Revista Philologus, Nº 55
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Redalyc.A Summary Reconstruction of Proto-Maweti-Guarani Segmental
Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas ISSN: 1981-8122 [email protected] Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Brasil Meira, Sérgio; Drude, Sebastian A summary reconstruction of proto-maweti-guarani segmental phonology Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, vol. 10, núm. 2, mayo- agosto, 2015, pp. 275-296 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=394051442005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum., Belém, v. 10, n. 2, p. 275-296, maio-ago. 2015 A summary reconstruction of proto-maweti-guarani segmental phonology Uma reconstrução resumida da fonologia segmental proto-mawetí-guaraní Sérgio MeiraI, Sebastian DrudeII IMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém, Pará, Brasil IIMax-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics. Nijmegen, The Netherlands Abstract: This paper presents a succinct reconstruction of the segmental phonology of Proto-Maweti-Guarani, the hypothetical protolanguage from which modern Mawe, Aweti and the Tupi-Guarani branches of the Tupi linguistic family have evolved. Based on about 300 cognate sets from the authors’ field data (for Mawe and Aweti) and from Mello’s reconstruction (2000) for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (with additional information from other works; and with a few changes concerning certain doubtful features, such as the status of stem-final lenis consonants *r and *ß, and the distinction of *c and *č ), the consonants and vowels of Proto-Maweti-Guarani were reconstructed with the help of the traditional historical-comparative method. -
On Numeral Complexity in Hunter-Gatherer Languages
On numeral complexity in hunter-gatherer languages PATIENCE EPPS, CLAIRE BOWERN, CYNTHIA A. HANSEN, JANE H. HILL, and JASON ZENTZ Abstract Numerals vary extensively across the world’s languages, ranging from no pre- cise numeral terms to practically infinite limits. Particularly of interest is the category of “small” or low-limit numeral systems; these are often associated with hunter-gatherer groups, but this connection has not yet been demonstrated by a systematic study. Here we present the results of a wide-scale survey of hunter-gatherer numerals. We compare these to agriculturalist languages in the same regions, and consider them against the broader typological backdrop of contemporary numeral systems in the world’s languages. We find that cor- relations with subsistence pattern are relatively weak, but that numeral trends are clearly areal. Keywords: borrowing, hunter-gatherers, linguistic area, number systems, nu- merals 1. Introduction Numerals are intriguing as a linguistic category: they are lexical elements on the one hand, but on the other they are effectively grammatical in that they may involve a generative system to derive higher values, and they interact with grammatical systems of quantification. Numeral systems are particularly note- worthy for their considerable crosslinguistic variation, such that languages may range from having no precise numeral terms at all to having systems whose limits are practically infinite. As Andersen (2005: 26) points out, numerals are thus a “liminal” linguistic category that is subject to cultural elaboration. Recent work has called attention to this variation among numeral systems, particularly with reference to systems having very low limits (for example, see Evans & Levinson 2009, D. -
LCSH Section I
I(f) inhibitors I-215 (Salt Lake City, Utah) Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie USE If inhibitors USE Interstate 215 (Salt Lake City, Utah) Aktiengesellschaft Trial, Nuremberg, I & M Canal National Heritage Corridor (Ill.) I-225 (Colo.) Germany, 1947-1948 USE Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage USE Interstate 225 (Colo.) Subsequent proceedings, Nuremberg War Corridor (Ill.) I-244 (Tulsa, Okla.) Crime Trials, case no. 6 I & M Canal State Trail (Ill.) USE Interstate 244 (Tulsa, Okla.) BT Nuremberg War Crime Trials, Nuremberg, USE Illinois and Michigan Canal State Trail (Ill.) I-255 (Ill. and Mo.) Germany, 1946-1949 I-5 USE Interstate 255 (Ill. and Mo.) I-H-3 (Hawaii) USE Interstate 5 I-270 (Ill. and Mo. : Proposed) USE Interstate H-3 (Hawaii) I-8 (Ariz. and Calif.) USE Interstate 255 (Ill. and Mo.) I-hadja (African people) USE Interstate 8 (Ariz. and Calif.) I-270 (Md.) USE Kasanga (African people) I-10 USE Interstate 270 (Md.) I Ho Yüan (Beijing, China) USE Interstate 10 I-278 (N.J. and N.Y.) USE Yihe Yuan (Beijing, China) I-15 USE Interstate 278 (N.J. and N.Y.) I Ho Yüan (Peking, China) USE Interstate 15 I-291 (Conn.) USE Yihe Yuan (Beijing, China) I-15 (Fighter plane) USE Interstate 291 (Conn.) I-hsing ware USE Polikarpov I-15 (Fighter plane) I-394 (Minn.) USE Yixing ware I-16 (Fighter plane) USE Interstate 394 (Minn.) I-K'a-wan Hsi (Taiwan) USE Polikarpov I-16 (Fighter plane) I-395 (Baltimore, Md.) USE Qijiawan River (Taiwan) I-17 USE Interstate 395 (Baltimore, Md.) I-Kiribati (May Subd Geog) USE Interstate 17 I-405 (Wash.) UF Gilbertese I-19 (Ariz.) USE Interstate 405 (Wash.) BT Ethnology—Kiribati USE Interstate 19 (Ariz.) I-470 (Ohio and W. -
