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El Masculino Como Género Marcado En La Lengua Wayuu (Guajiro)

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El Masculino Como Género Marcado En La Lengua Wayuu (Guajiro) Anuario Nº 7 - Fac. de Cs. Humanas - UNLPam (231-243) El masculino como género marcado en la lengua wayuu (guajiro) Alejandra Regúnaga Resumen El reciente incremento en las investigaciones que describen lenguas indígenas sudamericanas en la mayoría de los casos, ante la conciencia por parte de los investigadores del peligro en que éstas se encuentran constituye un valioso aporte al panorama tipológico actual. Procedemos aquí a mencionar un hecho que ha sido registrado muy raramente en los estudios sobre el género gramatical y que ha demostrado ser frecuente en varias lenguas de la familia arawak: la marcación del género masculino. Centraremos nuestro análisis en el wayuunaiki (guajiro), lengua hablada por el pueblo de los wayuu. Palabras clave: morfología, género gramatical, marcación, lenguas indígenas. Masculine as marked gender in the wayuu language (guajiro) Letras Abstract Recent research in endangered languages of South America has contributed to enrich the studies inn typological diversity. In this paper we looked into the marking of masculine gender in wayuunaiki (guajiro), a language of the Arawak family spoken by the wayuu people. This morphological feature, not frequently found in many languages of the world, is relatively common in Arawakan languages. Key words: morphology, grammatical gender, markedness, indigenous languages. 231 Regúnaga, A. Anuario Nº 7 - Fac. de Cs. Humanas - UNLPam (231-243) En este trabajo haremos mención de un hecho poco frecuente en las lenguas del mundo: la marcación del género masculino que presenta el wayuunaiki (guajiro), lengua de la familia arawak hablada en la península Guajira (Colombia) y en regiones aledañas que se extienden hasta Venezuela. Para comenzar, presentaremos algunos aspectos teóricos relacionados con el procedimiento lingüístico de la marcación (markedness), para lo cual seguiremos principalmente los desarrollos de Croft (1996); continuaremos luego con el caso particular de la marcación del género gramatical, tema explorado por Greenberg (1966) y Schane (1970), para luego indicar las razones por las cuales la incorporación de la lengua wayuunaiki podría enriquecer el actual panorama tipológico de los estudios sobre esta categoría gramatical. El concepto de marcación ingresa a la lingüística a través de las teorías desarrolladas en la Escuela de Praga; su primera mención corresponde a Nicholas Trubetzkoy (1931, 1939), en el marco de sus investigaciones sobre los sistemas fonológicos. Más tarde, los trabajos de Roman Jakobson (1932, 1939) posibilitan la extensión del concepto hacia categorías morfológicas: When a linguist investigates two morphological categories in mutual opposition, he often starts from the assumption that both categories should be of equal value, and that each of them should possess a positive meaning of its own. Category I should signify a while Category II should signify b, or at least I should signify a and II the absence or negation of a. In reality, the general meanings of correlative categories are distributed in a different way. If Category I signals the existence of a, then Category II does not signify the existence of a, i.e. it does not say whether a is present or not. The general meaning of the unmarked Category II, as compared to the marked Category I, is restricted to the lack of a- signaization. (Jakobson 1932: 1) En el campo de la tipología lingüística, la marcación es uno de los recursos más valiosos para el planteo de jerarquías gramaticales y de prototipos, dado que ofrece a los estudiosos un medio por el cual se pueden relacionar propiedades estructurales a través de una gran cantidad de lenguas diferentes. Así, el descubrimiento de patrones de marcación ha demostrado que determinadas propiedades de la estructura lingüística son lo suficientemente generales en el conjunto de las lenguas como para posibilitar una comparación, a partir de la cual puedan detectarse irregularidades (1) fonológicas, morfológicas y sintácticas. La idea básica que subyace a la marcación consiste en la existencia de una asimetría en la distribución de cierta propiedad (ya sea morfológica, fonológica, etc.) en un determinado conjunto (que puede constar de dos o más unidades) de elementos lingüísticos (construcciones sintácticas, clases, etc.). De esta manera y tomando como presupuesto la naturaleza categorial de las lenguas, cuando se trata de conjuntos binarios, 232 El masculino como género marcado en la lengua wayuu (guajiro) puede verificarse una oposición respecto de la posesión de la propiedad o rasgo por parte de los elementos del par: el miembro poseedor del rasgo en cuestión se denomina marcado, mientras que el restante es el no