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Guajiro) Andres M University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Linguistics ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 7-18-2018 The aV riable Expression of Transitive Subject and Possesor in Wayuunaiki (Guajiro) Andres M. Sabogal Universitiy of New Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds Part of the Caribbean Languages and Societies Commons, Discourse and Text Linguistics Commons, Language Description and Documentation Commons, Morphology Commons, Semantics and Pragmatics Commons, and the Syntax Commons Recommended Citation Sabogal, Andres M.. "The aV riable Expression of Transitive Subject and Possesor in Wayuunaiki (Guajiro)." (2018). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds/59 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Andrés M. Sabogal Candidate Linguistics Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Melissa Axelrod , Chairperson Dr. Rosa Vallejos Yopán Dr. José Ramón Álvarez Dr. Alexandra Yurievna Aikhenvald ii The Variable Expression of Transitive Subject and Possessor in Wayuunaiki (Guajiro) BY Andrés M. Sabogal Valencia B.A., Spanish, Sonoma State University, 2008 M.A. Latin American Studies, The University of New Mexico, 2010 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. in Linguistics The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without my immense support network. This includes my professors, advisors, family, friends, colleagues and language teachers who encouraged, inspired, and guided me on this extensive journey. To my love, inspiration and incredible support, Jenna Sabogal, and our two boys, who walked the sands and felt the winds of the Guajira with me, and who have always believed in this journey. Also, to my supportive parents Fanny Valencia and Aymer Sabogal, to my reassuring and loving sisters Carolina Sabogal and Luisa Sabogal Chirishian, and to my mother-in-law Cordann Waegner, who has given me immeasurable support over the years. To my friends, colleagues, language and culture teachers in La Guajira who taught me their beautiful language, who showed me what it was to see Wayuu culture from the inside, and who kindly welcomed me and my family into their realities. These include at least Maribel Epieyuu, Betty Iipuana, Orlando Püshaina, Ángel Barros (Wouliyuu), Octavio Ponce (Epieyuu), and all their incredible families. I have been privileged to have four very knowledgeable, insightful, and supportive members of my dissertation committee. I am extremely grateful for having the immense support of my dissertation chair, Dr. Melissa Axelrod, who showed me a very human approach to linguistics, and who has always supported and encouraged me in academic, professional and personal matters. I would also like to acknowledge the support and inspiration that Dr. Rosa Vallejos has meant for me. Her perspectives and insightful comments have significantly improved the quality of this work. I’m also very grateful for every comment given by Dr. José (Pipo) Álvarez; the linguist who most deeply understands the emerging field of Wayuunaiki linguistics. This type of study would not have been possible without his long-term commitment to the science of this language, and his very well-informed analyses. Additionally, it was an honor to have received advise and teachings from Dr. Alexandra (Sasha) Aikhenvald, who has provided me with exceptional and very discerning reflections on iv this study, based on her incredible awareness on the diachrony and synchrony of the Arawak language family. Lastly, even though he was not able to be part of the committee, I’d like to thank Dr. William Croft from whom I learned to see grammar from fascinating and deeply meaningful perspectives. Un millón de gracias a todos! v The Variable Expression of Subject and Possessor in Wayuunaiki (Guajiro). by Andrés M. Sabogal Valencia B.A., Spanish, Sonoma State University, 2008 M.A. Latin American Studies, The University of New Mexico, 2010 Ph.D. Linguistics, The University of New Mexico, 2018 ABSTRACT In Wayuunaiki, verbal affixes cross-reference clausal arguments in various ways. Most notably, there are two ways to express transitive subjects, and two ways to express possessors. Much like voice alternatives, the variable expression of subject and possessor impart different perspectives on a situation type, but unlike traditional voice categories, syntactic valence remains equal. This dissertation characterizes these constructions with a specific question in mind: what do these two cross-referencing alternations communicate and what influences their usage? To answer these questions, I consider the linguistic properties observed in the usage of these constructions in narratives (Jusayú 1986, 1994), and informal conversations. Mosonyi (1975) describes the Subjective and Objective transitive clauses as focus alternatives. Álvarez (1993) discovered that the O in the Objective clause must be definite. Despite the association of definiteness and focus as a central factors, the usage of the alternatives in discourse has has not received enough attention. I here conclude that the Subjective variant is the pragmatically marked option, whose primary function is to defocus a 3rd person O that is typically inanimate, new and non- topical. This clause type has the effect of retaining its syntactic valency, but expresseing semantically low transitivity. Álvarez (1990) documents possessor ascension as a construction that involves unrestricted noun incorporation. Matera (2001) adds that the possessor of an vi incorporated noun can only assume the role of transitive object or stative subject. In the present corpus exploration, I conclude that the External Possessor construction is the functionally marked clause, whose function is primarily to defocus a possessed nominal that is typically inalienable, inanimate, and non-topical information. Additionally, whole-part relationships frequently participate in incorporation, while kinship relations do so rarely. These two ways to cross-reference arguments are here interpreted as differential focus assignment on clausal arguments (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1997). They both involve the prefixation of a- referring to the transitive subject and the external possessor. I conclude that in these constructions this prefix has the effect of backgrounding an entity and consequently assigning undivided focus to the subject or the possessor. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The People ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Wayuu Geography................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Wayuu History ..................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Wayuu Economy ................................................................................................ 15 1.5 The Wayuu Language ........................................................................................ 19 1.6 Wayuu Education ............................................................................................... 21 2 . Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 26 2.1 Cognitive-Functional Approaches to Language ................................................. 27 2.1.1 Cognitive and Functional Linguistics .......................................................... 27 2.1.2 Cognitive-Functional vs. Formal Approaches to Language ........................ 28 2.1.3 Natural Discourse & Typology.................................................................... 29 2.2. Constructions ..................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Word Classes ............................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 The Meanings of Constructions ................................................................... 33 2.4 Discourse ............................................................................................................ 38 2.4.1 Information Flow ......................................................................................... 39 2.4.3 Focal Prominence ........................................................................................ 40 2.4.2 Topics and Topicalization ........................................................................... 41 2.3 General Methodology ......................................................................................... 43 3 Introduction to Wayuunaiki Grammar ..................................................................... 46 3.1 Phonetics and Phonology ................................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Vowels and Consonants............................................................................... 49 3.1.2 Vowel Harmony .........................................................................................
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