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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series CHESTER H. OPAL Interviewed by: G. Lewis Schmidt Initial interview date: January 10, 1989 C pyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background State Department 946 Information Officer, Poland 946- 949 Thoughts on Liberation policy (OA in Poland Declared Personal Non Grata Italy 949- 950 Information on Fifth Column .nvironment Planning Staff in 0ashington Communism in 0artime 0ork on the atom bomb (OA Paper on 1S culture abroad Setting up the NATIS Negotiating 2ith Soviets 0riting for .leanor 3oosevelt Integrating info man on State4s planning staff PAO, (ienna 952- 953 7y Novel about (ienna and 7cCarthyism Operating regionally in 7e8ico 954- 956 (isit of (ice President Ni8on 7ysterious helicopter journey to Panama Study of The Family of 7an .8hibit 9uarrel 2ith Ted Streibert, Director Naval 0ar College 956 1 Dulles Liberation Policy .uropean Policy 2ith Local .mployees 7y Paper on Total Diplomacy Country PAO, Saigon 957- 960 People4s Capitalism 7inorities Special Security Investigation of 7yself 3eturn to 0ashington Deputy Director of Television Service 96 Paper on Second-Stage 3evie2s and Appointment Special Asst. to 7urro2 Schmidt Task Force on .urope Beirut 964- 966 .nd of government career 3eflections on government service and 1S society INTERVIEW &: Chet, I w uld like t have y u start ut by giving us a brief backgr und n y ur activities, what y ur educati n was, what y ur rigins were and s f rth. F ll w that with a sh rt statement f h w it was that y u g t started in the inf rmati n w rk f r the federal g vernment, and after that y u take it fr m there, start discussing y ur vari us assignments and what y u were d ing. OPAL: Before I begin I 2ould like it understood that I reserve to myself all rights to the reuse of all the 2ritten or recorded te8t of my remarks to you during the course of these intervie2s. The Alumni Association is not to be held responsible for anything I say. 0riters, speakers, or researchers using any of these remarks 2ill require my approval as long as I am alive. I shall not charge for such use, but I shall insist on approving each use made. I do this because I am a professional 2riter and may myself use some of these remarks. BACKG3O1ND I am a Chicagoan by birth, breeding, and force. I 2as born in 9 8. I 2as educated in Chicago public schools and the 1niversity of Chicago, 2here I majored in philosophy and mathematics. I spent four years as a ne2spaper reporter and freelance 2riter. I also had spent a couple of years before that as a 2riter of historical guides in the Federal 0riters Project for Illinois. For t2o years I 2as director of press relations at the 1niversity of Chicago, and 2as spokesman for 3obert 7aynard Hutchins, president of the university. 2 APPOINT.D TO STAT. D.PA3T7.NT, 946 In the spring of 946, I received a letter from 0illiam Benton, 2ho 2as assistant secretary of state for public affairs at the time, and 2ho had been a vice-president at the 1niversity of Chicago 2hen I 2as there. The letter asked me 2hether I 2ould like to go to .urope for the State Department. In my ignorance, thinking there 2ere planes and flights out of Chicago immediately taking me to .urope, I 2ent do2n at once to find out 2hether there 2as ocean passage for overseas. I didn't kno2 2here I 2as going or anything. I discovered there 2as nothing but freight that you could arrange passage for from Chicago. At any rate, it 2as si8 months before I took my oath of office. That 2as in November of '46. I received the usual briefings in the State Department about desk officers and from press, radio, motion pictures and other media divisions. One of the first persons I sa2 2hen I got to 0ashington 2as Arthur Bliss Lane, ambassador to Poland no2 preparing for the upcoming Aalta elections of Banuary, 947. Lane 2as a stiff, cold type about 2hom Bonathan Daniels had 2ritten in his Frontier on the Potomac, the man never s2eats. Lane said to me, CI understand you kno2 something of Polish and 3ussian.C I said, C0ell, very little, really. I do kno2 that in Polish you put the accent on the penultimate syllable, but in 3ussian you put it on the first syllable and run like hell.C A laugh started in him belo2 the third button of his buttoned-do2n coat and 2ent up to issue in a great roar of merriment. On a hot day in November