TITLE Old As the Hills. Morrow Mountain State Park: an Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 376 025 SE 054 366

TITLE Old as the Hills. Morrow Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation. PUB DATE Aug 93 NOTE 104p.; For other Environmental Education Learning Experiences, see SE 054 364-371. AVAIL LE FROM North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYFT. Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classification; *Environmental Education; Experiential Learning; Field Trips; *Geology; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Middle Schools; *Outdoor Activities; *Outdoor Education; *Petrology; Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS *North Carolina; State Parks

ABSTRACT This learning packet, one in a group of eight, was developed by the Morrow Mountain State Park in North Carolina for Grades 5-7 to teach about the identification and formation of rocks. Loose-leaf pages are presented in 10 sections that contain:(1) introductions to the North Carolina State Park System, the Morrow Mountain State Park, and to the park's activity packet; (2) a summary of the activities that includes major concepts and objectives covered;(3) pre-visit activities on sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock formation;(4) on-site activities on rock classification and erosion;(5) post-visit activities designed to reinforce and review previous lessons; (6)a list of 44 related vocabulary words; (7) a summary of the Uwharrie Mountains Geology;(8) necessary park and parental permission forms for the visit; and (9) blank pages for taking notes. Contains 16 references and includes a separate educator's guide. (MDH)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** atenamovramtmoenexstuncewar.userevn-- r narav V, art ,..,-7,71,./^3,7-7,2,,14,1,.., treff,/

-PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY James B. Hallsey

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." H Ecermsriaon, :knew, _ cm-rwmacm, 14

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) X) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it (1 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction (iety

Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official :\ )I-r( NI( sti it(wk OERI position or policy

1\]n)11111(1 lli 1I 1"-( It 1"111"11 I ig )(Ii(11(.(s I arc 1IIII(it 7,7

BEST COPY AVAILABLE OLD AS

11:

THE HILLS

Nion-mv Mot tntoitStilt(' I )m.1-:

Am1IIvirorillwIltill Pi( It icition I can111 1 FAI wriciIc(' I )-NI I( iu I(- 7; 7 "Rocks and clay are part of the Mother They enierge in various forms, but at some time before, they were smaller particles of great boulders. At a later time they may again become what they once were. Dust."

Leslie Marmon Silko. h. 1948 American Writer

4 Funding for this publication was generously provided by C P&L

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment. Health. and Natural Resources

IE) IE NJ IF{

James B. I lum Jr. Jonat;ian 13. Howes Governor Secretary a

ii Other Contributors. ..

Cumberland County School System;

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction;

The N.C. Geological Survey;

The N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources;

and the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

5(X) copies of this public document were printed at a cost of per copy S2.25() or $4.50 per copy

®Printed on recycled paper. g-93

iii 1.Introduction Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System 1.1 Introduction to Morrow Mountain State Park 1.2 Introduction to the Activity Packet for Morrow Mountain State Park

2.Activity Summary 2.1

3.Pre-Visit Activities "1 Layer on Layer 3.1. '2 Cooking, Volcano Style 3.2 '3 Hard Rock Crayola 3.3 44 Cracking Up 3 4

4.On-Site Activities "1 Rock ID 4.1 '2 Water Over The Rocks 4.2

5.Post-Visit Activities "1 What's Your Crystalline Structure? 5 I '2 Geology Jeopardy 5

6.Vocabulary 6.1

7.References 7.1

8.Appendix Summary of the Uwhanie Mountains Geology 8.1

9.Forms 9.1

10.Notes 10.1

iv Introduction to the North Carolina State ParksSystem

preserving and protecting That was in 1915. The As one of North Carolina's r North Carolina's natural North Carolina State Parks principal conservation agen- resources is actually a rela- System has now been estab- cies, the Division of Parks tively new idea. The seeds of lished for more than three- and Recreation is responsible the conservation movement quarters of a century. What for the more than 125,0(X) were planted early in the 20th started out as one small plot acres that make up our state century when citizens were of public land has grown into parks system. The Division alerted to the devastation of 59 properties across the state. manages these resources for Mount Mitchell. Logging including parks, recreation the safe enjoyment of the pub- was destroying a well-known lic, and protects and preserves landmark - the highest peak them as a part of the heritage east of the Mississippi. As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests of to come. this mile-high peak fell to An important component the lumbermen's axe, of our stewardship of these alarmed citizens began lands is education. Through to voice their opinions. our interpretation and environ- Governor Locke Craig mental education services, joined them in their efforts the Division of Parks and to save Mount Mitchell. Recreation strives to offer Together they convinced enlightening programs which the legislature to pass a bill areas, trails, rivers, lakes lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell and natural areas. This vast appreciation of our natural as the first state park. network of land boasts some resources. The goal of our of the most beautiful scenery environmental education in the world and offers endless program is to generate an recreation opportunities. But awareness in all individuals our state parks system offers which cultivates responsible much more than scenery and stewardship of the earth. recreation. Our lands and waters contain unique and valu- able archaeological, geological and biological resources that are important parts of our natural heritage. For more information contact:

NC Division of Parks and Recreation P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 919/ 733-PARK

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 1.1 August 1993 I I 1

First-time visitors to Morrowocean floor began to spew opment was a cooperative Mountain State Park are forth lava, that built up, and effort of the Civilian Conser- often surprised to find such eventually gave rise to the vation Corps and the Work mountainous terrain in south- Uwharries. Today these moun- Projects Administration. Work central North Carolina. The tains appear as rounded, gently crews constructed many of the Uwharric Mountains lie on the sloping hills. park's facilities, including the eastern edge of the Piedmont In the 1930's, a local com- stone bathhouse. Today, the plateau, forming a barrier of mittee began to generate inter- park comprises almost 5,00() steep hills and ridges between est in a state park in the area. acres of the Uwharrie land- the Coastal Plain and the gen- By 1937, the committee had scape. tly rolling Piedmont. acquired more than 3,000 acres Morrow Mountain State The Uwharrie Mountains, of land, much of it donated by Park affords the student the of which Morrow Mountain the citizens of Stanly County. opportunity to study two of State Park is a small part, were As a result of their efforts, the three basic rock types formed over 500 million years Morrow Mountain State Park (metamorphic and igneous) ago. At that time, this area waswas opened to the public in the and the geological processes a flat sea. Weak places in the summer of 1939. Early devel- of mountain building, volcan- ism, weathering and erosion. For more information contact: Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albermarle, NC 28001 (704) 982-4402

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 11 I A P rr he Environmental Edu- the post-visit activities to listed in the back of the 1 cation Learning Experi- reinforce concepts, skills andactivity packet. A list of ence (EELS), Old as the vocabulary learned in the reference materials used in Hills, was developed to pro- pre-visit and on-site activi- developing the activities vide environmental educationties. These activities may be follows the vocabulary list. through a series of hands-on performed independently or A summary of the gellogy activities geared to Morrow in a series to build upon the of the Uwharrie Mountains Mountain State Park. This students' newly gained is also located at the end of activity packet is designed knowledge and experiences. this activity packet. to introduce the student to The environmental educa- To make these learning the geology of the Uwharrie tion learning experience, Oldexperiences on geological Mountains. It is targeted for as the Hills, will expose stu- processes more effective, we the 5th through 7th grades dents to the following major encourage the students to and meets established cur- concepts: create a notebook of all their riculum objectives of the Weathering activities, drawings and North Carolina Department Erosion worksheets. of Public Instruction. Rock cycle This document was de- There are three types of Rock types signed to be reproduced, in activities in this packet; pre- Geologic processes part or entirety, for use in visit activities, on-site activi- Vocabulary words used North Carolina classrooms. ties and post-visit activities. throughout this environmen- If you wish to photocopy or On-site activities will be tal education learning experi-adapt it for other uses, please conducted at the park, while ence appear in bold type the credit the NC Division of pre-visit and post-visit activi-first time they are used in an Parks and Recreation. ties are designed for the activity. Their definitions are classroom environment. Pre- visit activities should be introduced prior to the park visit so the students will have the necessary backgroun and vocabulary for the on-site activities. We encourage you to use

Illustration of Pre-Visit Activity #1 Layer On yer.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 03 August 1993 Activity Summary

The following outline provides a brief summary of each activity. the major concepts introduced and the objectives met by completion of the.activity. I. Pre-Visit Activities

The pre-visit activities are designed to introduce the student to the different rock types: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. Students will also learn how these rocks are Ibmied, how to recognize them and how they erode.

41 Layer On Layer (page 3. 1 ) Through layering soils into water, students will learn how sedimentary rocks are formed.

Major Concepts: Sedimentary rock formation Sedimentation

Objectives: Describe how sedimentary rock is formed and list three typical soils that make up sedimentary rock. Describe how metamorphic rock is made from sedimentary rock. Describe what happens to rock when powerful forces within the earth begin to shift, move and compress sediments.

#2 Cooking, Volcano Style (page 3.21 Through making peanut brittle, students will learn how igneous rock is formed.

Major Concepts: Igneous rock formation Lava Magma

Objectives: Name the two types of igneous rocks, explain how they are formed, and determine which type is found at Morrow Mountain State Park. Name the primary force in the formation of igneous rock. Define whether the process causing the formation of igneous rocks changes the rock structure, composition or both.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2. 1 August 1993 #3 Hard Rock Cray° la (page 3.3) Through this activity students will learn r. ow sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks are formed and will he introduced to the rock cycle.

Major Concepts: Rock cycle Mechanical weathering Sedimentary rock formation Metamorphic rock formation Igneous rock formation

Objectives: List the three main rock types. Describe how these three rock types are formed. Explain the rock cycle. Describe four processes by which one rock type changes into another. Name a metamorphic and an igneous rock found in the park.

#4 Cracking Up (page 3.4) Through this activity, students will learn the importance of freezing water in the breaking down of rocks.

Major Concepts: Weathering Environmental changes Erosion Hypothesis testing

Objectives: Write and test hypotheses on what happens to water when it Freezes. State what happens to water when it freezes and how the freezing of water can shape the land. Explain how sediments suspended in water or ice shape the land.