Computational Phylogenetics and the Classification of South American Languages
Computational Phylogenetics and the Classification of South American Languages Abstract In recent years, South Americanist linguists have embraced computational phylogenetic methods to resolve the numerous outstanding questions about the genealogical relationships among the languages of the continent. We provide a critical review of the methods and language classification results that have accumulated thus far, emphasizing the superiority of character-based methods over distance-based ones, and the importance of developing adequate comparative datasets for producing well-resolved classifications. Key words: computational phylogenetics, language classification, South American languages 1. Introduction South America presents one of the greatest challenges to linguists seeking to unravel the genealogical relationships among the world's languages, exhibiting one of the highest rates of linguistic diversity of the world's major regions (Epps 2009, Epps and Michael 2017). The comparative study of South American languages is quite uneven, however, with most language families lacking classifications based on the comparative method, and the internal organization of even major families being uncertain in important respects. Given the magnitude of the challenge facing South American linguists, it is perhaps unsurprising that they have embraced the promise of computational phylogenetic methods for clarifying genealogical relationships. The goal of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of this active research area, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods employed, and their contributions to the classification of South American languages. As we show, computational phylogenetic methods are already yielding important results regarding the classification of South American languages, and the prospects for future advances are promising. -
The Languages of South American Indians
_> I oox-o Co to .^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U S BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 143 HANDBOOK OF SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS Julian H. Steward, Editor Volume 6 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS Prepared in Cooperation With the United States Department of State as a Project of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1950 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing 0£Gice, Washington 25, D. C Price $5.00 _ Part 3. The Languages of South American Indians By J. Alden Mason CONTENTS PAGE PAGE Introduction 159 Yunca-Puruhdn 193 Sources 169 Yunca 194 Puruhd The Meso-Anxerican languages- 173 195 Canari Hokan-Siouan 173 (Canyari) 195 Ataldn Macro-Penutian 173 195 Utaztecan 174 Sec, Sechura, or Talldn 196 Macro-Otomanguean 174 Kechumaran 196 Lencan, Jicaquean, and Quechua 197 Payan 174 Aymara 200 Macro-Chibchan 174 Chiquitoan 200 Chibchan 175 Macro-Guaicuruan 201 Chibchan languages of Cen- Mataco-Macd 202 tral America 176 Mataco 202 Chibcha proper 178 Macd (Enimagd, Coch- Colombian subgroup 179 aboth) 203 Inter-Andine group 179 Guaicurii (Waicurii) 204 Barbacoa group 180 Lule-Vilelan 206 Andaki (Andaquf) 181 Tonocote, Matard,, and Gua- Betoi group 181 card 208 Languages probably of Chibchan Arawakan 208 aflBnities 184 Chan6 and Chand, 216 Panzaleo 184 Languages of probable Arawakan Cara and Caranki 184 affinities 216 Kijo (Quijo) 184 Misumalpan 184 Araud group 216 Cofdn (Kofane) 186 Apolista or Lapachu 217 Amuesha 217 Languages of doubtful Chibchan Tucuna (Tikuna) 218 relationships 186 Tarumd 218 Coche (Mocoa) 186 Tacana _ 218 Esmeralda 187 Tairona and Chimila 187 Languages of possible Arawakan Yurumanguf 188 relationships 221 Timote 188 Tuyuneri 221 Candoshi, Chirino, and Mur- Jirajara 221 ato 191 Jfvaro 222 Chol6n 192 Uru-Chipaya-Pukina 224 Hibito 192 Ochosuma 225 Copall^n 192 Chango and Coast Uru_ 225 Aconipa (Akonipa) 193 Cariban 226 157 Extraído do vol. -
Genomic and Climatic Effects on Human Crania from South America: a Comparative
Genomic and Climatic Effects on Human Crania from South America: A Comparative Microevolutionary Approach Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brianne C. Herrera, M.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee Mark Hubbe, Advisor Clark Spencer Larsen Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg Jeffrey McKee Copyrighted by Brianne C. Herrera 2019 Abstract Cranial morphology has been widely used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among and between populations. When compared against genetic data, however, discrepancies arise in terms of population affinity and effects of microevolutionary processes. These discrepancies are particularly apparent in studies of the human dispersion to the New World. Despite the apparent discrepancies, research has thus far been limited in scope when analyzing the relationship between the cranial morphology and genetic markers. This dissertation aimed to fill this void in research by providing a necessary broad comparative approach, incorporating 3D morphological and climate data, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome DNA from South America. The combination of these data types allows for a more complete comparative analysis of microevolutionary processes. Correlations between these different data types allow for the assessment their relatedness, while quantitatively testing microevolutionary models permit determining the congruence of these different data types. I asked the following research questions: 1) how consistent are the patterns of population affinity when comparing different regions of the crania to each type of DNA for populations in South America? 