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Translation and Linguistic Hybridity Translation and Linguistic Hybridity This volume outlines a new approach to the study of linguistic hybridity and its translation in cross-cultural writing. By building on concepts from narra- tology, cognitive poetics, stylistics and fi lm studies, it explores how linguis- tic hybridity contributes to the reader’s construction of the textual agents’ world-view and how it can be exploited in order to encourage the reader to empathize with one world-view rather than another and, consequently, how translation shifts in linguistic hybridity can affect the world-view that the reader constructs. Linguistic hybridity is a hallmark of cross-cultural texts such as postco- lonial, migrant and travel writing, as source and target language come into contact not only during the process of writing these texts but also often in the (fi ctional or nonfi ctional) story-world. Hence, translation is frequently not only the medium but also the object of representation. By focusing on the relation between medium and object of representation, the book com- plements existing research that so far has neglected this aspect. The book thus not only contributes to current scholarly debates—within and beyond the discipline of translation studies—concerned with cross-cultural writing and linguistic hybridity but also adds to the growing body of translation studies research concerned with questions of voice and point of view. Susanne Klinger is Assistant Professor at the Department for Western Lan- guages and Literatures at I˙nönü University in Malatya, Turkey. Previously, she taught in the United Kingdom at Middlesex University, London Metro- politan University and the University of Surrey and worked for many years as translator, translation editor and subtitler. Routledge Advances in Translation Studies 1 Applying Luhmann to 5 Perspectives on Literature and Translation Studies Translation Translation in Society Creation, Circulation, Reception Sergey Tyulenev Edited by Brian Nelson and Brigid Maher 2 Interpreting Justice Ethics, Politics and Language 6 Translation and Localisation in Moira Inghilleri Video Games Making Entertainment Software 3 Translation and Web Searching Global Vanessa Enríquez Raído Miguel Á. Bernal-Merino 4 Translation Theory and 7 Translation and Linguistic Development Studies Hybridity A Complexity Theory Approach Constructing World-View Kobus Marais Susanne Klinger Translation and Linguistic Hybridity Constructing World-View Susanne Klinger First published 2015 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Taylor & Francis The right of Susanne Klinger to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by him/her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klinger, Susanne, 1970– Translation and linguistic hybridity : constructing world-view / By Susanne Klinger. p. cm. — (Routledge Advances in Translation Studies ; 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Translating and interpreting—Cross-cultural studies. 2. Language and languages—Cross-cultural studies. I. Title. P306.8.C6K55 2014 418'.020951—dc23 2014033006 ISBN: 978-1-138-80159-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-75234-1 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Abbreviations vii List of Figures and Tables ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Conceptualizing Linguistic Hybridity 10 2.1 The representational function of linguistic hybridity 11 2.2 A typology of linguistic hybridity based on representational function 16 2.3 A comparison with current descriptive terminology 23 2.4 Concluding points 38 3 Translating Language, Translating Perception 40 3.1 The concept of perspective 40 3.2 Perspective and representational hybridity 45 3.3 Language, perception and TT normalization of symbolic hybridity 52 3.4 Perspective and the translator’s dislike of the ambiguous 68 3.5 Perspective and interference, compensation, foreignization 73 3.6 Concluding points 81 4 Constructing the Target-Text Reader’s Allegiance 85 4.1 Alignment, allegiance, and the reader 88 4.2 Allegiance through alignment 100 4.3 Allegiance and the narrator’s cultural identity 112 4.4 Allegiance with the “other” 121 4.5 Concluding points 132 5 Translating the Characters’ World-View 134 5.1 Ideational point of view vs. mind-style 135 5.2 Translating the ideational point of view of symbolic hybridity 144 vi Contents 5.3 Translating the mind-style of iconic hybridity 158 5.4 Story, narration, text 