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC August 1993 II. On-Site Activities The on-site activities are designed to familiarize the student with thespecific rock types of the Uwharrie Mountains, their characteristics and where they are found in thepark. Before corning to the park, students and educators should read the Summary of the Geologyof the Uwharrie Moun- tains in the appendix.

#1 Rock ID (page 4.1) Through this activity, students will he able to identify and name the characteristicsof five different rocks found in the park.

MAjor Concepts: Rock formation Rock characteristics Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks

Objectives: Identify the major rock types found at Morrow Mountain State Park and determine their origin. Identify three different types of rock found in the park by listing their distinguishing characteristics. List five rock characteristics that geologists use to help in the identification process.

#2 Water Over The Rocks (page 4.2) On a geological hike through a quarry located in the park, the students will observe'firsthand the effects of geologic processes on the landscape.

Major Concepts: Erosion Water cycle Rock cycle Use of stone

Objectives: Name one natural and one unnatural thing that have greatly affected the weathering of the rocks in the park. Explain how metamorphic rock is formed and name one common to this area. Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed and how they are layered. Explain why rocks found in this area are no longer in a horizontal plane. Classify at least two rock positions found in the quarry. Observe and record the effects of moving water on rock surfaces. Name the type of stone used for building material in the park and explain why it was used.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.3 August 1993 III. Post-Visit Activities The post-visit activities are designed to reinforce and review previous lessons, and to broaden the student's understanding of geology.

#1What's Your Crystalline Structure? (page 5.1) This activity will reinforce the geological vocabulary to which the students have been exposed.

Major Concepts: Geologic processes Geologic cycle Vocabulary

Objectives: Name the three basic rock types and explain how they are formed. List two geologic processes. Describe what a rock is and name two rocks common to this area.

#2 Geology Jeopardy (page 5.2) Through participation in this geological version of the popular television game show; the important concepts, facts and processes covered in this entire activity packet will be reinforced.

Major Concepts: Rock formations Landforms Rock composition Use of native stone

Objectives: List the three most common types of rock found in the park and state which rock type is highly 100 100:100100, resistant to erosion. 200 200 200 200 Explain how sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks arc formed. 3001300 300 300 Name two rock types and how 1-:0,4001 0 they have been used by humans in : this area. ';560 500!

41- 4 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.4 August 1993 A I

Major Concepts: Curriculum Objectives: Location: Grade 5 Classroom Sedimentary rock Communication Skill;: formation listening. reading, vocabu- Group Size: Sedimentation lary and viewing compre- 30 or less hension Objectives: Guidance: group cooperation Estimated Time: Science: earth science One hour Describe how sedimen- Social Science: organize and tary rock is formed and analyze information, draw Materials: list three typical soils that conclusions, participation Provided by the educator: make up sedimentary small aquarium. 2-liter clear rock. Grade 6 plastic soda bottles with the Communication Skills: tops cut off (one per group). Describe how metamor- listening, reading, vocabu- sand*. clay*. water and phic rock is made from lary and viewing compre- leaves sedimentary rock. hension Per student: "Layer on Layer' Describe what happens Guidance: group interaction worksheet, pencil Science: earth science to rock when powerful Social Studies: gather, (*Any type of tine material that forces within the earth organize and analle infor- will settle in water can be used begin to shift, move and mation. draw conclusions for the sand and the clay. compress sediments. Preferably, the materials Grade 7 should be of several different Educator's Information: Communication Skills: colors so the layering effect listening, reading. vocabu- can easily he seen. Powdered lary and viewing compre- paints mixed with plaster of During. this activity, the hension Paris, sand. etc., could be students will create their Guidance: being responsible used. Make sure none float.) own sedimentary layers in in a group Science: soils much the same way they were Social Studies: gather, created years ago. The students organize and analyze infor- will use sand and clay instead mation, draw conclusions of ashes to show layering.

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 3.1.1 August 1993 '

Sedimentary rock can be slate broken and faulted formed in a variety of ways. vas to the extent that the Running water, such as a river, 'layers visible in the will deposit sediments along park's abandoned flood plains and deltas. Volca- quarry are tilted noes spew out ash which will nearly vertical! settle on land or bodies of water. Under the proper con- Slate (argillite) can be found Folded rocks have two ditions, such as enough heat within the park. Some of the common forms in this area. and pressure, these sediments metamorphosed slate has re- The folds which are basin-like, will become sedimentary rock. verted back to a soft, brownish or bowl shaped are called syn- When exposed to even greater colored rock known as weath- clines. The ones that are hill- extremes of heat and pressure, ered argillite (or weathered like or humped are called anti- sedimentary rock can become slate). This has occurred as 6 clines (see Figure 1). metamorphic rock. miles of earth and rock above Sedimentary rock and meta- Geologists have found evi- the slate eroded away. This morphosed sedimentary rock dence deep in the earth that erosion greatly lessened the are the rock types in which the Uwharrie Mountains were pressure that had been on the fossils of plants and animals once a flat sea bottom. This slate and exposed it to weath- are found. Fossils are formed tranquil sea was disturbed ering. Weathered argillite is in a process where plants and by powerful forces within sometimes mistakenly called animals are surrounded by silt. the earth that began to cause shale. Although weathered The organic material is then changes 500 million years ago. argillite appears much like slowly changed chemically to The changes caused volcanoes shale, shale is a sedimentary a rock-type matrix. However, to form, spewing ash and lava. rock, whereas the weathered fossils are rarely found in the For millions of years, ash argillite, a rotten slate, is a weathered argillite and slate from these volcanoes fell into metamorphic rock. of this area for several reasons. the surrounding sea and The rocks are very old slowly settled into sediment weathered slate (approximately 500 million layers thousands of feet thick. years), which means that In time, due to the crushing when these rocks were weight of the sea above them forming, life was re- and the ever increasing depth stricted to oceans and of the sediments, the layers rivers. Also, most of of ash turned into a soft sedi- these life forms were mentary rock called shale. bodied, so they did The extreme pressure eventu- not fossilize well. However, ally caused the shale, at the After the slate-forming era, against all odds, three fossils layers deepest in the sea, pressure from inside the earth have been found in slate in (over 6 miles) to be changed, caused much uplifting of the Stan ly County. All three fos- or metamorphosed, into a slate layers. These layers are sils are of an animal called a harder rock called argillite, seldom found in a horizontal pteridinium. There are depos- which is a type of slate. position, even though that is its of slate in Morrow Moun- the way they were formed. tain State Park but fossils have Instead they are folded, tilted,

J. 6 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.2 August 1993 not been found in them. When Both the slate and weathered you visit the park, look for fos- slate rock are easily seen in the sils in the rocks, you might be park along the creek beds, road extremely lucky! cuts and in the abandoned flagstone quarry.

Figure 1 anticline

a. Rocks uplifted and folded, so the beds create anticlines and synclines.

b. Rock uplifted and tilted so the beds are at an angle or tilt. tilt

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.3 August 1993 c. Rock shifted and broken so the beds have a fault. fault

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 3.1.4 August 1993 Instructions: 5. After the first layer has 8. Ask the students to hypoth- settled, add a layer of sand (the esize what will happen to the 1. Divide the students into second material). Then add horizontally layered sediments groups of four, with a con- one or two leaves to symbolizeas you push the cardboard tainer, water and portions of fossils embedded in the sedi- towards the other end. Have clay and sand available to each mentary rock. Continue mak- them write down their hypoth- group. Make sure one group ing layers, alternating the clay esis. of students uses an aquarium and sand materials, until there or complete the activity in the are a minimum of eight layers. 9. Slowly move the cardboard. aquarium as a demonstration. Remember to let the soil or pushing and compressing the sand settle for about a minute layers of sand and clay. By 2. Each group should fill their before adding the next layer. doing this you are changing container about halfway with the position of the layered soil water. 6. After the final layer has that was deposited in the still settled, have the students ob- water of the aquarium. This 3. Have the students, very serve the results in their con- change in position of the sedi- slowly, sprinkle some clay tainer and make a sketch of ments can be used to represent soilior whatever material they the container with its different the rocks in the earth that are are using) into the container layers on the worksheet. The folded, faulted and changed by of water to create a complete students should be sure to movement in the earth's crust. layer across the bottom. include the leaf "fossil" in If you want. take your card- their sketch. board out and thrust it through 4. Allow all of the deposited the layers to show breaking material to settle to the bottom 7.Using the aquarium as a and faulting. Have the stu- of the container. (Timing will demonstration, take a stiff dents draw and write down the vary depending on the material piece of cardboard or similar results of this compression and used: generally it will take device and place it through the label the new geologic forma- about one minute.) layers to the bottom at one tions. end of the aquarium. 10. Discuss whether their hypotheses were supported or not, and why.

11. Be sure to discuss the following questions: How are sedimentary deposits, such as those Which formed the rock found at Morrow Mountain State Park. formed naturally? (They can.be soils, rock fragments or the ash from volcanoes that are carried by wind or water and deposited in a layered fashion which pro- duces results similar to those you can see in this activity.

1. 9 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.5 August 1993 Note: Sedimentary rock and Vertically? Suggested Extension: often metamorphic rock which (No.) is produced from sedimentary If the layers are tilted 1. The making of a multi-layer rock shows this layering effect. before they set up, what would cake is also a way of showing The metamorphic rocks found happen'? layers. You could explain that at Morrow Mountain State Park (They would get jumbled the cake batter changes from started out as volcanic ash that and not show layers clearly.) its wet stage, by a process of formed layers at the bottom of What happens when time and heat, into solid layers. inland seas.) they're tilted after they set up') Which layer is the oldest? (They fold and fault. This 2. The making of jello in (The bottom layer.) should corroborate that the layers can also be done to Which is the youngest? "uplift" and movement that show layers. (Both the layered (The top layer.) occurred in the Uwharrie cake and "jellology" activities Why are layers deposited Mountains happened after the are available in the park's files) in parallel layers? sedimentary rock was depos- (Due to gravity and the ited. ) even distribution of sediments What do the leaves repre- in still water.) sent? Can the soil be layered on (Fossils, that are rare in a slope'? nature but have been found in (No.). the metamorphosed slate of this area.)