2) If they are not consistent, why not? How are different evolutionary forces affecting the affinities between them? Collectively, both the cranial and genetic data demonstrated patterns of isolation-by-distance when viewed from a continent-wide scale. -
A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts
Lev Michael and Zachary O’Hagan i Cadernos de Etnolingüística (Série Monografias, 4) A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts by Lev Michael Zachary O'Hagan University of California, Berkeley 2016 ii A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts Cadernos de Etnolingüística ISSN 1946-7095 Editors: J. Pedro Viegas Barros Mônica Veloso Borges Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro Hein van der Voort Série Monografias, 4 A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts by Lev Michael and Zachary O'Hagan 176 pp. ISBN 978-0-9846008-3-0 © Lev Michael and Zachary O'Hagan Wide, non-commercial distribution of this work is encouraged, both electronically and in print, provided its contents and form remain unaltered. Available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/mono:4 Submitted on June 7, 2013 Revised on December 17, 2014 Published on March 7, 2016 Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Morphemes and Abbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 2 Grammatical Sketch of Old Omagua 5 2.1 Phonological Inventory . 6 2.2 Morphology . 7 2.2.1 Person-Marking . 7 2.2.1.1 Paradigms . 7 2.2.1.2 Vowel Hiatus Resolution . 9 2.2.2 Nominal Morphology . 9 2.2.2.1 Number . 10 2.2.2.2 Augmentative & Diminutive . 11 2.2.2.3 Nominal Past Tense =puRa ..................... 12 2.2.2.4 Nominal Future Tense =Ra ..................... 12 2.2.2.5 Possession . 13 2.2.3 Verbal Morphology . 13 2.2.3.1 Tense-Aspect-Mood . 14 2.2.3.1.1 Tense . 14 2.2.3.1.2 Imperfective =aRi ................... -
Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Afro-Argentine in Argentina Afro-Bolivian in Argentina Population: 137,000 Population: 1,300 World Popl: 137,000 World Popl: 134,300 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Afro-American, Hispanic People Cluster: Afro-American, Hispanic Main Language: Spanish Main Language: Spanish Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 12.0% Evangelicals: 12.0% Chr Adherents: 97.0% Chr Adherents: 98.5% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Afro-Caribbean, other in Argentina Afro-Paraguayan in Argentina Population: 2,900 Population: 1,900 World Popl: 113,900 World Popl: 73,900 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Afro-American, Northern People Cluster: Afro-American, Hispanic Main Language: Spanish Main Language: Spanish Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 12.0% Evangelicals: 6.0% Chr Adherents: 90.0% Chr Adherents: 100.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Afro-Peruvians in Argentina Afro-Uruguayan -
Exploring Phonological Areality in the Circum-Andean Region Using a Naive Bayes Classifier
Exploring phonological areality in the circum-Andean region using a naive Bayes classifier Lev Michael, Will Chang, and Tammy Stark December 4, 2013 Abstract This paper describes the Core and Periphery technique, a quantitative method for exploring areality that uses a naive Bayes classifier, a statistical tool for inferring class membership based on training sets assembled from members of those classes. The Core and Periphery technique is applied to the exploration of phonological areality in the Andes and surrounding lowland regions, based on the South American Phonological Inventory database (SAPhon 1.1.3; Michael, Stark, and Chang 2013). Evidence is found for a phonological area centering on the Andean highlands, and extending to parts of the northern and central Andean foothills regions, the Chaco, and Patagonia. Evidence is also found for Southern and North-Central phonological sub-areas within this larger phonological area. Keywords: naive Bayes classifier; linguistic areality; Andean languages; South Ameri- can languages 1 Introduction The goals of this paper are to describe the Core and Periphery technique, an intuitively appealing quantitative method for exploring large linguistic datasets for evidence of linguistic areality, and to illustrate the utility of this technique by applying it to a dataset of South American phonological inventories, focusing on the evidence of phonological areality in the Andes and surrounding lowland areas. Core and Periphery is a method that uses as a starting point linguists' knowledge of the languages and history of a region to generate initial hypotheses regarding `cores': sets of languages that constitute possible linguistic areas (Campbell, Kaufman, and Stark 1986, Thomason 2000, Muysken 2008), or parts of ones. -
