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Phd Thesis Aberystwyth University Department of Theatre, Film And PhD Thesis Aberystwyth University Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies NEGOTIATIONS OF IDENTITY IN MINORITY LANGUAGE MEDIA FROM SILENCE TO THE WORD Supervisors: Elin Haf Gruffydd Jones Prof. Tom O’Malley Thesis presented to attain the title of PhD by: Enrique Uribe-Jongbloed January 17, 2013 Statement of originality I hereby ensure that the content of this thesis is original and all information used in it from sources, other than my own ideas, has been credited according to the referencing style of the APA 6th Edition. Signature: Date: I Becario Colfuturo 2008 Statement of Public Access I hereby state that this thesis may be made available for inter-library loans or photocopying (subject to the law of copyright), and that the title and summary may be made available to outside organisations. Signature: Date: II Becario Colfuturo 2008 Summary The present research explores the growing field of studies of Minority Language Media by focusing on two case studies, Wales and Colombia. The research seeks to answer the question of how the complex, hybrid identity of media producers negotiate their various identity allegiances in the preparation and broadcast of output for Minority Language Media. The research process takes an interpretative and qualitative stance to interviews with producers and participant observation of the production process, to determine the impact of the different negotiations of identity upon linguistic output. This analysis allows for a comparative discussion which provides new elements for the study of Minority Language Media from manifold perspectives: it evidences the impact of certain identifications on the linguistic output of media, it shows the various stances that may be adopted in regards to the purpose and interest of Minority Language Media, and it provides a set of examples which enable a discussion about the development of the field of studies beyond the European remit from whence it stems. Finally, this research seeks to lay the foundation for new aspects of interest in the developing field. III Becario Colfuturo 2008 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the people who were involved in the process of developing this research. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors, Elin Haf Gruffydd Jones and Prof. Tom O’Malley, for their many corrections, insights and recommendations throughout the four years of the PhD. I would also like to thank very dearly two friends, without whose help this work would have never come to an end, María Fernanda Peña Sarmiento and Dewi Huw Owen; your unwavering support was fundamental for the completion of this thesis. I am incredibly indebted to Prof. Donald Browne for his comments on my chapters, constant support and for inviting me over to have academic debates. I thank him and his wife, Mary Jo, for the hospitality and for taking the time to show me around the Twin Cities. I am very grateful to have had the chance to work with people from the Wayuu, Nasa and Raizal communities, in particular I would like to thank Irma and Rafael Iguarán for their kindness and hospitality, Anthony Asaf Howard Bent and King David for their friendly attitude and their willingness to face a storm to concede an interview. It was also a pleasure to meet and chat with the members of four audiovisual production companies in Wales, I am thankful to Ceidiog, Green Bay, Boomerang+ and Cwmni Da for giving me the chance to interview them and learn from their experiences. Finally, I thank my colleagues at Universidad de La Sabana for their support and encouragement and to my friends and family both home and abroad. Diolch yn fawr iawn i bawb! IV Becario Colfuturo 2008 Table of Contents Statement of originality .................................................................................................. I Statement of Public Access ............................................................................................ II Summary ...................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... IV Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter II: Literature Review ....................................................................................... 12 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 Minority Language Media as an area of studies ........................................................ 14 Cormack’s starting point for the field of studies .................................................... 14 Walking on the shoulders of giants: developments which support the field ........... 21 The role of media in linguistic maintenance .......................................................... 26 Key Concepts of debate in Minority Language Media studies .................................... 27 Linguistic normalisation ........................................................................................ 28 Public sphere ........................................................................................................ 29 Globalisation and Cultural Imperialism ................................................................. 33 New Social Movements ........................................................................................ 40 Identity and Minority Language Media ..................................................................... 41 V Becario Colfuturo 2008 Ethnicity ............................................................................................................... 43 Indigenousness ..................................................................................................... 45 Language .............................................................................................................. 50 Identity as a social radar ....................................................................................... 54 Minority Media as Communities of Practice ............................................................. 56 Media producers for MLM .................................................................................... 60 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 66 Chapter III: Methodological Issues ............................................................................... 71 Minority Language Media examples ......................................................................... 72 World language diversity ...................................................................................... 73 Endangered languages .......................................................................................... 74 Cormack’s seven conditions for the development of MLM .................................... 78 Selecting two case studies .................................................................................... 81 Methodological approach: Interviews, observation and analysis .............................. 87 Qualitative research: a window to people’s perceptions of the world .................... 89 Selecting the methodological tools ....................................................................... 92 Tool assessment ................................................................................................... 96 The three-step approach: taking the theory into practice .................................... 100 Cross referencing and analysing responses .......................................................... 106 Chapter IV: Colombia and Wales Media Contexts ....................................................... 111 Colombian Minority Languages and media provisions ............................................ 111 Broadcasting media history and structure ........................................................... 112 Welsh media and Welsh-language media provisions ............................................... 119 Broadcasting media history and structure ........................................................... 120 Approaching Cormack’s seven conditions ............................................................... 127 Cormack’s seven conditions in the Colombian context ........................................ 128 Cormack’s seven conditions in the Welsh context ............................................... 139 Comparison of the factors in the two countries ...................................................... 149 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................... 153 Chapter V: Colombia: Indigenous and Ethnic Minority Radio Production .................... 155 Exchange spaces .................................................................................................... 157 Context of the Communities of Practice .............................................................. 157 Description of settings and procedures ............................................................... 164 From Silence to the Word: Findings ........................................................................ 165 Jujunula Makuira ................................................................................................ 165 Radio Nasa ........................................................................................................
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