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.6 August 1993 Worksheet, for Pre-VisitActivitY #1 Layer on Layer

1. Draw the newly formed "sedimentary" rock, with fossil.

2. What will happen to the horizontally layered sediments when pressed from the side?

3. What actually happened?

4. Draw the compressed "sedimentary" rock. Label on your drawing the geologic formations created by this process.

;31

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.7 August 1993 Answer Sheet for Pre-Visit Activity #1 Layer on Layer

1. Draw the newly formed "sedimentary- rock, with fossil.

2. What will happen to the horizontally layered sediments when pressed from the side? (ANSWER: Theywill he compressed totzether to tOmi folds: the basin-like or bowl shaped ones are called .s_ynclines: the hill-like or humped ones ore called anticlines.).

3. What actually happened'?

4. Draw the compressed "sedimentary- rock. Label on your drawing the geologic formations created by this process.

anticline syncline

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.8 August 1993 A

Curriculum Objectives: Estimated 'l'ime:I hour Grade 5 Communication Skills: Materials: listening, reading and view- Provided by the educator: ing comprehension One per group: hot plate, cookie Guidance: group interaction sheet, candy thermometer, Healthful Living: school measuring cup, measuring safety spoons, spatula, 1 cup light Science: earth science, envi- corn syrup. 2 cups sugar. ronment I cup water. 2 cups raw Mathematics: measurement peanuts,114 teaspoon baking Social Science: gather, soda, 1/4 teaspoon salt, Educator's Information: organize, and analyze infor- 1 teaspoon butter or margarine mation, draw conclusions, plus enough extra to grease 'Through the making of cooperation the cookie sheet, 1 heavy, peanut brittle. this activity medium-sized skillet Grade 6 shows how heating and cool- Communication Skills: Special Considerations: ing changes the structure of listening, reading, vocabu- Caution should be used as the rocks. Just as the sugar starts lary and viewing compre- hot plate and peanut brittle off as a solid and is changed hension will reach temperatures of by heat into a liquid, magma Guidance: group interaction over 290 degrees Fahrenheit. Healthful Living: recre- is solid rock that has been ational and home safely melted below the earth's sur- Mathematics: measurement face. When it reaches the Science: earth science Major Concepts: earth's surface it is called lava. Social Studies: gather, Peanut brittle compares to lava organize and analyze infor- Igneous rock fommtion mation, draw conclusions Lava in many ways. Magma They both flow very easily Grade 7 in their liquid state. Communication Skills: Objectives: Lava will flow over and listening, reading. vocabulary and viewing compre- Name the two types of around rocks just as the hension igneous rocks, explain "brittle" will surround the pea- Guidance: group coopera- how they are formed, and nuts in this activity. Rocks that tion determine which type is aresurroundedby lava but Mathematics: measurement found at Morrow Moun- retain their integrity and arc Social Studies: gather, organize and analyze infor- tain State Park. not melted are called xeno- mation, draw conclusions Name the primary force liths. In this activity the pea- in the formation of igne- nuts represent xenoliths. Location: ous rock. Both the "brittle" and lava Classroom Define whether the pro- change from a liquid to a solid Group Size: cess causing the forma- state very quickly. 30 students; one adult super- tion of igneous rocks The heating and melting visor for every ten students changes the rock struc- of the "ingredients" of both is suggested, one adult per ture, composition or both. peanut brittle and rocks causes five students is preferred, especially for students in the changes in them, chemically lower grades and physically.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 3.2.1 C):4 Ii.4 Instructions: crack stage (290 degrees times engulfs other rocks but Fahrenheit), stirring constantly.leaves them intact. In this 1. Read the following instruc- Remove from heat. activity, the peanuts represent tions to the students: e. Add butter and baking soda;such rocks which are called a. Blanch 2 cups unroasted stir. Mixture will bubble. Pour xenoliths. peanuts (raw Spanish peanuts onto greased cookie sheet. will not need blanching). To Cool partially by lifting around blanch, cover the peanuts with edges with spatula. Keep boiling water for 3 minutes; then run cold water over them. Remove coating. b. Grease cookie sheet. c. Combine sugar, light Suggested extensions: corn syrup and water in a spatula moving under mixture heavy skillet. Cook slowly, so it doesn't stick. When firm 1. Convert the recipe measure- using the hot plate, stirring un- but still warm, turn over. Breakments to metric. (See conver- til the sugar dissolves. Check into pieces when cool. sion table.) the temperature using the candy thermometer. Remove 2. Be sure to discuss the fol- 2. Make brownies. The batter from heat while testing tem- lowing points: The rocks that will represent the earth in its perature. Cook to the soft-ball formed the Uwharrie Moun- molten state 4 1/2 billion years stage (238 degrees Fahrenheit).tains, of which Morrow ago. The cooking represents Mountain State Park is a part, the condensing and heating of are the result of volcanic erup- the earth as it changed into a tions. Volcanic eruptions are more su!id sphere. The baked the process by which solid brownies, with their harder rocks are heated to a melting crust and softer interior would point just as the sugar is in be the earth with its solid, this activity. When the rocks igneous crust and softer mantle beneath. The bottom of the pan would be the earth's core which is believed to be made of heavy metals such as iron, nickel and lead. However, unlike the solid pan, which reaches a temperature of 290 degrees Fahrenheit, the earth's cool, the structure of the rocks core is believed to be in a d. Add nuts and salt to mixturechanges greatly just as the in- molten state with a temperature and continue to heat, checking gredients of this recipe are of 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. the temperature using the candychanged. Molten lava that thermometer. Cook to hard- flows from a volcano some-

C) 4

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.2 August 1993 Student's Information:

Igneous rock has two onto the earth's surface. In this The igneous rock found at forms: intrusive and extrusive. stage it is called lava. Lava on Morrow Mountain is the re- Intrusive igneous rock is the earth's surface cools much sult of volcanic eruptions. melted rock, called magma, faster than the intrusive form Some of the sedimentary and which never reaches the earth's trapped beneath the surface. metamorphic rocks which surface but cools slowly withinRhyolite and basalt are two were part of the ocean floor it. Granite is a good example types of extrusive igneous rockwere melted and became the of this type of igneous rock. found in Morrow Mountain lava spewed from the volca- Intrusive rock such as granite State Park. noes. When the lava cooled, becomes exposed on the Igneous rock never contains it had a totally different struc- earth's surface due to erosion fossils. Temperatures which ture than the original rocks. of the soil and rock above it. are high enough to melt rock This activity will be an edible Extrusive igneous rock is are also high enough to bum simulation of that process, formed when magma (molten up any organic matter, plant where the base "rock" is rock) spews out of a volcano or animal. melted, and when cooled has a new form and structure.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.3 August 1993 mbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol

tsp teaspoon 5 milliliter ml Tbsp tablespoon 15 milliliter ml fl oz fluid ounce 30 milliliter ml

cup 0.24 liter I

pt pint 0.47 liter I

qt quart 0.95 liter I

gal gallon 3,8 liter I

;.? 6

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.4 August 1993 Pre-Visit Activity #3 Hard Rock Crayola

Explain the rock cycle. Curriculum Objectives: Credits: Describe four processes Grade 5 This activity has been adapted Communication Skills: from "Color Mc Metamor- by which one rock listening, reading, vocabu- phic" by Donald L. Birdd. The type changes into another. lary and viewing compre- Science Teacher, April 1990, Name a metamorphic hension pp. 21-26. and an igneous rock Guidance: group cooperation found in the park. Healthful Living: recre- Materials: ational and school safety Provided by the educator: Science: earth science, Per group: hot plate, oven mit- environment tens, petri dish or finger bowl, Mathematics: measurement aluminum foil (45cm x 45cm), Social Science: organize and three aluminum foil pie trays, analyze information, draw wax paper, a metal or wooden conclusions, participation trivet, newspapers Per student: "Rock Cycle" and Grade 6 "Hard Rock Crayola" work- Communication Skills: sheets, safety goggles, pencil listening, reading, vocabu- sharpener or carrot peeler, lary and viewing compre- candles or four to six crayons hension, study skills of the same color (red, green, Guidance: group cooperation blue, or yellow), envelope Healthful Living: recre- Per class: one or more vises with Educator's Information: ational and home safety two boards (12.5 cm x 20 cm), Mathematics: measurement rock samples Many students have a Science: earth science Social Studies: gather, Special Considerations: difficult time under- organize and analyze infor- Take proper safety precau- standing the abstract concept mation, draw conclusions tions. The hot plate and hot of the rock cycle, the process crayon wax can cause bums. by which sedimentary, meta- Grade 7 The vise can pinch/crush fin- morphic, and igneous rocks Communication Skills: gers. listening, reading, vocabu- are transformed into and from lary and viewing compre- one another. The students can hension, study skills see rock examples in the class- Guidance: group cooperation Major Concepts: room; the difficulty. lies in Mathematics: measurement their inability to visualize just Social Studies: gather, Rock cycle organize and analyze infor- Mechanical weathering how these rock samples were mation, draw conclusions Sedimentary rock forma- formed. The following activity tion will give the students the Location: Metamorphic rock for- opportunity to "see" the rock Classroom/science lab mation cycle through a series of simu- Group Size: Igneous rock formation lations of mechanical weather- 30 students or less, divided ing, erosion, and formation into six groups Objectives: of sedimentary, metamorphic List the three main rock and igneous rock. The activity Estimated Time: Two to four hours types. can be done as one continuous Describe hov. these three process or can be broken down rock types are formed. into five separate parts.

