demilitarization and development of Salvador, Guatemala, and Colombia, African states. Ali A. Mazrui. $37,000. HOBART & WILLIAM SMITH develop and disseminate a handbook COLLEGES, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, focusing on effective curriculum design, Geneva, N.Y. Through a Syracuse, N.Y. learning strategies, and assessment study of labor relations in the South Analyze ethnic identities in Estonia and techniques in human rights education in African gold mines, test ideas about how their implications for European conflict and post-conflict situations. J. to promote interethnic accommodation. T. integration, NATO enlargement, and Paul Martin. $35,000. Dunbar Moodie. $30,000. Estonia's relations with Russia. Merje Feldman. $13,600. INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE, COMMON GROUND PRODUCTION, UNITED METHODIST COMMITTEE Washington, D.C. Assess how media can Washington, D.C. Catalogue and assess ON RELIEF, ameliorate conflict in Liberia, in order to the major international disputes in Latin Sarajevo, Bosnia and develop radio programs to address the America over territory and territorial Herzegovina. A training and curriculum most divisive issues. Sheldon Himelfarb. waters; make recommendations for the development program to enhance the $34,000. prevention and resolution of specific teaching of nonviolent conflict resolution conflicts. Luigi R. Einaudi. $40,000. skills for primary school teachers, staff of 13 community development organizations, and others engaged in peacebuilding initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Angela Oliver. $40,000. Gr a n t - Supported Books

UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD, Bradford, United Kingdom. In light of weak existing ecent projects funded by the conventional and nonconventional nuclear command and control Institute’s Grant Program have weapons around the world. technologies in India and Pakistan to R produced books that span a wide The Future of Iraq, edited by John manage their nuclear relationship, range of issues and regions. To Calabrese (Middle East Institute, consider the concepts, procedures, and 1997) arrangements that can help stabilize order the books, please contact nuclear crises in the subcontinent. Shaun the publisher listed below or your Examines Iraqi politics and prospects for Gregory. $30,000. local bookstore. civil society, the future of the Iraqi econo- my, and the country's foreign relations at the regional and international levels. UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, Coral Gables, Reconciliation Processes and the Fla. Explore reconciliation as a political, Displaced Communities in Post-War The Integration of Non-Estonians into psychological, and moral process whereby Lebanon, edited by George Emile Irani Estonian Society: History, Problems former enemies can evolve constructive (Lebanese American University, 1997) and Trends, by Aksel Kirch (Estonian relationships over time. Focus on states Examines the role of reconciliation and Academy Publishers, 1997) and national/ethnic groups with long- dialogue in the process of resettling mem- Discusses the problems and prospects for standing animosities, with particular bers of war-displaced Christian and integrating the Russian community into attention to Western Europe. Alice Muslim communities in Lebanon and Estonian society. Ackermann. $30,000. develops conflict management tools for The Morality of Nationalism, edited those engaged in reconciliation activities. by Robert McKim and Jeff McMahan UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Relations Across the Taiwan Strait: (Oxford University Press, 1997) Arbor. Examine the significance of and Perspectives from Mainland China Illuminates resurgent nationalism from a lessons learned from the 1989 Polish and Taiwan, by Chen Qimao and Wei moral and evaluative perspective includ- negotiations that led to the peaceful end Yung (Atlantic Council, 1998) ing the ideal of national self-determina- of Communist rule in Poland. Michael D. A scholar from mainland China and a tion, the permissibility of secession, the Kennedy, Brian A. Porter. $30,000. scholar from Taiwan analyze the sources legitimacy of international intervention, of conflict between mainland China and and tolerance between nations. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Taiwan and the prospects for a peaceful The Protection Racket State: Elite Arbor. Test how differences in the solution. political institutions of democratic and Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil non-democratic systems affect critical Reversing Relations with Former War in El Salvador, by William foreign policy decisions about the use of Adversaries: U.S. Foreign Policy After Stanley (Temple University Press, diplomacy and military force as well as the Cold, edited by C. Richard Nelson 1996) conflict resolution in international and Kenneth Weisbrode (University A study of the actions and political strate- disputes. Paul Huth. $30,000. Press of Florida, 1998) gies of the Salvadoran military that chal- Probes the problems and opportunities lenges the conventional wisdom that UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, Missoula. inherent in the process of reversing rela- state-sponsored violence is simply a In collaboration with the Foreign Affairs tions with former adversaries. response to opposition, arguing instead College in Beijing, field test, professionally Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves, that state agencies sometimes use violence evaluate, and launch a program to teach by Mark N. Katz (St. Martin's, 1997) to advance their parochial interests. practical negotiation and conflict manage- Argues that the Islamic fundamentalist The Rise of Nationalism in Eastern ment skills in China, particularly for revolutionary wave, like the Marxist- Europe and the Former Soviet Union diplomats in training. Dennis O'Donnell. Leninist and Arab nationalist waves, (Special issue of Uncaptive Minds, $40,000. belongs to a category of nondemocratic Summer-Fall 1997) Examines the dif- revolutions that are likely to spread via ferent kinds of nationalism that arose UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON, affiliate revolutions rather than invasion. after 1989, their causes and consequences, United Kingdom. Convene a seminar for Russia and the Arms Trade, edited by and countermeasures to nationalism's officials from approximately 45 countries Ian Anthony (Oxford University Press anti-democratic forms. who are likely to participate in the and SIPRI, 1998) Waorani: The Contexts of Violence Preparatory Committee for the review and War, by Clayton Robarchek and conference of the Nuclear Nonprolifera- Evaluates recent trends and developments Carole Robarchek (Harcourt Brace tion Treaty in 2000, to discuss the major in Russia's evolving role in the interna- College Publishers, 1998) issues and options confronting them. John tional arms trade system. Simpson. $20,000. Science, Technology, and Ethical A study of why the Waorani people of Priorities: Proceedings from Student Ecuador were traditionally so violent and WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL OF Pugwash USA's Ninth International why they came to renounce violence. PHILADELPHIA. Provide a professional Conference, University of Wisconsin- World Directory of Minorities development seminar series for secondary Madison, June 16-22, 1996, edited by (Minority Rights Group International, teachers on conflicts in Africa, including Jennifer Seltzer (Student Pugwash, 1997) those in Sudan, Congo, and South Africa, USA, 1997) A reference book on the contemporary and the implications of these conflicts for Examines such global issues as alternative situation of minorities worldwide, cover- the future of the continent. Margaret H. energy sources, natural resources, and the ing minorities in more than 200 states Lonzetta. $30,000. production, proliferation, and impact of and dependent territories. 14 In s t i t u t e Peo p l e

