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V Middle East Congress on Politics and Society Proceedings Book 2020 V. MIDDLE EAST CONGRESS ON POLITICS AND SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS BOOK V. Ortadoğu’da Siyaset ve Toplum Kongresi Sakarya, 14-16 Kasım 2020 V. Middle East Congress on Politics and Society Sakarya, 14-16 November 2020 Editörler / Editors Yıldırım TURAN Bilal YILDIRIM Ayşe Selcan ÖZDEMİRCİ CİNAL Ahmet Arda ŞENSOY ISBN: 978-605-2238-23-3 V. ORTADOĞU’DA SİYASET VE TOPLUM KONGRESİ TAM METİN KİTAPÇIĞI V. MIDDLE EAST CONGRESS ON POLITICS AND SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS BOOK V. Ortadoğu’da Siyaset ve Toplum Kongresi Sakarya, 14-16 Kasım 2020 V. Middle East Congress on Politics and Society Sakarya, 14-16 November 2020 www.middleeastcongress.org Editörler / Editors Yıldırım TURAN Bilal YILDIRIM Ayşe Selcan ÖZDEMİRCİ CİNAL Ahmet Arda ŞENSOY Telif hakları yasası gereği izinsiz basılması ve çoğaltılması yasaktır. ISBN: 978-605-2238-23-3 SAKARYA - 2020 KONGRE YÜRÜTME KURULU / CONGRESS ORGANİZATİON COMMİTTEE Koordinatör / Coordinator Yıldırım Turan Yardımcı Koordinatörler / Coordination Team Bilal Yıldırım A. Selcan Özdemirci Cinal Serra Can Ahmet Arda Şensoy Talha İsmail Duman Organizasyon Ekibi / Organization Team Tuncay Kardaş Ali Balcı Abdussamet Pulat Ayşenur Hazar Berkan Özgür Fatma Zehra Toçoğlu Furkan Halit Yolcu Furkan Polat Mustafa Caner Mustafa Şeyhmus Küpeli Recep Tayyip Gürler Rumeysa Ayverdi Rumeysa Köktaş Zana Baykal Bilim Kurulu/Advisory Board Abdullah Al-Arian Georgetown University – Doha Abdullah Baabood Qatar University Ahmet Uysal Istanbul University Anoush Ehteshami Durham University Adrian Jones La Trobe University Burhanettin Duran SETA, Ibn Khaldun University Emad Shahin Hamad Bin Khalifa University Heba Raouf Ezzat Ibn Khaldun University Hilal Khashan American University of Beirut Homeira Moshirzadeh University of Tehran Katerina Dalacoura London School of Economics and Political Science Kemal İnat Sakarya University Mohamed El Moctar Shinqiti Hamad Bin Khalifa University İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS PARÇALI İTTİFAKLAR DÖNEMİNDE ABD’NİN GÜCÜNÜN ZAYIFLAMASI ............................................ 1 PEACEMAKING IN SYRIA: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL EFFORTS TOWARDS ENDING THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR ............................................................................................ 11 STATIONING THE FIRST BRITISH CONSULATE IN JERUSALEM AS A REACTION TO RUSSIAN THREAT AND THE ORIGINS OF THE RUSSIAN HISTORICAL CLAIM FOR THE REGION ................... 35 ZORUNLU ORTAKLIK TEMKİNLİ DOSTLUK: ÇİN’İN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA İRAN ............................... 51 THE SINGLE ISSUE ALLIANCE IN THE EAST MEDITERRANEAN SEA SINCE 2010 ............................. 68 LEBANESE NATIONAL IDENTITY CRISIS: BASED ON “WEST BEIRUT” .............................................. 78 İRAN’DA SİYASET VE SİNEMA: HATEMİ DÖNEMİ SİYASAL AÇILIMLARININ SİNEMAYA YANSIMASI .................................................................................................................................. 87 IS ANNEXATION EVITABLE IN THE LONG RUN? GULF STATES’ ‘SETTLEMENTS’ DILEMMA ..... 106 SUUDİ ARABİSTAN İLE İRAN ARASINDAKİ ASKERİ GÜÇ DENGESİ .................................................. 119 GRAND RENAISSANCE DAM AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ETHIOPIAN-EGYPTIAN RELATIONS ..... 135 İRAN TOPLUM YAPISINDA TÜRKLER ........................................................................................................ 156 POST-MODERNIST TRANSFORMATION IN POLITICAL RESISTANCE: THE CASES OF IRAQ AND LEBANON ......................................................................................................... 168 CHANGING OF TURKEY’S SYRIAN STRATEGY: FROM BANDWAGONING FOR PROFIT TO THREAT BALANCING ........................................................ 180 ORTADOĞU’DA DEMOKRASİ VE DARBE DİKOTOMİSİNİN TOPLUMSAL VE SOSYO-EKONOMİK TEMELLERİ: MISIR ÖRNEĞİ (2011-2020) ................................ 189 BİR İSLAMCI HAREKETİN İKTİDAR PRATİĞİ: “ENNAHDA ÖRNEĞİ” .................................................. 208 THE ROLE OF FAITH GROUPS IN THE BOYCOTT, DIVESTMENT AND SANCTIONS (BDS) MOVEMENT AGAINST ISRAEL: THE CASE STUDY OF CHURCHES IN THE US AND THE UK ........ 232 FİLİSTİN-İSRAİL POLİTİKASI ÖZELİNDE KUVEYT’İN ÖZGÜN DIŞ POLİTİKA YAKLAŞIMI ........... 248 THE SAUDI-IRANIAN COMPETITION FOR THE REGIONAL DOMINANCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST .................................................................................................................................... 262 THE ETHIOPIA-EGYPT ARMS RACE: A PITFALL ON THE REGIONAL WATER DIPLOMACY BATTLE ............................................................ 