Morrow Mountain State Park.,N1C 3.3.1 August 1993 s 1 rr here are three basic rock that is changed deep inside the Slate, a very common rock 1 classifications: earth by extreme heat and pres-at Morrow Mountain State 1) Sedimentary rock- rocksure over a long period of time Park, is easily seen along many that is composed of particles ofinto a harder rock, with differ- of the stream beds. Many of sand, clay, or other rocks that ent qualities. Examples of the buildings are constructed were deposited in layers on sedimentary rock changing to from slate that came from a land or on the bottom of lakes, metamorphic rock are marble, quarry within the park. rivers or oceans. Over time, which is made from limestone; Slate underlies a large sec- the extreme pressure from the and slate, which is made from tion of the Piedmont region of weight of the layers above shale. the southeastern United States. pressed the materials into rock. Metamorphosis means a It is found in such an expan- Examples are limestone, sand- transformation, a marked sive area that geologists have stone and shale. change in appearance or condi-named a large portion of the 2) Igneous rock rock tion. An example with which Piedmont the Carolina Slate which is solidified from a you will be familiar is that of Belt. This slate belt extends molten state. Igneous rocks a caterpillar changing, or meta-from northeastern Virginia to form deep within the earth in morphosing, into a butterfly. southwestern Georgia. magma chambers embedded The metamorphic rock found Rock in the Carolina Slate in solid rock. They may be at Morrow Mountain State Belt has been extensively intrusive or extrusive in Park is slate. Slate is formed compressed and tilted due to nature. Magma which cools from shale, a sedimentary rock.various mountain-building and stays within the earth is Shale is formed from volcanic episodes. Although the layers intrusive. Magma which is ash, or sediment, which falls were originally horizontal, spewed out by volcanoes, into water and settles to the many of these rocks are in a lava, is extrusive. Examples bottom. It is a rock with dis- near vertical position now. of extrusive igneous rocks tinct layers and is relatively When mountains are pushed found in the park are rhyolite soft. Over time, pressure from up, metarrtorphic rocks are and basalt. the water above and the upper often formed, and different layers of ash cause the bottom 3) Metamorphic rock- types of rocks become pushed sedimentary or igneous rock layers to change, or metamor- and jumbled together. phose. into slate.

oNiristot-Salem Carolina Ralei h Asheville Slate Belt

Charlotte

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.2 August 1993 Rock Cycle

SEDINUENTARY- R KS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS .

I Instructions: Be sure to go over the Rock "weathering" their candles/ ' Ask the students to describe Cycle diagram. Discuss the crayons onto the wax paper, local rocks and/or rock forma- three kinds of rock with the call their attention to the size tions. They have seen rocks students. and shape of the fragments. during walks along a lakeshorePart A: "Are they all the same size and or river's edge, near or on a Weathering, shape? Why or why not?" [Not mountain, or during a drive Cover all desk tops with the same size and shape due to along a highway that was built newspaper. Give each student varied weathering forces upon through road cuts. On the a sheet of wax paper, a pocket them (i.e. how the sharpener or chalkboard, write down all the pencil sharpener or carrot crayon are held) etc.] "What names and characteristics the peeler, and a candle or four to are some of nature's weather- students can remember about six crayons of the same color. ing forces?" (Rain, flowing and the rocks. Be sure to have The candles/crayons represent freezing water, glaciers and several local rock samples rock material, and the carrot wind.) When the "weathering" distributed around the room. peelers/pencil sharpeners rep- is complete, the students should Ask the students questions resent weathering agents. Stu- wrap their "sediments" in their such as, "Have you ever dents should carefully shave wax paper and place each color wondered just how these rocks each of the candles/crayons in a separate envelope, unless formed!" "Are new rocks keeping all of the fragments you plan to do Part B of* this forming at this moment?" in a small pile. As they are activity right away.

Alfrr Cementing AT Deposition Transportation Alf Erosion WeatheringI

s7.1tW_nNge-,ge,

Heat Melting Magma

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.4 August 1993 Part B: ages. If you are breaking the worksheet). How do they com- Erosion and Sedimentationactivity into sections, have the pare with the original loose Once rock fragments have students each label their foil "sediments" layers? (They're been created, they are usually packages by their group num- similar but much thinner.) moved by some force of nature.bers and stop here. Here, the students act as the Part C: erosive force. Ask the studentsSediments/Sedimentary what this force of movement isRock Simulation called, and what some of its Unless you have more than causes are. (Erosion, caused one vise, this step will take by gravity, moving water, gla- some time and will require ciers and wind.) Place all the some patience. Each group weathered "rock" fragments in will place their folded foil four separate piles, one color package between two boards. to a pile. Divide the class into The "sandwich" should then What happened to the spaces four (or eight) groups, and be placed in the vise. Apply between the "sediments"? give each group a sheet of alu- light pressure with the vise to (Pressure from the vise forced minum foil (45 cm x 45 cm). compress the "sediments". the "sediments" closer together Next, a student from each Once the "rock sandwiches" eliminating the spaces.) group should carefully transfer have been mildly compressed, Each group should transfer some "weathered sediments", remove them from the vise. a few of their loose "sediments" of one color, to the center of theStudents should then carefully and the smaller piece of "sedi- foil. Spread them into a 1 cm open their packages and mentary rock" into a pie pan. thick layer. Repeat with the observe the new product. Call Place the rest of the fragments remaining colors, layering the their attention to the central in an envelope, (for part E). colors one on top of another. region which is more tightly The pieces in the pie pan will Students should record their compressed. The students be used for comparisons with observations of their layered should lift this portion from the other "rocks" the students "weathered sediments" on the the non-compressed or more will produce during this activ- "Hard Rock Crayola" work- loosely packed "sediments" ity. Return the larger piece sheet. Fold the foil over the and carefully break it into two of "sedimentary rock" to the "sediments" layers, allowing parts. Have the students look aluminum foil and wrap it up for a 1 cm space all around the at the broken edges, then draw again. If you are breaking the fragments, and then carefully and describe the layers (on the activity into sections, stop here. fold the edges to seal the pack-

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.5 August 1993 Part D: fully break this "rock" into Groups 1 and 2 fill their Metamorphic Rock two parts and examine it, tray halfway with crushed ice; Simulation Group 3 till their tray half Place the foil package with way with warm water; the "sedimentary rock" in it Group 4 leave their tray between the two boards and empty, except for an aluminum put it into the vise again. Tell foil lining, and place it on a the students to add as much trivet. pressure to the vise as they can. For the "igneous rock" This part of the activity dem- noting what happened to the simulation, the groups should onstrates the need for great thickness and fragment shape. place the fragments they set pressure to cause a rock to The students should write aside in envelopes, and the metamorphose. In reality, as down their observations on larger piece of "metamorphic their worksheet. (The differ- rock", into their second alumi- ent colored "rock fragments" num tray. Be Especially or crayons will be squeezed Careful Here! This part of together.) the activity requires a hot plate as a heat source. Students Should Avoid Dropping Wax Fragments on the Hot Plate Surface or Themselves. The students or teachers doing this portion of the activity should wear protective oven mittens Place the smaller piece of to avoid being burned. Cover the pressure deep within the newly-made "metamorphic each hot plate surface with a earth increases, temperatures rock" with the "weathered layer of foil before you turn increase as well. A tempera- sediments" and the "sedimen- it on. (This will diffuse the ture change is probably occur- tary rock" previously saved. heat from the coils of the hot ring in this activity but is If you are breaking the activity plate so the crayons will not difficult to measure. (The heat into sections, stop here. burst into flames.) Each group associated with the formation should place their tray of of metamorphic rock is not a Part E: "weathered sediments" and part of this activity.) Remind Igneous Rock Formation "metamorphic rock" on the hot the students that metamorphic plate and turn the hot plate rock may become contorted in SAFETY NOTE: This portion appearance. It may actually of the activity requires that the flow like a plastic material in students be especially safety response to the pressure from conscious as they will be the rock load above and crustal working with a hot plate and plate movement. melted wax. Have the students release Each group should line their the compression on the vise, last two trays with aluminum remove the foil package and foil: Each group should fill one open it carefully to examine temperature to medium. Melt tray halfway with the follow- the newly formed "metamor- the wax, being careful that the ing: phic rock". They should care- melting process does not occur

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.6 August 1993 so rapidly that the molten wax molten contents. Leave them As a class be sure to discuss splatters or bums. When most in the original tray. (This will the following: of the "rock" and "sediments" act as the control in this experi- With the tray of Group 1, are molten, turn the hot plate ment and simulate the forma- discuss the effect the "magma" off and carefully remove the tion of extrusive igneous rock had on the "sedimentary or tray, using the oven mittens. in a temperate zone.) metamorphic rock" it came in There is enough heat energy in Students should make obser-contact with. the molten wax to melt the re- vations of all the groups' trays, With the tray of Group 2, maining solid mass. Caution: and draw and write these downdiscuss the effect the "lava" Do not let the wax heat to on their worksheet. Encouragehad on the "surface sediments, the splattering point! groups to compare their results.rocks and ice" in a cold region. While the wax is still in the For instance, comparisons With the tray of Group 3, molten state, a student from should be made between the discuss the effect the "lava" each group, or the teacher, crystal sizes formed by Groupshad on the "sediments, rocks should CAREFULLY do the 1 and 4. Comparisons should and water" of a warm region. following: also be made between these With the tray of Group 4, Group 1- Form a trench in discuss the effect of "lava" the ice. Using the oven mittens flowing directly onto the land pour the melted wax (magma) in a temperate zone, such as into the crack (rock fissure). Mt. St. Helens in Washington. Carefully cover the wax with Remind the students of more crushed ice. (This will the igneous rocks common to simulate the formation of an this area and the park, such as intrusive igneous rock.) rhyolite and basalt. Also men- Group 2 Using the oven tion that all conditions for rock mittens, pour the melted wax "igneous rocks" and the"rocks"formations cannot be simu- (lava) directly over the surface and "sediments" made in the lated. In fact, geologists have of the crushed ice. (This will previous sections of this activ- never seen intrusive rocks simulate the formation of ex- ity. form. However, they are able trusive igneous rock in a cold Set aside all "igneous rock" to look at all of the available region.) trays until the next day's class; evidence, simulate some of the Group 3 Using the oven the materials must sit over- conditions in the laboratory, mittens, pour the melted wax night. This will allow the wax and arrive at results similar to into the warm water. (This willto cool. The next day, have the those found in nature. simulate the formation of ex- students carefully remove the Reiterate the concept of trusive igneous rock in a warm "igneous rock" from the water the rock cycle by reminding region.) or tray. Be sure to look at the them of the "rocks" (crayons Group 4 Using the oven lower surface of the "rock". or candles) that were weath- mittens, place the tray of Compare the formations of ered down into "sediments", melted wax into the tray on each groups' experiment. compressed into "sedimen- the trivet. Do not pour out the tary" and then "metamorphic rock" and then melted into "igneous rocks".