Former senior fellow ADNAN Board chairman CHESTER A. Institute for Strategic Reconcilia- ABU-ODEH has been appointed CROCKER, acting director of tion. He also lectured on “Why Is political adviser to Jordan’s King education and training PAMELA Asia Important to U.S. Abdullah. Abu-Odeh served as a AALL, and former senior fellow Interests?” at Georgetown cabinet minister and political FEN HAMPSON discussed University’s Institute for the adviser to the king’s late father, “Complex Mediations: Practi- Study of Diplomacy in February. King Hussein, for 24 years before tioner Perspectives on Third coming to the Institute for his Party Roles,” on a panel at the WILLIAM DRENNAN, program fellowship in 1996–97. In June, 1999 International Studies officer in the Research and the Institute’s Press will publish Association annual convention Studies Program, discussed “The Abu-Odeh’s book, Jordanians, in Washington in February. Future of the Korean Peninsula” Palestinians, and the Hashemite The panel was organized around at a conference in Illinois on the Kingdom in the Middle East Peace a book forthcoming from the Korean War hosted by the Process. Institute’s Press entitled Herding United States Naval Institute Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a in March. JON ALTE R M A N , program officer Complex World. in the Research and Studies Executive vice president HARRIET Program, discussed “New Media PATRICK CRONIN, director of the HENTGES lectured on “War, in the Arab World” at the Middle Research and Studies Program, Peace, and Money” at Rosemont East Institute in March. He dis- has been elected to the Editorial College, Rosemont, Penn., in cussed the same subject in his Advisory Board of the February. She discussed develop- article, “Shrinking the World and International Journal of Korea ments in Kosovo at Johns Changing the Rules,” which Studies. His chapter, “Worse Hopkins University in March. appeared in a recent issue of Cases and Best Choices,” was Middle East Insight. The March recently published in Gulf-Asia DAVID LITTLE, senior scholar in issue of Transnational Broadcast- Energy Security, edited by John religion, ethics, and human ing Studies, a web-based journal Calabrese and published by the rights, has published a number of (www.tbsjournal.org), published Middle East Institute. In essays recently, including an excerpt from Alterman’s recent February, Cronin discussed “Dealing with Human Rights book, New Media, New Politics? “America’s Economic Engage- Violations in Transitional From Satellite Television to the ment with North Korea: Assess- Societies,” in Ethics and Internet in the Arab World ment and Prospects” at the International Affairs (April 1999); (Washington Institute for Near Washington North Korea “Rethinking Human Rights,” in East Policy). Roundtable, sponsored by the the Journal of Religious Ethics (Spring 1999); “Religion and Ethnicity in the Sri Lankan Civil Rwanda Book Garners Honors War,” in Creating Peace in Sri Lanka; “Religion and Human U.S. Institute of Peace grant recipient Philip Gourevitch Rights: A Personal Testament,” recently received the National Book Critics Circle Award in the University of Richmond for his book, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Law Journal (Summer 1999). Be Killed with Our Families, which deals with the 1994 He discussed religion and peace- genocide in Rwanda. (For an interview with Gourevitch, building at a conference on see the December 1998 issue of Peace Watch.) A staff writer “Bosnia and the Balkans: for The New Yorker, Gourevitch supported much of the Conflict and Reconstruction” research for his book with an Institute grant. The book also on April 8–10, sponsored by the has been selected one of the best books of 1998 by the New College of William and Mary York Times and by a number of other organizations. and Friends of Bosnia. 15