278 V. Ortadoğu’da Siyaset ve Toplum Kongresi Tam Metin Kitapçığı – Sakarya, 14-16 Kasım 2020 PARÇALI İTTİFAKLAR DÖNEMİNDE ABD’NİN GÜCÜNÜN ZAYIFLAMASI Çağatay ÖZDEMİR* Özet Geleneksel ittifaklar, mevcut dünya siyasetinde varlığını halen korumaktadır. Ancak yeni dünya düzeninde, iki devletin belirli bir alanda iş birliği kurabildiği ve aynı zamanda farklı alanlarda çatışmalar yaşadığı “kompartımanlaşma” dönemine geçildiği yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Bu çerçevede, ülkelerarası uzlaşma ve uyuşmazlıkların beraber var olduğu bu dönem, parçalı ittifakların oluştuğu küresel bir düzene işaret etmektedir. Son yıllarda, ABD merkezli dünya düzeninin, yerini çok kutuplu bir sisteme bırakmaya başladığına ilişkin argümanlar farklı akademisyen ve uzmanlar tarafından dile getirilmektedir. Özellikle ekonomik büyümesi abartılan Çin, ABD’nin karşısında yeni bir küresel güç olarak konumlandırılmaktadır. Oysaki mevcut küresel düzende, Çin’in yükselişini ABD’nin göreceli olarak güç kaybetmesine bağlamak son derece yerinde bir tespit olacaktır. Bu itibarla, söz konusu çalışmada, parçalı ittifaklar döneminde ABD’nin sergilemiş olduğu dış politika hamleleri analiz edilerek ABD’nin bu dönemde uluslararası alandaki gücünün zayıfladığı öne sürülmektedir. Parçalı ittifaklar dönemi ile ABD, dünya siyasetinde mutlak güç olmak yerine dengeleme politikası izleyerek varlığını sürdürmüştür. Bu durum, ABD’nin uluslararası gücünün zayıfladığının bir göstergesidir. Bu doğrultuda, Donald Trump yönetimi döneminde, 2017 yılında yayımlanan Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi’nde, ABD’nin parçalı ittifaklar döneminde güç dengesini merkeze alan politikalar uygulaması ve transatlantik ilişkilerde Avrupa’yı artık tek bir müttefik olarak görmek yerine bölgedeki güç odakları üzerinden politikalar sürdürmesi dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca, bahse konu çalışmada Asya-Pasifik bölgesinde ABD’nin Çin’e karşı geliştirdiği güç dengesini merkeze alan politikaları incelenerek ABD’nin parçalı ittifaklar döneminde mutlak gücünü kaybettiği argümanı desteklenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Güç Dengesi, Parçalı İttifaklar, Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi. * Dr., Altınbaş Üniversitesi. 1 V. Middle East Congress on Politics and Society Proceedings Book – Sakarya, 14-16 November 2020 THE DECLINE OF US POWER IN THE PERIOD OF COMPARTMENTALIZATION Abstract Traditional alliances are still valid in current world politics. However, in the new world order, it is an undeniable fact that there has been a period of “compartmentalization” in which two states can cooperate in a certain area and at the same time experience conflicts in different areas. In this framework, this period in which inter-country reconciliation and disagreements co-exist indicates that alliances are based on a compartmentalized structure. In recent years, the arguments that the US-centered world order has begun to give its place to a multipolar system have been expressed by different academics and experts. Especially China, whose economic growth is exaggerated, is positioned as a new global power against the US. However, in the current global order, it would be a very appropriate determination to link the rise of China to the relative loss of power of the US. In this respect, this study analyzes the foreign policy moves of the US during the period of compartmentalization and it is argued that the US power in the international arena was weakened in this period. In the period of compartmentalization, the US maintained its existence by pursuing a policy based on balance of power instead of being an absolute power in world politics. This situation is an indicator that the international power of the US is declining. In this regard, the National Security Strategy Report published in 2017 during the Donald Trump administration period is of great importance. In the National Security Strategy Report, it is noteworthy that the US implemented policies on the basis of the balance of power during the period of compartmentalization and continued policies over power centers in the region instead of seeing Europe as a single ally in transatlantic relations. In addition, in the aforementioned study, the argument that the US lost its absolute power in the period of compartmentalization is analyzed by examining the policies of the US against China in the Asia-Pacific region. Keywords: Balance of Power, Compartmentalization, National Security Strategy Report. 2 V. Ortadoğu’da Siyaset ve Toplum Kongresi Tam Metin Kitapçığı – Sakarya, 14-16 Kasım 2020 1. Giriş Geleneksel ittifaklar halen varlığını sürdürmektedir. Ancak, iki ülke arasında bazı hususlarda iş birlikleri korunurken aynı anda farklı konularda anlaşmazlıklar bir arada yer alabilmektedir.1 Söz konusu durum ülkeler arası parçalı ittifakların ortaya çıkması anlamına gelen “kompartımanlaşma” konseptini gündeme getirmiştir. Yeni dünya düzeninde ülkeler arası ikili ilişkiler daha komplike bir yapıya bürünmüştür. Böylelikle “kompartımanlaşma” kavramı son zamanlarda sıkça kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Kompartımanlaşma,
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