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.7 August 1993 Worksheet for Pre-Visit Activity#3 Hard Rock Crayola

1. Describe and draw the "weathered sediments" that you made. Note the sizes and shapes of the "sediments".

2. Draw a color picture of the "rock fragments" after light pressure has compacted these "sediments" into "sedimentary rock". Describe the broken edge and the layers that are formed.

3. Draw a color picture of the "sedimentary rock" after heavy pressure has compacted it into "metamorphic rock". Describe the broken edge and the layers that are formed. Note how they have changed with the addition of heavy pressure.

Morrow Mountain State Plrk.NC' 3.3g August 1993 4. Draw each of the melted wax formations created in the four different experiments of Part E. Compare and contrast the experimental results.

Group One's "Igneous Rock" Group Two's "Igneous Rock-

Group Three's "Igneous Rock" Group Four's "Igneous Rock"

5. Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments", "sedimentary rocks", "metamorphic rocks" and "igneous rocks" formed in this activity. Compare and contrast them as to color, crystal size, texture, form and formation.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.9 . August 1993 Answer Sheet for Pre Visit Activity #3Hard Rock Crayola

1. Describe and draw the "weathered sediments" that you made. Note the sizes and shapes of the "sediments".

2. Draw a color picture of the "rock fragments" after light pressure has compacted these "sediments" intb "sedimentary rock". Describe the broken edge and the layers that are formed.

A 46..,10411:0;49 *V.,4,411.4eff*../.010-11, 01 411110.' to 0 4' 1,""//)11.1 "A"' I fl p.' III('.1 1 .119 d..° p ,111o,.; ..p'a I A 6 MS*" sig .44 '11Voit .6. iror":: 'Terri 1Y-it:pc/are:r

yellow red green blue

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 3.3.10 36 August 1993 4. Draw each of the melted wax formations created in the four different experiments of Part E. Compare and contrast the experimental results.

Group One's "Igneous Rock" Group Two's "Igneous Rock"

Group Three's "Igneous Rock" Group Four's "Igneous Rock"

5. Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments", "sedimentary rocks", "metamorphic rocks" and "igneous rocks" formed in this activity. Compare and contrast them as to color, texture, form and formation. The "weathered rock fragments" will vary in size and shape depending on the implement used: pencil sharpener, potato peeler, etc. The "sedimentary rocks" will be bound together very loosely ;.rid individual "rock fragments" can be oriented (up/down or right/left) in any direction. In "metamorphic rocks" the space between fragments is very small and the orientation of "fragments" is now flattened (right/left). The thickness is much thinner, but each layer of rock (color) can still be seen. The "igneous rock" is grayish-black (melting and mixing of different "rock fragments") with a variety of forms depending on how the separate groups are cooled. Where the "igneous rock" is poured over ice it tends to fill the spaces between the crushed ice and is very rough to the touch. In cool water it forms short "stalagtites", while in hot water the "stalagtites", are longer. If the "igneous rock" is left in its pan, it is smooth on both sides. (The different methods of cooling are not intended to simulate real rock formations; they do, however, give the students the understanding that different cooling conditions will create different rocks.)

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.1 1 August 1993 Pre-Visit Activity #4 Cracking Up

Educator's Information: Curriculum Objectives: Group Size: Any size Grade 5 Communication Skills: Estimated Time: Overnight This activity has two parts. listening, reading and view- The first part simulates ing comprehension, writing Credits: the process whereby water, Guidance: group cooperation This activity was adapted through freeze-thaw activity, Science: earth science, envi- with permission from the ronment National Wildlife Federation's cracks and then breaks rocks Mathematics: measurement, Naturescope: Geology, The apart. The second part simu- probability Active Earth. lates how water and ice abrade Social Science: organize and and erode rocks over which analyze information, draw Materials: they travel. conclusions, participate Provided by the educator: effectively in groups Per group: one clean, empty, plastic or cardboard pint milk Grade 6 carton (bottom half only), one Major Concepts: Communication Skills: ruler, waterproof marking Weathering listening, reading and view- pen, one small balloon, plaster ing comprehension, study of Paris, two ice cube trays, Environmental changes skills, writing two paper towels, water, Erosion Guidance: group cooperation a mixing container, sand, Hypothesis testing Mathematics: measurement, several flat pieces of slate probability (borrowed from the park) Objectives: Science: earth science, envi- Per student: "Cracking Up" ronment worksheet, pencil Write and test hypotheses Social Studies: gather, orga- on what happens to water nize and analyze informa- Special Considerations: when it freezes. tion, draw conclusions Do not use any type of glass State what happens to container. water when it freezes and Grade 7 Communication Skills: how the freezing of water listening, reading and view- can shape the land. ing comprehension, study Explain how skills sediments Guidance: being responsible suspended in in a group Mathematics: measurement, water or ice probability shape the land. Science: soils Social Studies: gather, organize and analyze information, draw conclusions

Location: Classroom; students may do this activity at home if a freezer is not available at school.

36 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.1 August 1993 Student's Information: Glacial movement can have so thick that local farmers significant effects on rocks as could cut ice blocks from the Vou might he surprised to the ice flows move across the river and store them in ice discover that temperature land, picking up and re-deposit-houses for summer. The thick variations can cause rocks to ing rock materials. As the ice on the rivers helped break break as surely as someone rocks trapped on the bottom of down rocks in and along their hitting them with a hammer. the glacier scratch and gouge banks. As the ice expanded in Water is a major factor in the the earth's surface, they are the winter and broke apart in weathering and erosion of also worn down by this grind- the spring, it would grind rocks rocks. The strength of water, ing action. together in the same way especially freezing water, can During the last ice age, this glaciers did tens of thousands he a very powerful force. of years ago. Freezing water is probably type of glacial activity may more responsible for the crum- have occurred in the upper ends of north-facing valleys bling and splitting of rocks in the Appalachian mountains. than any other factor. However, there is no indication Water, upon freezing, ex- that glaciers ever existed in pands its volume by 9%. the Uwharrie Mountains. When water seeps into cracks In the last century, winters in a rock and freezes, the ex- in North Carolina were colder pansion widens the cracks. than they are today. The Eventually this process, known Yadkin and Uwharrie rivers, as ice wedging, breaks the rock apart. Ice wedging is a very and many others, froze over important weathering agent. In the winter, the temperature sometimes drops below freezing at night and rises to above freezing during the day. This fluctuation in temperature will cause rocks to break down more quickly than if the temperature were consistently above or below freezing.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.2 August 1993 Instructions: 6. Have the students write sides would have burst or Day 1- Part A hypotheses on what they think swelled outward. This is what happens when water freezes 1. Divide the students into will happen when they rub where it has no room to ex- groups of four and have each the "clean" ice cubes and the group label a milk carton with sandy ice cubes against the pand, such as in cracks in rocks their group name and two ice slate. or in unprotected water pipes in winter. Then, when it cube trays. 7. Have each group place freezes, it breaks the rocks their milk carton and ice cube apart or bursts the pipes. This 2. Have each group of students trays in the freezer overnight. process can easily be seen in take a balloon and fill it with Note: The plaster should the park on Tater Top and Mill water until it is about the size harden at least one hour prior Mountains.) of a ping-pong ball. Tie a knot to going in the freezer. in the end of the balloon. Part B Day 2 - Part A 3. Have each group mix water 10. Have the students remove with plaster of Paris until the 8. The next day, have the stu- the ice cube trays from the mixture is about as thick as dents remove the milk carton freezer. yogurt and pour the mixture from the freezer and observe into a milk carton. Have one what happened. Have them 11. Using a paper towel, have student push the water balloon write down their observations the students pick up the "clean" into the plaster in the carton and compare them to their ice cubes. Holding the "clean" until it is about 1/4 inch under hypotheses. (The plaster was ice tightly against a piece of the surface of the plaster. He cracked as the water in the slate have them slowly rub the or she should hold the balloon balloon froze and expanded.) ice cube across the rock several down until the plaster sets times. enough so that the balloon 9. Have the students specu- doesn't rise to the surface. late what would have happened if the milk carton had 4. Have the students write been sealed. (The top and/or their hypotheses on what they think will happen to the balloon and the plaster of Paris when they are frozen. Set the milk carton aside until later.

Part B 5. Have each group fill one ice cube tray with clean water. Then have them mix several teaspoons of sand with water and fill the second tray with the sandy water.

.1.0

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.3 August 1993 12. Have them do the same The clean ice cube left only Suggested Extension: with the sandy ice cube on a wet smear but no scratches. Consider adding another another piece of slate (or a If streams and rivers were only milk carton to the activity. different portion of the rock). pure water with no suspended This second milk carton would sediments, they would not contain only plaster of Paris. 13. Have the students exam- scour the earth's surface as It would act as a control in this ine the surface of the rocks much as they actually do. The experiment. The plaster in this and write down their observa- cleaner the flowing water or carton should not crack when tions. (The ice cube with the ice, the less the scouring action frozen. sand acted like sandpaper. that occurs.) It should have left scratches on the rock's surface. This means that the sandy ice cubes acted like particles of rock suspended in the flowing water of streams and rivers scraping and shaping the landscape. The sandy ice cubes also act like miniature glaciers, scouring the land's surface over which they pass.

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 3.4.4 August 1993 Day 1 Worksheet for Pre-Visit Activity#4 Cracking Up

Part A 1. With the milk carton, write a hypothesis on what you thinkwill happen to the balloon and the plaster of Paris when the water is frozen.

Part B 1. Write a hypothesis on what you think will happen when you rub the"clean" ice cubes and the sandy ice cubes against the slate.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.5 August 1993 A

Part A 1. Remove the milk carton from the freezer and observe what happened to the balloon and plaster of Paris. Write down your observations and compare them to your hypothesis.

2.Speculate what would have happened if the milk carton had been sealed.

Part B 3.Remove the ice cubes from the freezer. Rub the "clean" and sandy ice cubeson the rocks, then examine where the rocks were rubbed. Write down your observations.

