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Genomic and Climatic Effects on Human Crania from South America: a Comparative

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Genomic and Climatic Effects on Human Crania from South America: a Comparative Genomic and Climatic Effects on Human Crania from South America: A Comparative Microevolutionary Approach Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brianne C. Herrera, M.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee Mark Hubbe, Advisor Clark Spencer Larsen Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg Jeffrey McKee Copyrighted by Brianne C. Herrera 2019 Abstract Cranial morphology has been widely used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among and between populations. When compared against genetic data, however, discrepancies arise in terms of population affinity and effects of microevolutionary processes. These discrepancies are particularly apparent in studies of the human dispersion to the New World. Despite the apparent discrepancies, research has thus far been limited in scope when analyzing the relationship between the cranial morphology and genetic markers. This dissertation aimed to fill this void in research by providing a necessary broad comparative approach, incorporating 3D morphological and climate data, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome DNA from South America. The combination of these data types allows for a more complete comparative analysis of microevolutionary processes. Correlations between these different data types allow for the assessment their relatedness, while quantitatively testing microevolutionary models permit determining the congruence of these different data types. I asked the following research questions: 1) how consistent are the patterns of population affinity when comparing different regions of the crania to each type of DNA for populations in South America? 2) If they are not consistent, why not? How are different evolutionary forces affecting the affinities between them? Collectively, both the cranial and genetic data demonstrated patterns of isolation-by-distance when viewed from a continent-wide scale. However, once the continent was broken into different eco-geographic regions, differing patterns emerged. The patterns seen at this regional scale were not the same between the cranial and genetic data, just as their correlations to different climate variables were different. These results demonstrate that cranial morphology, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome DNA are affected by climate and geography to different extents. ii Dedication To my parents, who always encouraged me to follow my own path in life. Thank you for all of the love, support, encouragement, and dedication. To my husband, who has been there for me throughout this whole journey, across continents, and all with love and patience. iii Acknowledgements I like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to my dissertation advisor, Dr. Mark Hubbe, for the patience, guidance, and mentorship he has shown me from the time of first applying to the PhD program in the Department of Anthropology through the completion of this dissertation. Dr. Hubbe’s skill in research and data analysis is matched only by his humor and positive nature, and I truly appreciate having the opportunity to work with him. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Clark Larsen, Dr. Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, and Dr. Jeff McKee, for their provoking feedback, support, and guidance that was offered to me over the years. Similarly, I would like to recognize Dr. Julie Field, who truly made me think-outside-the-box in both her classes and my candidacy exam. These professors collectively made me a better, more knowledgeable student. My sincere thanks also goes to several people for providing me with access to numerous museum collections. Without their help attaining these data, this dissertation would not be possible. Specifically, I would like to thank Christopher Philipp and Dr. Ryan Williams at The Field Museum in Chicago; Vivien Standen at the Museo Arqueológico San Miguel de Azapa, Chile; Drs. Verónica Silva and Francisco Garrido at the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Santiago, Chile; Susan Kuzminsky at the R.P. Gustavo Le Paige Museum in San Pedro de Atacama, Chile; and Dr. German Alberto Peña Leon at the Museo de Historia Natural in Bogotá, Colombia. An additional thanks to Drs. Christina Torres-Rouff, Will Pestle, and Mark Hubbe, whose grant funded my research trip to the R.P. Gustavo Le Paige Museum in San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. I gratefully acknowledge the funding I received toward my PhD and travel associated with my research: the Graduate Enrichment Fellowship, the Global Gateway Grant, and the iii Alumni Grants for Graduate Research and Scholarship from The Ohio State University; the Elizabeth A. Salt Anthropology Travel Award from the Department of Anthropology; and the Science Visiting Scholarship from the Field Museum in Chicago. I would also like to thank my friends, both at The Ohio State University and elsewhere, for always supporting me. I value the moments I’ve shared with my friends in the department, even if was just to simply grab lunch or commiserate about grad school. More specifically, I would like to thank Daniel Peart and Nicole Hernandez for always being there to share a meal, take my mind off the stress of academia, and support me through tougher times. They were also gracious enough to take care of various errands for my husband and I while we were out of the country, which took an immense weight off our shoulders. Of course, I would like to thank my husband, Mark Anthony, for encouraging and talking me through problems when I needed it most. I would also like to thank Alex Frye for always lifting my spirits and having unwavering faith in my abilities. I deeply value our friendships. Lastly, I’m deeply appreciative of my family and husband for their support through this roller-coaster of a journey and who believed in me even when I didn’t believe in myself. iv Vita May 2010 . ....................................................................... B.Sc. Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin May 2013 . ........................................................................ M.A. Anthropology, Texas State ................. University – San Marcos August 2013 ...................................................................... Graduate Enrichment Fellowship, ................ The Ohio State University August 2014-May 2019 .................................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, ................ Department of Anthropology, The ................ Ohio State University Publications Herrera B, Peart D, Hernandez N, Spradley K, Hubbe M. 2016. Morphological variation among Late Holocene Mexicans: implications for the discussion about the human occupation of the Americas. Am J Phys Anthropol 163: 75-84. Herrera B, Hanihara T, Godde K. 2014. Comparability of multiple data types from the Bering Strait region: cranial and dental metrics and nonmetrics, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome DNA. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:334-348. Herrera B. 2013. Genetic and craniometric comparative analysis of three Mexican populations. Master’s thesis, Texas State University-San Marcos. Field of Study Major Field: Anthropology v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ii Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iii Vita................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xiii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xv Chapter 1 : Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Microevolutionary History in South America ................................................................. 1 1.2 Summary of Dissertation ....................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 : Background on the Settlement of the Americas .......................................................... 12 2.1 Osteological Perspective on the Settlement of the Americas ............................................... 12 2.1.1 Biological Diversity ...................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Geographic Origin ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1.3 Timing of Dispersal into the Continent ......................................................................... 15 2.1.4 Number of Founding Populations ................................................................................. 17 2.2 Molecular Anthropology Perspective on the Settlement of the Americas ........................... 19 2.2.1 Genetic Diversity .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Geographic Origin ........................................................................................................ 23 2.2.3
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