KATE MCCANN, program assis- USIP PRESS tant in the religion, ethics, and human rights initiative, dis- cussed the role of religious com- munities in the pursuit of peace at a March forum sponsored by To orde r , call 800-868-8064 (U.S. only) or 703-661-1590 the Interfaith Coalition for NNee ww BB oo oo kk ss Peace, a subgroup of the Central Maryland Ecumenical Council.

Senior fellow ANDREW NATSIOS was recently appointed Coercive Inducement as secretary of administration and the Containment of and finance for Massachusetts International Crises by Governor Paul Cellucci. In Donald C. F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes that capacity, Natsios will be with Chantal de Jonge Oudrat principal fiscal officer for the Explores four recent UN operations (in state, in charge of revenues, the Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Haiti) in state budget, and the personnel which coercive inducement was particu- system. Natsios was vice presi- larly relevant, and presents operational dent of World Vision U.S. guidelines for its use. before coming to the Institute in 1998. March 1999 • 288 pp. • 6 x 9 $14.95 (paper) • 1-878379-84-4 BOB SCHMITT, information $35.00 (cloth) • 1-878379-85-2 systems manager, discussed the Institute’s Virtual Diplomacy initiative at the State Depart- ment's Secretary's Open Forum in February. The talk explored how foreign policy and national Ukraine and Rus s i a security agencies can rise to the A Fraternal Rivalry challenge of the “wired world.” Anatol Lieven

BARBARA WIEN, program offi- Journalist Anatol Lieven here explores the cer in the Training Program, complex ethnic and political relationship discussed “Ethics and Integrity of Ukraine and Russia. Based on extensive in Public Service” at a February interviews, Lieven provides a fascinating meeting of interns working in portrait of the diversity that is contempo- the public sector, organized by rary Ukraine and of its efforts to forge a the Friends Committee on national identity after three centuries of National Legislation (FCNL). Russian rule. Lieven examines the policy The event was part of FCNL’s implications of Eastern Europe’s new political geography. regular Brown Bag Lunch Series for Interns, which is part of the May 1999 • 208 pp. • 6 x 9 organization’s program to pro- $19.95 (paper) • 1-878379-87-9 vide educational and profession- al development opportunities for young adults. he following Institute publications Tare available free of charge. Write to the Institute’s Office of Communications, call 202-429-3828, or check out our web page at www.usip.org. ✔ Territorial Disputes and Their Ne w WWeebSbS ii tt ee Resolution: The Case of Ecuador and Peru, by Beth A. Simmons (Peaceworks no. 27, April 1999) feature ✔ NATO at Fifty: New Challenges, Truth Commissions Web Page Future Uncertainties, by Andrew J. Pierre (Special Report, March 1999) he Institute’s Library is developing a new Truth Commissions web ✔ A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Tpage, which contains background explanations and descriptions of Report on a USIP Consultation, by truth commissions in 17 countries, including Guatemala and South David R. Smock (Special Report, Africa. The page includes sources used, links to the peace agreement February 1999) establishing the Guatemalan commission, a link to a summary of the ✔ Thinking Out Loud: Policies Toward commission’s report in English, and a link to the South African commis- Iraq, by Jon B. Alterman (Special Report, February 1999) sion’s web site. Our web page will continue to undergo development. Please check it out at: www.usip.org/library/truth.html ✔ The Quest for Democratic Security: The Role of the Council of Europe and U.S. Foreign Policy, by Heinrich Klebes (Peaceworks no. 26, January 1999) ✔ Southern Mexico: Counterin- surgency and Electoral Politics, by Michael W. Foley (Special Report, GET ON OUR LISTSERV FOR January 1999) ✔ Montenegro—And More—At Risk UPCOMING EVENTS AND PUBLICATIONS (Special Report, January 1999) A new U.S. Institute of Peace listserv will inform subscribers of upcoming ✔ The Genocide Convention at Fifty, by William Schabas (Special Report, Institute events and publications. To subscribe, send an e-mail to January 1999) [email protected]. Leave the subject line blank, and in the ✔ Bosnia Report Card: Pass, Fail, or body of the message type: Incomplete? (Special Report, January subscribe pingme [] 1999)

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