43 Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 3.4.6 August 1993 I

Educator's Information: Curriculum Objectives: Location: Lower picnic area Grade 5 n this activity the students Communication Group Size: listening, reading, vocabu- 30 or less, seven groups of will identify five different lary and viewing compre- about four students each types of rock. Each one is hension, study skills found at Morrow Mountain Guidance: group interaction Estimated Time: 50 minutes State Park and some can Healthful Living: recre- probably be found around the ational safety Materials: Science: earth science. envi- Provided by the park: students' home and school. ronment large rock identification work- The students will complete Social Science: organize and sheet for the instructor the -Rock Identification" analyze information, draw Per group: index card, hammer, worksheet. For each of the safety goggles, streak plate, conclusions, participate five rock samples, they will effectively in groups penny, steel file, hand lens, "Rock and Mineral" fact sheet, determine color, streak color, Grade 6 rock set (slate, weathered slate, luster, hardness, whether it is Communication Skills: basalt, rhyolite and quartz) layered or not, its name and listening, reading, vocabu- Provided by the educator: classification. lary and viewing compre- Per student: "Rock ID" work- hension, study skills sheet, pencil Guidance: group interaction Major Concepts: Healthful Living: recre- Special considerations: Rock formation ational safety During part of this activity, Rock characteristics Science: earth science, envi- students will break rocks apart Sedimentary, metamorphic ronment to determine the rock's color. Social Studies: gather. orga- Rock fragments can be very and igneous rocks nize and analyze informa- sharp and may fly off and hit tion, draw conclusions the student breaking the rocks Objectives: or other students. It is impor- Identify the major rock Grade 7 tant for all students to wear types found at Morrow Communication Skills: safety goggles during this listening, reading, vocabu- activity. Mountain State Park and lary and viewing compre- determine their origin. hension, study skills Identify three different types Guidance: group coopera- of rock found in the park by tion, develop an awareness of alternative points of view listing their distinguishing Science: earth science. earth characteristics. forms, natural phenomena List five rock characteristics Social Studies: gather, orga- that geologists nize and analyze informa- use to help in tion. draw conclusions the identification process. NOTE: Before arrk ing at the park for the on-site activities, teachers and students should read the Appendix. Summary of the Cwharrie Mountains Geology. L 4 4 Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.1 August 1993 There are three basic rock Metamorphic rock is minerals are made up of a com- classifications: igneous, sedi- formed when either igneous bination of only eight elements. mentary and metamorphic. or sedimentary rocks are put The following is a list of these Igneous rocks are formed under enough heat and pres- elements with the percentage when magma (molten rock) sure over a long period of time figure indicating their abun- cools under the earth's surface to change the rock both physi- dance in the earth's crust, and or when the magma flows out cally and chemically. For hence their approximate abun- "ron the earth's surface as lava example, by this metamorphic dance in the rocks and soil and cools there. Most of the process shale is changed to around us. rocks at Morrow Mountain slate, limestone to marble, and ElementSymbol Percentage State Park have an igneous sandstone to quartzite. Slate by Weight origin. As a matter of fact. can be seen along most of the 95% of the earth's crust to a park's streams. Oxygen 0 46.7% depth of ten miles is made up Silicon Si 27.7% Geologists have identified Aluminum Al 8.1% of igneous rock. about 2,000 rocks, each with Iron Fe 5.1% Sedimentary rock is their own characteristics. To Calcium Ca 3.7% formed when loose mineral identify rocks, geologists look Sodium Na 2.8% particles, or sediment, are at hardness, color, the way Potassium K 2.6% deposited on land or water. crystals are arranged, layering, Magnesium Mg 2.1% With enough pressure from theminerals and many other 98.8% weight of the layers above and characteristics. All other elements total less than 2%. the deep water, the particles A rock is made up of one The relationship between get pressed into sedimentary or more minerals, so one of a rock and its minerals can rock. For example, if large the characteristics geologists be compared to a fruit cake's amounts of volcanic ash build look for is the type of minerals relationship to its ingredients. up on the bottom of lakes or found in a rock and the ratio If the rock is like the fruit cake, oceans, the ash will he eventu- of minerals to one another. the minerals would be the ally pressed into a type of rock Each mineral always has the raisins, nuts, cherries, candied called shale. Sedimentary rock same chemical composition fruit, sugar, flour, eggs, etc. is always formed in layers, and its own particular crystal- which is the easiest way to line structure. A mineral identify this type of rock. is a combination of one or About 75% of the exposed more substances. Quartz, for surface rocks of the earth are example, is a combination of sedimentary. These sedimen- two elements, silicon and tary rocks make up a relatively oxygen, and has a chemical thin covering over the underly- formula of SiO,. Quartz is a ing igneous rocks. Shale, common mineral in the park. sandstone and limestone make Gold is a mineral of just one up almost 99% of the sedimen-element with the chemical tary rocks, with shale being formula (and symbol) of Au. more common than sandstone Gold has been found in sev- and sandstone being more eral locations in Stanly County common than limestone. but not in the park. Most

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.2 August 1993 Instructions: h) Note the color of the rock's 3. Have the students repeat streak when scratched on the the above steps for the other 1. Divide the students into unglazed porcelain plate. four rocks at their station. seven groups, one group placed at each station. At c) Note the way the rock re- 4. After the students' "Rock each station will be a pencil, flects light, its luster. Classify Identification" worksheets are a streak plate, a hand lens, a it as either glassy, dull or complete, place the large iden- penny, a steel file, a "Rock and metallic. tification worksheet where Mineral" fact sheet, the five everyone can see it, and as different rocks to he identi- d) Determine the rock's hard- a group, finish filling in the fied, a hammer and four ness based on what is able to answers. pairs of goggles. scratch its surface. Use fingernails, pennies and 5. Students should discuss the steel files to help estab- how they came to their conclu- lish the rock's hardness. sions. Discuss how geologists Use the hand lens to see key out rocks.

2. Using rock #1 (quartz), as a class, have the students work if any of these through the characteristic tests things made a scratch on a below, with the leader direct- rock's surface. (See the "Rock ing and filling in the answers Identification" worksheet for on the large identification more information.) worksheet. e) Observe whether the rock a) Determine the rock's overall has layers. Put yes or no in this color. The hammers can he column. used to break the rock to see the color inside the rock. (This f) Use the "Rock and Mineral" is important as the outside fact sheet to determine the color may have been altered classification as to mineral, due to weathering factors.) igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic, and the rock's name.

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.3 August 1993 Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet

. . -... movement of the earth's tec- 0 the pressure of the water and l amon ;.; TIM,..L1IL_ISeATWW.M01.,..mtr..fr

V1i.a ltViri the ash layers above it. making tonic plates. 0h .Meb4tHskontiAtlt. .e1 .. 1... 41,4,....." ....r10.4,7"p`._ ..-,? , .. i...%. . " . JO NIN11.41Ww., 7 l I 'AM shale. Eventually, enough heat Basalt is gray-green in and pressure metamorphosed appearance and will leave a the shale into slate. The slate gray streak on the scratch has since weathered back to a plate.It has a dull luster and Argillite or Slate softer form, called weathered medium hardness. It is classi- Slate is found along many argil! ite. fied as igneous and of course of the park's streams and at The two things that one has no layers. The green color a few mountainside locations. notices right away about this comes from a mineral called Slate is the metamorphosed rock are that it has layers and chlorite. form of shale. It has layers is very soft. You will be able In the park. basalt is found but is listed as having medium to scratch it with your fin- as round boulders at the bot- hardness as compared to gernail. It is classified as a tom of hills and on hillsides. NAeathered slate's soft nature. metamorphic rock. Because Early European settlers in Its surface is dull. but is some- of its layering, it is easy to what shiny if wet. A gray this area used this rock to build determine that weathered slate walls and fences. Some of streak is produced on the comes from a sedimentary these structures can still be scratch plate. Its layers are It streaks yellow to rock. seen when walking in the park. gray to black. Slate has been brown on a scratch plate. and used for shingles for rook. its layers range in color from flooring. blackboards and black to light yellow to brown. building stone. Many of the Its luster is dull. park's buildings and curbs have been constructed from this rock which came from a ("Liam,' located within the park.

Rhyolite Rhyolite is even finer grained then basalt. Its crystals are too small to be seen even with a hand lens. Rhyolite, like basalt, is an extrusive Weathered Argillite volcanic rock. It is formed or Weathered Slate by very sluggish. thick and The weathered slate found Basalt viscous magma flows from in the park and the surround- Basalt is a common fine- volcanoes and cracks. Rhyo- ing area comes from the ash 2.rained rock.It is cooled lite is classified as a hard, of ancient volcanoes. The ash maEima that flowed out of extrusive igneous rock.It is from these volcanoes settled volcanic cones or cracks in the the main rock type found on into layers on the bottom of earth. The ocean floor is made the tops of the hills which shallow seas and was eventu- . up of basalt that flowed out make up the Uwharrie Moun- ally compacted into rock by of trenches created from the tains. It is very resistant to

Mornm Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.4 4 7 August 1993 weathering and erosion which chemical formula is SiO2, There are two interesting is the reason that these moun- which is called silicon dioxide. things about this rock glue tains are still here after 500 In its pure form, quartz will called quartz. First, the glue is million years. be clear, but it usually has usually harder than the rocks Native Americans used impurities that give it a variety it glues back together. This rhyolite to make a variety of of colors including white, red, results in quartz being found tools including scrapers, pink, smoky black, black, yel- on top of the soil after the rocks knives, axes, and spear and low, green and gray. it has glued back together have arrowhead points. Rhyolite Quartz is considered to be weathered to soil. Second, tools made from the rock of thehard because a file will barely when the silicon dioxide is Uwharrie Mountains have beenscratch it, if at all. Its luster is traveling from deep in the found from Florida to Maine. glassy. Quartz does not have earth, other minerals will Rhyolite is gray in color layers and is therefore not a sometimes come along with it, and often has white dots. It sedimentary rock, although it creating a quartz based rock. will leave a black streak on is found in sedimentary rocks, One of those minerals is gold. the scratch plate. It has a as well as the other two rock Tons of gold have been found, dull luster and is not layered. types. A white streak is pro- in the southern.piedmont of duced on a scratch plate with North Carolina, and it is prima- this rock. rily found in association with quartz. Quartz often acts like a rock glue. When igneous and other Early European settlers in rock types crack and the crack this area used quartz based goes deep enough into the rock to build walls and fences. earth, often silicon dioxide willSome of these structures can still be seen when walking in .?\ 1 fill the crack and glue the rocks back together. If there the park. Quartz is enough space, the quartz Whole books have been will develop into hexagonal written about this mineral. It crystals. is a mineral found in many different types of rocks. Its

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.5 August 1993 Worksheetfor On-SiteActivity#1- RockID.