Provided for Non-Commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction Or Distribution Or Commercial Use
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction or distribution or commercial use This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Second Edition, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non- commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Moore D (2006), Brazil: Language Situation. In: Keith Brown, (Editor-in-Chief) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Second Edition, volume 2, pp. 117-128. Oxford: Elsevier. Brazil: Language Situation 117 Brazil: Language Situation D Moore, Museu Goeldi, Bele´ m, Brazil and are active in debating policy and defending ß 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. the interests of the communities that they repre- sent. Indigenous affairs are under the control of the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI), and all Background researchers must obtain authorization from that gov- The indigenous population in what is now Brazil was ernmental entity to enter indigenous areas, as well as much higher in the past, with a multiplicity of societies approval from the National Council for Scientific and and languages. -
I the Arawakan Matrix: Ethos, Language, and History in Native South America FERNANDO SANTOS-GRANERO
In Jonathan D. Hill y Fernando Santos-Granero (eds.). 2002. Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia, pp. 25-50. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. i The Arawakan Matrix: Ethos, Language, and History in Native South America FERNANDO SANTOS-GRANERO THE RELATIONSHIP between language and culture has been the subject of much speculation in Western philosophy and social sciences. In the recent past, the tendency has been to contest the one language-one culture hypoth- esis implicit in the writings of eighteenth-century German philosopher Jo- hann G. Herder, an idea that, under several guises, dominated early anthro- pology and linguistics. In his 1769 essay "On the Origin of Language," Herder asserted that polities are unified neither by the acceptance of a common sov- ereign power, as proposed by Hobbes, nor by a social contract based on the general will, as advocated by Rousseau (Barnard 1969). Instead, he indicat- ed, first, that the basis for the sense of collective political identity was the sharing of a common culture and, second, that the emergence and reproduc- tion of a group's culture are based on the use of a common language. Herd- er referred to units possessing a common culture and language by the term Volk, or nationality. Members of such communities are united by the collec- tive consciousness of a common cultural heritage. This consciousness, which distinguishes members of a collective from those of similar communities, is what Herder calls "national character." Herder's propositions found their way into historical linguistics and through it to modernist ethnology. -
A HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION of the PEBA-YAGUAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY by JAIME G. PENA a THESIS Presented to the Department of Lingui
A HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PEBA-YAGUAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY by JAIME G. PENA A THESIS Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2009 ii "A Historical Reconstruction of the Peba-Yaguan Linguistic Family," a thesis prepared by Jaime G. Pefia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of Linguistics. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: /7 Date i Committee in Charge: Dr. Doris Payne, Chair Dr. Spike Gildea Accepted by: Dean of the Graduate School iii © 2009 Jaime Pefia iv An Abstract of the Thesis of Jaime G. Pefia for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Linguistics to be taken September 2009 Title: A HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PEBA-YAGUAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY In this thesis, a reconstruction of Proto-Peba-Yagua is attempted using the comparative method. Peba-Yagua had three members in the past: Yagua, Peba and Yameo. Yagua is the only extant member of the family. Information about the sound inventory and the morphology of the proto-system is provided and discussed based on comparisons of all three varieties. Results show that Proto- Peba-Yagua had at least the consonants *p, *t, *k, *m, *n, *tJ, *R, *h, *w, *j and at least the vowels *a, *e, *i, *u. Peba and Yameo show more similarity with v regards to the historical development of their sound inventory. With regards to morphology and grammar, because oflack of evidence for all involved linguistic varieties, the only categories that can be reconstructed are parts of the pronominal system, some classifiers and the locative morpheme *-mV.