179 5.5 Concluding points 180 6 From Theory to Practice 183 Bibliography 185 Index 195 Abbreviations BT Back Translation DC District Commissioner DD Direct Discourse DS Direct Speech DT Direct Thought FDD Free Direct Discourse FDS Free Direct Speech FDT Free Direct Thought FID Free Indirect Discourse FIS Free Indirect Speech FIT Free Indirect Thought FLN Front de Libération Nationale (Algerian National Liberation Front) ID Indirect Discourse IS Indirect Speech IT Indirect Thought MID Mimetic Indirect Discourse MIS Mimetic Indirect Speech MIT Mimetic Indirect Thought NRDA Narrative Report of Discourse Act NRSA Narrative Report of Speech Act NRTA Narrative Report of Thought Act ST Source Text TT Target Text WAPE West African Pidgin English This page intentionally left blank Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 The three narrative levels 12 2.2 Types of linguistic hybridity based on representational function 20 4.1 The norms of discourse presentation (Leech and Short 2007:276) 89 4.2 Continuum of alignment on the language facet of perspective 90 4.3 Continuum of discordant/concordant alignment 91 4.4 Narratological representation of ST and TT (Munday 2008:12) 118 5.1 Norm departure vs. alternative norm 142 Tables 3.1 Discourse-presentation categories featuring representational hybridity 51 3.2 TT normalization of symbolic hybridity: Shifts towards narratorial language 55 3.3 TT addition of linguistic hybridity: Shifts towards fi gural language 77 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements Many people have contributed – knowingly or unknowingly – to shaping the ideas developed in this book. In particular, I am indebted to Jean Boase- Beier whose constructive feedback, vision and constant support was vital for this project. Further, I would like to thank Theo Hermans for his critical comments and encouragement as well as Janet Garton, Valerie Henitiuk, BJ Epstein and Alain Wolf. Many thanks also to Dimitris Asimakoulas, Paul Bandia, Hiroko Furukawa, Clara Stern Rodríguez, Antoinette Fawcett, Lina Fisher, Philip Wilson and Berkan Ulu for their support, advice, com- ments and discussions. Finally, I would like to thank Mona Baker (St Jerome Publishing) as well as my editors at Routledge, Margo Irvin and Katie Laurentiev, for bringing this book to life. Special thanks also to Thomas Dobrowolski from The Wylie Agency for his patient help with sorting out copyright permissions. The research conducted for this book was made pos- sible by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). I am grateful to The Wylie Agency, Penguin Books and HarperCollins Publishers for permission to reproduce excerpts from Chinua Achebe’s novels. Excerpts from Arrow God and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. Copyright © 1958, 2010 by Chinua Achebe, used by permission of The Wylie Agency LLC and Penguin Books Ltd. Excerpts from pp. 3, 11, 27, 30, 32, 82, 128, 152-3, 155 [1005 words] from ARROW OF GOD by CHI- NUA ACHEBE. Copyright © 1964, 1974 by Chinua Achebe. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers. Further I am grateful to Taylor & Francis for permission to reproduce Figure 4.1 “The norms of discourse presentation” (reproduced from Style in Fiction, © 2007) and Figure 4.4 “Narratological representation of ST and TT” (reproduced from Style and Ideology in Translation, © 2008). Full details of all works can be found in the bibliography. This page intentionally left blank 1 Introduction If you are coming-in people be, then come in . (Gabriel Okara, The Voice ) Linguistic hybridity is a common feature of texts that are translated across linguistic and cultural borders—be it conventional interlingual translation moving from source text (ST) to target text (TT) or other forms of translation that lack a tangible ST such as migrant, travel or postcolonial writing. In the latter case Kenyan writer Ngu˜gı˜ wa Thiong’o (2009:18) aptly speaks of “a literary act of mental translation”. Both types of translation—conventional interlingual translation and cross-cultural writing—aim to reach an audience that extends beyond the language barriers of the source culture. Because of this, source and target language come into contact during the process of writing. Moreover, in the case of cross-cultural writing, source and target language meet not only during the writing process itself, but frequently also in the (fi ctional or nonfi ctional) story-world. Often, translation is therefore not
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