marcado. (A modo de ejemplo, podemos mencionar, en el plano fonológico, que el par p/b presenta, con respecto al rasgo sonoridad, un miembro marcado i.e., que presenta el rasgo, /b/, y un miembro no marcado, /p/.) Cuando los conjuntos de elementos lingüísticos superan la dupla, se hace imposible la reducción a la dicotomía marcado/no marcado; en estos casos, se habla de más marcado o menos marcado respecto de la propiedad. Así, en una lengua que presente número singular, dual, trial y plural como el tolomako, lengua austronésica del subgrupo oceánico, hablada en Vanuatu, el número presentará un plural más marcado que el singular, pero menos marcado que el dual. Esto conduce al establecimiento de una jerarquía, que puede expresarse de la siguiente manera: singular < plural < dual < trial. (Greenberg 1966: 31-37) Estas jerarquías son la base para la formulación de los universales implicacionales. El conocido artículo de Greenberg (1963) Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements resulta paradigmático al respecto. A Letras partir de las jerarquías gramaticales allí propuestas, se hace posible especificar tipos de lenguas e incluso postular el comportamientos que éstas presentarán respecto de cierto rasgo. Para continuar con el ejemplo anterior, la jerarquía de número antes citada conduce, por un lado, al establecimiento de cuatro tipos de lenguas: (a) Las que no presentan categoría de número, es decir, que poseen una única forma válida para el singular y el resto de las posibilidades. (b) Las que presentan una forma para el singular y otra para el plural. (c) Las que tienen formas diferenciadas para singular, dual y plural. (d) Las que presentan formas diferenciadas, para singular, dual, trial y plural. Por otro lado, conduce también a los siguientes universales implicacionales (Universal 34 de Greenberg): (i) Ninguna lengua tiene número trial a menos que presente el dual. (ii) Ninguna lengua tiene dual si no tiene plural. (iii) Las categorías que no son singular son marcadas en relación con la categoría singular. Restringiendo ahora nuestros comentarios al plano gramatical, podemos hacer un rápido repaso de los criterios para la marcación propuestos por Croft (1996: 70-91): 1) El criterio estructural, referido al número de morfemas que expresan los valores marcado y no marcado. 2) El criterio de comportamiento, ya sea inflexional (número de distinciones involucradas 233 Regúnaga, A. Anuario Nº 7 - Fac. de Cs. Humanas - UNLPam (231-243) en los valores marcado y no marcado), distribucional (número de contextos en los que pueden aparecer los valores marcado y no marcado) o ínterlingüístico (número de tipos lingüísticos en los que aparecen los valores marcado y no marcado). 3) El criterio de frecuencia, tanto sea textual (número de apariciones de los valores marcado y no marcado en textos) como interlingüística (número de lenguas en los que pueden encontrarse los valores marcado y no marcado). Así pues, el valor no marcado es el que: - presenta un menor número de morfemas para su expresión gramatical - presenta un mayor rango inflexional, gramatical e interlingüístico - presenta una mayor frecuencia textual e interlingüística. Uno de los motivos más sólidos que justifican los sistemas de marcación es el de la economía. Siguiendo a Greenberg (1966: 65-69), el valor más frecuente presentará una expresión mínima o incluso nula (Ø), mientras que la forma menos frecuente será la portadora de una marca distintiva. De esta manera, el singular raramente presenta un afijo que lo identifique como tal, mientras que los plurales y los duales sí suelen poseerlo (2). Otra motivación que suele mencionarse es la que parte de la idea de iconicidad (Haiman 1985); así, sobre el presupuesto de que la estructura lingüística se corresponde o al menos presenta cierta analogía con la estructura de la experiencia, los conceptos prototípicamente simples se expresan a través de estructuras simples (a veces un solo morfema), mientras que los conceptos con mayor complejidad presentan una estructura lingüística compleja y, por ende, más informativa. Recurriendo nuevamente al ejemplo del número, las palabras que denotan plurales suelen presentar más morfemas que las que denotan singulares. Una vez planteado el panorama de la marcación, pasaremos a observar de qué modo se relaciona este concepto con la categoría de género gramatical. Advierte Johanna Nichols (1992: 124 ss.) que, antes de emprender un estudio interlingüístico, es necesario definir bien los términos género y clase nominal, a fin de garantizar la comparabilidad entre sistemas gramaticales de diferentes lenguas. Así pues, bajo el concepto de clase nominal pueden distinguirse los clasificadores y los sistemas de género. Los primeros aluden a cualquier palabra o afijo que especifique la clase a la que un sustantivo pertenece, habitualmente definidas
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