Rock ColorStreakLuster HardnessLayeredClassificationName SampleS am

Color - the identifiable color. (Quartz may he colorless, white, pink, smoky, yellow or purple, depending on the impurities within it.)

Streak - the color a rock leaves behind when it is scratched across a streak plate or unglazed porcelain. (Quartz leaves a white streak.)

Luster - the way a rock reflects light. (Quartz has a glassy luster. Other minerals may have a dull or metallic luster or no luster at all.)

Hardness - if a rock can he scratched with a fingernail it is considered very soft. If it can be scratched with a penny it is considered soft, with a file it is medium, and with none of these items, the mineral is classified as hard. (Quartz usually cannot he scratched with a file, so it is hard.)

Layered - either a rock has layers or it doesn't. (Quartz does not have layers.)

Classification - a rock is classified as a mineral or as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. (Quartz is a mineral, and is sometimes found in all the other rock types.) 4 9 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.6 August 1993 Answer Sheet forOn-SiteActivity#1 , RockID Rock ColorStreakLusterHardnessLayeredClassificationName S am ple white white glassy hard no mineral quartz 1 clear pink

brown yellow dull very yes metamorphicweathered 2 to blackto soft slate to light brown yellow

gray gray dull, medium yes metamorphicslate 3 to shiny if or black smooth/ argillite wet

4 gray w/black dull hard no igneous rhyolite white sped 1

5 gray gray dull medium no igneous basalt to green

Color - the identifiable color. (Quartz may he colorless, white, pink, smoky, yellow or purple, depending on the impurities within it.)

Streak - the color a rock leaves behind when it is scratched across a streak plate or unglazed porcelain. (Quartz leaves a white streak.)

Luster - the way a rock reflects light. (Quartz has a glassy luster. Other minerals may have a dull or metallic luster or no luster at all.)

Hardness - if a rock can be scratched with a fingernail it is considered very soft. If it can he scratched with a penny it is considered soft, with a file it is medium, and with none of these items, the mineral is classified as hard. (Quartz usually cannot he scratched with a file, so it is hard.)

Layered - either a rock has layers or it doesn't. (Quartz does not have layers.)

Classification - a rock is classified as a mineral or as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. (Quartz is a mineral, and is sometimes found in all the other rock types.) 't) 0 ...- Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.7 August 1993 On-Site Ac 42

Curriculum objectives: earth science, earth forms, Major Concepts: Erosion Grade 5 . natural phenomena Communication Skills: Social Studies: gather, orga- Water cycle listening, reading, vocabu- nize and analyze informa- Rock cycle lary and viewing comprehen- tion, draw conclusions Use of stone sion, study skills, writing Guidance: group interaction Locations: Healthful Living: recre- Lower picnic area and Quarry' Objectives: ational safety Trail Name One natural and one Science: living things, plants, unnatural thing that has earth science, environment Group Size: greatly effected the weath- Social Science: organize and 30 or less, one adult per 10 analyze information, draw students ering of the rocks in the conclusions, map use, par- park. ticipate effectively in groups Estimated Time: 1 hour Explain how metamorphic rocks are formed and Grade 6 Appropriate Season: name one common to this Visual Arts: understand the Warm weather role creativity plays in pro- area. ducing art Materials: Explain how sedimentary Communication Skills: Provided by the park: rocks are formed and how listening, reading. vocabu- 15 magnifying glasses. S gold they are layered. lary' and viewing comprehen- pans Explain why rocks found sion, study skills Provided by the educator: Guidance: group interaction, Per student: "Water Over the in this area are no longer occupations Rocks" worksheet, clip hoard, in a horizontal plane. Healthful Living: how paper, pencil, completed Classify at least two rock people affect the environ- "Rock ID" worksheet or positions found in the ment, recreational safety "Rock ID" answer sheet Mathematics: measurement quarry. Science: ecology, earth sci- Special considerations: Observe and record the ence, environment Safety of students as well as effects of moving water Social Studies: szather, orga- protection of the stream area on rock surfaces. nize and analyze informa- should be considered. The Name the type of stone tion, draw conclusions, map trail is rated as easy but does use have several creek crossings used for building material and several short steep hills to in the park and explain Grade 7 climb and descend. why it was used. Visual Arts: understanding the role creativity plays in producing art Communication Skills: listening, reading. vocabulary and viewing comprehen- . sion, study skills ` Z Guidance: group coopera- oteta.M. . tion, develop an awareness of alternative points of view Mathematics: measurement Science: characteristics of plants, soils, interactions of people and the environment,

Morrow Mountata State Park. NC' 4.2.1 51 August 1993 S . elf all the land-shaping water. Over time, the force of It is estimated that a grain k...lfactors, water has the these streams and rivers shapesof sand takes a million years to greatest effect. Large rivers, as the landscape, cutting narrow travel 100 miles down a river well as small streams, work to gorges in steep mountains and like the Yadkin. This progress shape the earth's surface, as wide flood plains in the pied- toward the ocean has been you will see in the park. mont and coastal areas. slowed even further by the Flowing water, from the The streams in the park construction of dams. But smallest trickle coming out of have shaped their surround- rocks have a different time the hillside to huge, roaring ings. The level flood plain perspective than you and I. waterfalls, is a sculptor of along the Yadkin River was Whether it takes a million or a great power. Yet surprisingly, formed by deposits of sand billion years, the rock cycle streams and rivers make up eroded from rocks upstream still circles through its different less than one one-thousandth and sediment that was washed phases. of the earth's land surface and into the stream and then car- Water is recycled by evapo- contain only .005 percent of ried onward by the river's cur- ration from the land and the earth's liquid fresh water. rent. ocean. It returns to the earth Particles of soil and sand Another way flowing water in the form of rain, snow, hail suspended in the flowing wa- shapes the landscape occurs and mist. Much of the water ter act as an abrasive agent, during floods. With the in- falling from the sky runs off scouring rocks in the river or crease of water power during into our streams and rivers or stream channel. This, in turn, floods, large and small rocks filters through the soil and creates more particles. This roll and tumble, grinding through joints and cracks in the scouring explains why rocks against each other and scour- bedrock into the groundwater. in a stream or river bed have ing the river's bed. The rising The groundwater connects smooth edges. The edges waters wash soil and sand. with the rivers, lakes, and have been worn away, not by trees and shrubs out from one oceans. These waters are the water but by the suspended location and deposit them fur- eventually evaporated, begin- particles of soil and sand in the ther downstream. ning the cycle once again.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.2 August 1993 t-i stop 7

LEGEND

Bathroom Creek Hiking trail Interpretive site

Parking lot

Stone structures

Water fountain

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.3 August 1993 Ti-ail Guide forWater .O er the Aocks

Trail Description: if the students don't already noticed in the park where this The activity "Water Over have them, and have the stu- rock was used. Parking lots. the Rocks" will take you on a dents answer the questions on retaining walls, the swimming trail approximately 1/2 mile them at the appropriate stops, pool, the bathhouse, and many long, called the Quarry Trail. Use the answer sheet to facili- other park facilities are con- It starts in the picnic area, fol- tate questions and discussion. stnicted of this same type of lows a winding creek around Stop 2 slate. Slate was also used as the base of a hill, and crosses head and foot markers at grave The type of forest located the creek several times before sites located in the park. Dis- in a particular area is directly leaving it. The trail then cuss the worksheet questions related to the area's geology crosses a small hill and travels and answers. and how the land has been down to another creek that shaped over time. The soil Choose one piece of slate passes through the old quarry type, elevation, latitude, slope used in the construction of the site. The trail leads you around barbecue pit, water fountain and compass direction the the quarry and hack up the hill or picnic shelter and draw its slope faces all affect the type to the picnic area. of plant communities that will edge, showing the layers. Be The quarry is a good ex- grow in a given location. For sure to look for fossils in the ample of bedding in slate. example, certain plant species rock. Fossils are extremely The bedding is inclined at a prefer an acidic soil, while rare but three have been found steep angle, indicating that the others thrive in a neutral or in Stanly County. You might rock has been tilted from its alkalir._: soil. Some species get lucky and find a fourth. original horizontal position. grow only at a certain eleva- Fractures developed parallel tion, others grow at specific to the bedding planes and also latitudes, slopes. or faces. at angles to it. Plant communities can often First Things First tell a trained scientist a lot about the soil, the base rock Before going on the trail. and the geologic history of have the students take a break an area. and use the restrooms. The students will not be hiking Stop 3 far. but the hike will take Notice the blue slate rock approximately 1 hour due to that was used to construct the the amount of material being structures around you. The covered. picnic shelter, water fountain. Stop I and barbecue pit grill were all constructed by the Civilian When the group has re- Conservation Corps. (known assembled, show them a large as the CCC), during the late topographic map of the park 1930's and early 1940's. Far- area, and trace on the map ther down the trail, you will where the students will be hik- pass through the quany where ing. Explain the map's sym- the slate was dug. Discuss >4. bols. Hand out the "Water other places you might have Over the Rocks" worksheets, Pteridinium fossil