I 2as called over to the old State-0ar building 2hich is no2 part of the .8ecutive Offices. It al2ays struck me as neo-moribund in architectural style, and had those large ceiling fans overhead that figure in antebellum mansions in the south. Greeting me in one of these rooms 2as Charles Hulten. Charlie said, CI've just been appointed a special assistant to 0illiam Benton. I'm very 2orried and don't kno2 2hat I'm to do. Aou see, 2e're about to move over to Ne2 State over in Foggy Bottom. It's air- conditioned over there. I'm having a helluva time keeping up 2ith 7r. Benton's flood of ideas over here, under the ceiling fans, but 2hat 2ill I do 2hen he has the benefit of a cool environment and there's nothing to slo2 him do2nD I understand you 2orked 2ith him at the 1niversity of Chicago. Ho2 did you manage thatDC I said, COh, that 2as easy. Benton has a hundred ideas a minute. Aou just grab one of those out of the air at random and not 2orry about the 99 othersE you 2ork from that. He's so busy producing a hundred more that he has no time to remember old ideas any2ay: if he sees you're 2orking on something that looks like an old idea of his, he's perfectly satisfied. Anything else is impossible any2ay. The man dictates ideas even 2hen he's floating on his back in his AriFona s2imming pool.C Charlie thanked me and apparently never forgot the adviceE he al2ays 2as a pal. One, to me unforgettable, moment 2as Keith Adamson laying out something that has stuck 2ith me because of its implications. Keith, 2ho 2as in the motion picture program, 3 you may remember, told me that 7osco2 had sent a telegram saying that the embassy 2as all e8cited. An American ne2sreel 2hich sho2ed American policemen billy- clubbing 2orkers 2ho 2ere on strike in the 1nited States 2as being sho2n all through the Soviet 1nion. 0hat could the State Department do to overcome this or prove that this 2as not so. 0hile the State Department 2as meditating this matter, a cable came back quickly from 7osco2 saying forget the 2hole thing. It developed that the 3ussian government found that the 3ussians 2eren't at all bothered by police hitting the 2orkers over the heads. 0hat impressed them 2as that all of the 2orkers had shoes on their feet. The Soviet 1nion decided this 2as not good propaganda. I've never forgotten that because, oddly enough, later in Poland, 2e had a film called CDate 2ith 0est (irginiaC and it sho2ed 2ide roads 2ith no side2alks on them and the Poles used to come to us after the screenings and say, CAll those beautiful 2ide roads and nobody 2alking on them.C They had gone through the 2ar 2ith refugees marching do2n the cro2ded roads. Ho2 clean, ho2 pure, ho2 2ithout tragedy the 2hole American e8perience 2as to the Poles. This story of Adamson's al2ays came to mind. Any2ay, I had the usual briefings at the (oice in Ne2 Aork City and in 0ashington. INFO37ATION OFFIC.3 IN POLAND, 946-49 I 2ent to Poland as an information officer and press attachG 2ith reserve officer status. I arrived at the time of the phony Aalta elections 2hen most of the opposition candidates 2ere in prison or sequestered one 2ay or another, so that they couldn't bring any kind of influence to bear, and this 2as a part of the process of SovietiFing the country. This 2as, of course, during Stalin's time. The operation 2as a rather strange one. 0e had a library, in fact, all of 1SIS 2as in this library, a 9uonset hut, 2hich 2as set in the middle of 2hat had been a graveyard during the uprising of 944. Their 2ere ruins all about us, of course. There are many pictures 2hich I sent to 0ashington sho2ing the establishment and sho2ing also the vitrines that 2e had on the streets 2hich 2e plastered 2ith photos that 2ere supplied by IPS and ICS, the e8hibits people. &: This graveyard t which y u are referring, was this fr m the massacre that t k place when the Russians held up their armies utside? OPAL: 3ight, a quarter million Poles died in 63 days of fighting in August-September, 944. The 3ussians had held up on the opposite side of the (istula, after calling for the Poles to rise. The purpose that 2e no2 assume that the 3ussians had in doing this 2as to have the Germans 2ipe out the Polish Home Army, 2hich 2as composed of the underground fighters and the people 2ho 2ere on the side of the pre-2ar government in e8ile in London. It 2as a very deliberate act.
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