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Migration Processes and Challenges in Contemporary Russia St MIGRATION PROCESSES AND CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA ST. PETERSBURG CASE STUDY Marya S. Rozanova WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, dialogue radio and television. For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org. Jane Harman, Director, President and CEO Board of Trustees Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chairman of the Board Sander R. Gerber, Vice Chairman Public Board Members: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; Hillary R. Clinton, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; G. Wayne Clough, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Arne Duncan, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States; Fred P. Hochberg, Chairman and President, Export- Import Bank; James Leach, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities; Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Private Board Members: Timothy Broas, John T. Casteen III, Charles Cobb, Jr., Thelma Duggin, Carlos M. Gutierrez, Susan Hutchison, Barry S. Jackson Wilson National Cabinet: Eddie & Sylvia Brown, Melva Bucksbaum & Raymond Learsy, Ambassadors Sue & Chuck Cobb, Lester Crown, Thelma Duggin, Judi Flom, Sander R. Gerber, Ambassador Joseph B. Gildenhorn & Alma Gildenhorn, Harman Family Foundation, Susan Hutchison, Frank F. Islam, Willem Kooyker, Linda B. & Tobia G. Mercuro, Dr. Alexander V. Mirtchev, Wayne Rogers, Leo Zickler MIGRATION PROCESSES AND CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA ST. PETERSBURG CASE STUDY Marya S. Rozanova 2012 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org Cover Photograph: Presentation of the “ABC’s for Newcomers to St. Petersburg.” St. Petersburg, Russia; 2012; Peter Kovalev/ITAR-TASS. ISBN: 978-1-938027-01-7 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 About the Author 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 - Modern Migration and the Challenge of Xenophobia in the Russian Federation 10 1.1. Principal Causes of Xenophobia 1.2. Principal Targets of Xenophobia 1.3. From Slogans to Action: Dynamics in the Escalation of Violence Chapter 2 - Demographic Characteristics and Migration Flows in St. Petersburg 39 2.1. Historical Perspective on Interethnic Relations and Identity in St. Petersburg Chapter 3. Mechanisms for Harmonizing Interethnic Relations in St. Petersburg 63 3.1. Theoretical Foundations of Tolerance-1 Program 3.2. Major Events of Tolerance-1 Program Implementation 3.3. Intermediate Results of Tolerance-1 Program 3.4. Tolerance-2 Program: Continuity and Change Chapter 4. Tolerance Promotion in St. Petersburg: Project Details 87 4.1. Round Table—Interethnic Dialogue: The Role of Youth (2007) 4.2. Tolerance Trainings and Workshops for Young People (2007–2012) 4.3. Makarov Academy’s Multicultural Experience: Answers to New Challenges (2010–2012) ST. PETERSBURG CASE STUDY |1| ACKNOWledgments I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Blair A. Ruble (Kennan Institute, Woodrow Wilson Center) for extremely helpful consultations and advice, and for his published works about the city of Peter the Great with a deep understanding of the city’s controversial essence and indelible inner dignity. I would like to thank Dr. Valeriy A. Achkasov (St. Petersburg State University), Dr. Susan F. Martin (Institute for the Study of International Migration), Anatoly A. Fomenko (Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation), Dr. Tatiana Bajan (Department on Integration Assistance, Federal Migration Service, Russian Federation), Mary Giovagnoli (Immigration Policy Center), Michele L. Waslin (Immigration Policy Center), Sonya Michel (United States Studies, Woodrow Wilson Center), Donald Wolfensberger (The Congress Project, Woodrow Wilson Center), Roman Boyarkov (Committee for Youth Policy and Cooperation with Public Organizations, St. Petersburg Government), Dr. Tamara M. Smirnova (nongovernmental organization “St. Petersburg House of National Cultures”) for the benefits of conversations with them. In addition, I’d like to acknowledge the rector of Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy, Valeriy L. Mikheev, for his valuable organizational support for the project on adaptation and integration of Academy students from the North Caucasus (Ingushetia) into the multicultural society of St. Petersburg; Lemka S. Izmailova, education minister, Republic of Ingushetia, Ruslan S. Khautiev, chair of the Youth Committee, Republic of Ingushetia, and Yunus S. Khautiev, plenipotentiary envoy for the Republic of Ingushetia in St. Petersburg, for their support and contributions toward developing interregional ST. PETERSBURG CASE STUDY |3| cooperation in educational migration and youth policy; Aleksandr S. Nikolayev, chair, Committee for Youth Policy and Cooperation with Public Organizations of the St. Petersburg Government, for his support of initiatives on adaptation of recent arrival students to the multicultural environment of St. Petersburg; and for the very effective leadership and direction of the expert group members for the project— Drs. Galina L. Bardier, Andrey G. Gretsov, Sergey V. Akopov, and Anastasia A. Azbel—and advisory consultants of Drs. Anatoly S. Kolesnikov, St. Petersburg State University, and Akhmet A. Yarlykapov, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Finally, I am extremely grateful to all the Kennan Institute staff for invaluable organizational help and support, and to Amy Freeman for research assistance, and would like to thank Barbara A. Kohl for her extremely valuable work on editing this manuscript. This research was conducted in connection with a Galina Starovoitova Grant on Human Rights and Conflict Resolution at the Kennan Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., and financial support by the St. Petersburg Government Committee for Science and Higher Education. Parts of this book have been adapted from the following publications: Marya S. Rozanova, review of In the Name of Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia, by Marlene Laruelle, Russian Journal of Communication (forthcoming). Marya S. Rozanova. “Migration Process, Tolerance and Migration Policy in Contemporary Russia.” In Demography, Migration, and Tolerance: Comparing the Russian, Ukrainian, and U.S. Experience, edited by Nancy Popson, 36-53. Washington, DC: Kennan Institute, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011. Marya Rozanova and Amy Freeman. “U.S. Immigration Policy: Problems and Trends in a Comparative Perspective.” Paper |4| MIGRATION PROCESSES AND CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA presented at Re-Imagining the Americas: (Im)migration, Transnationalism, and Diaspora, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, April 10, 2010. Sergey Akopov and Marya Rozanova. Migration Processes in Contemporary St. Petersburg. The NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Public Policy 3, no. 1 (2010): 77–92. Sergey Akopov and Marya Rozanova. Identichnosti v epohu global’nyh migratsii [Identities in an era of global migration]. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo DEAN, 2010. ST. PETERSBURG CASE STUDY |5| ABOUT THE AUTHOR Marya Rozanova is adviser to the rector and associate professor at Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy (St. Petersburg, Russia), and former Galina Starovoitova Fellow on Human Rights and Conflict Resolution at the Kennan Institute, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. Since 2007, she has headed the nongovernmental organization Center for Civil, Social, Scientific and Cultural Initiatives “STRATEGIA” (www.org-strategia.org), based in St. Petersburg, which specializes in a wide variety of issues related to youth policy, xenophobia prevention and tolerance promotion, youth conflict resolution, migration processes, and migrant children and youth integration in Russian society. Ms. Rozanova holds bachelor and doctorate degrees from St. Petersburg State University, and a law degree from the North-West Academy of Public Administration. Author of more than forty scientific works, she is also the winner of multiple grants from the St. Petersburg regional government. Her most recent book, Identichnosti v epohu global ' nyh migratsii [Identities in an era of global migration] (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo, 2010), coauthored with Sergey Akopov, is focused on transformation of cultural and ethnic identity and migration processes in contemporary Russia. |6| MIGRATION PROCESSES
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