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.4 5 4 August 1993 Stop 4 Stop 5 Walk over to the outcrops on the left side of the quarry. A.Situate the students at a Look along the inside bend Notice how tilted the layers stream location and ask them of the stream. Discuss how as are. Have the students answer to make the following observa-the current slows, heavier ma- the worksheet questions, and tions while completing their terial is deposited, forming a then discuss their answers. worksheet. Are there exposed sandbank. This sandbank is Have the students identify and rock outcrops in the water? in made up of rocks and miner- draw the following geological the stream bank? What type als. Using the gold pans, have formations: tilts, breaks, and might they be and why are the students "pap" for rocks they located here? What are and see how many different layers. their shapes? types of rocks they can iden- Stop 7 tify using their completed B. Observe the rock that was Notice the channels cut by "Rock ID" worksheets or the the running water where the uncovered on this hillside due "Rock ID" answer sheet. to the erosion of the loose soil. water runs over the exposed This is weathered slate.It Stop 6 rock at the bridge. Answer was formed from slate that Slate was mined from this the worksheet questions and has weathered back to a softer quarry years ago. It was used discuss them. state. The weathered slate is for structures like the ones you Stop 8 much softer than slate and is saw at the beginning of the To get an overall view, at not suitable for building mate- trail. On the right side of the this high point on the hill, look rial. Take a piece of the weath- quarry the rock located on back over where you have ered slate and experience how top of the layered slate, at the been. Review with the stu- soft it is by crumbling it in highest point on the quarry dents the erosional processes, your hands. walls, is one that you looked the effects the stream and C. Have the students examine at earlier on the trail.It is humans have had on shaping and draw the stream sediments weathered slate. Its location the landscape, the types of as seen through a magnifying on top of theate means that rocks you have seen, and what glass. Discuss the sediments' it was deposited at a later date, processes caused the rocks to colors and shapes, the types of so it is a "younger" rock than tilt and break. rocks they came from, why that at the bottom of the quarry. they are here, and where they The weathered slate has "de- are going. cayed" back to a softer rock. D. Have the students draw a rock found in the stream and one located away from the stream. Have them describe these two rocks. E. Discuss with the students how floods roll and sort rocks in the streams. Have them answer the worksheet questions, looking for clues to flood heights such as scouring and debris deposited in the flood plain along the stream.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.5 August 1993 Be sure to mention that are studying today. After the short distance down the trail. rhyolite and basalt, two of the discussion, head back to the There is also a quartz outcrop major rock types in the park, picnic area and trail head. approximately 100 yards down arc not found along this trail. the Sugarloaf trail; C) Reed Rhyolite forms the higher hills Suggested Extensions: Gold Mine is located on NC in the Uwharries. Basalt can Route 200 in Cabarrus County. 1. You may wish to visit the he found scattered about the following places: A) The top park on and below the surface, of Morrow Mountain is a good2. Come back to the park for a with the largest concentration place to see rhyolite, how it plant community hike on this being in the northwestern sec- weathers and how it protects same trail. This hike will relate tion of the park. the mountain from wearing the plant communities, geology, Also mention that North down. There is also a geo- soils and geography. Carolina State Parks were set logical display located in the aside to protect unique natural picnic area on top of the moun- areas throughout the state. Ourtain; B) Basalt fields may be state parks are true sanctuaries. seen on the way to the top of All resources in the park are Morrow Mountain. Fields of protected and may not be re- basalt can also be seen by moved, molested or harmed. parking at the trail head of the This includes all wildlife, all Sugarloaf Trail and walking a plants and even the rocks we

, Morrow Mountain State Park, NC' 4.2.6 6 August 1993 Worksheet for On-Site Activity #2Water Over The Rocks

Stop 3 What type of rock is slate? Why does it make such good building material?

Choose one piece of slate used in the constructionf the barbecue pit. water fountain or the picnic shelter and draw its edge. showing the layers.

Be sure to look for fossils in the rock. They are extremely rare but three have been found in Stanly County inrocks just like these. You might get lucky and find a fourth.

Pteridinium fossil Stop 4 A.Are there exposed rock outcrops in the water? Yes No In the stream hank'? Yes No If so, what type(s) of rock do you think they are? Why are they located there'?

What shapes do these outcrop rocks have? are they smooth edged? rounded? jagged? sharp?

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.2.7 August 1993 C.Draw the sediments as seen through the magnifying glass.

Describe the colors and shapes you see. Which type of rock doyou think these sediments are from? Why do you think they are here, and where doyou think they are going?

D.Drawing a rock found in the stream and one locatedaway from the stream. Describe these two rocks. stream rock non-stream rock

E. Can you tell how high the last floodwas (by the scouring along the stream)? Yes No How high was it above the current water level? feet meters. Can you tell how high the highest floodwas (by the height of debris piled in the flood plain along the stream)? Yes No Maybe How high was it above the current water level? feet meters

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.8 August 1993 Stop 5 Use your "Rock ID" worksheet or the "Rock ID" answer sheet and sechow many rocks you can identify as you pan the sandbank at the stream bend.

Stop 6 Notice how tilted the layers in these outcrops arc. What do you thinkcaused this'!

What angle were the layers at originally? Draw the different types of geologic formations in the outcrops found in the quarryand label them as tilts, breaks/cracks or layers.

Stop 7 Notice the channels cut into the rock that the water is running over. What caused thesechannels to he cut!

What type of rock is the stream cutting through'?

What type of rock is along the stream batik? J)

Mot rov. Mutittlaitt State Park, ti(' 4.2.9 August 1993 How do you think this rock was originally formed?

If the channel is being cut by small particles in the water, what happens to these suspendedpar- ticles and those worn from the rocks? Where do they go?

Stop 8 At a high point on the hill, overlooking the quarry, look back over whereyou have been and review the erosional processes, the effects the stream and humans have had on shaping the landscape, the types of rocks you have seen, and what processes have caused the rocks to tilt and break. Write down any summary comments you would like to make.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.10(JO August 1993 Answer Sheet for On-Site Activity #2 Water Over the Rocks

Stop 3

What type of rock is slate? (ANSWER: Slate is a metamorphic rock.)

Why does it make such good building material? (ANSWER: The layers in this metamorphosed sedimentary rock will break along the planes in which the ash deposits were laid dom. This results in a flat surface, which makes slate a great building material as the rocks can be stacked on top of one another.)

Choose one piece of slate used in the construction of the barbecue pit, water fountain, or the picnic shelter and draw its edge. showing the lavers. mifiliNIVOWAttla yoaiekt rCs..00,_ Ns .11 w' zrzsgrAta

Be sure to look for fossils in the rock. They are extremely rare but three have been found in Stanly County in rocks just like these. You might get lucky and find a fourth. 4110 Stop 4

A. Are there exposed rock outcrops in the water? X Yes No

In the stream hank? X Yes No

If so, what type(s) of rock do you think they are? (ANSWER: metamorphic rock - eroded slate.)

Why are they located there? (ANSWER: the stream exposed the rock.)

What shapes do these outcrop rocks have? are they smooth edged? rounded? jagged? sharp? (ANSWER: smooth, rounded edges for in-water outcrops, jagged, sharp edges for stream hank outcrops.)

C. Drawing the sediments as seen through the magnifying glass. Describe the colors and shapes you see. Which type of rock do you think these sediments are from? (ANSWER: mineral - quartz, metamorphicslate and maybe igneous - basalt and/or rhyolite.)

Why do you think they arc here, and where do you think they are going? (ANSWER: they were eroded from the stream bed and bank here and farther upstream. They are on their slow way to the ocean.)

toi Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.2.1) August 1993 D. Draw a rock found in the stream and onelocated away from the stream. Describe these two rocks. (ANSWER: The rocks found in the stream havebeen worn down by the stream, and will probably have smoother, rounded edges comparedto the rocks found away from thestream.) stream rock non-stream rock

F. Can you tell how high the last flood was (by thescouring along the stream)? X Yes No.

How high was it above the current water level? feet meters.

Can you tell how high the highest flood was (by theheight of debris piled in the flood plain along the stream)? Yes No Maybe. How high was it above the current water level? feet meters. Stop 5 Use your "Rock ID" worksheet or the "Rock ID" answersheet and see how many rocks you can identify as you pan the sandbank at the stream bend. (ANSWER: Likely rocks are slate, rhyolite, quartz,weathered slate and basalt.) Stop 6 Notice how tilted the layers in these outcrops are. Whatdo you think caused this? (ANSWER: The tilt of the slate is the result of crustalupheavals that occurred after the slate was originally formed.) What angle were the layers at originally? (ANSWER: The layers were originally horizontal withthe ground.) Draw the different types of geologic formations in the outcropsfound in the quarry and label them as tilts, breaks/cracks or layers.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.12 G2 August 1993 Stop?

Notice the channels cut into the rock that the water is running over. What caused these channels to be cut? (ANSWER: They were cut by the particles suspended in the water acting as sandpaper, wearing down the rock, day and night, over a very long period of time. It is a long, slow process but the earth's life is measured in millenniums and not in years.)

What type of rock is the stream cutting through? (ANSWER: It is slate.)

What type of rock is along the stream bank? (ANSWER: The rock is slate just like that the stream is cutting through.)

How do you think this rock was originally formed? (ANSWER: It was formed when volcanic ash and silt were deposited in the still water of the old quarry site. There they were put under extreme pressure and compressed into the sedimentary rock, shale. Over time, pressure and heat transformed the shale into the metaphoric rock, slate.)

If the channel is being cut by small particles in the water, what happens to these suspended particles and those worn from the rocks? Where do they go? (ANSWER: They are washed downstream and become part of the erosion process. Some settle in deeper and quieter areas of the stream.)

Stop 8

At a high point on the hill, overlooking the quarry, look back over whereyou have been and review the erosional processes, the effects the stream and humans have hadon shaping the landscape, the types of rocks you have seen, and what processes have caused the rocks to tilt and break. Write down any summary comments you would like to make. (Note: For assistance in the discussion, review the worksheet questions.)

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 4.2.13 August 1993 tl Post Visit Activity #1 What's Your Crystalline Structure?

Educator's Information: Major Concepts: Curriculum Objectives: Grade 5 Geologic processes Communication Skills: rr his activity is a review Geologic cycle. reading and vocabulary 1 of the vocabulary and Vocabulary comprehension, study skills major concepts used through- Science: earth science, . out the whole packet. The Objectives: environment students will first fill in the Name the three basic rock Grade 6 blanks with the appropriate types and explain how they Communication Skills: word suggested by each defini- are formed. reading and vocabulary tion or example. When the List two geologic processes. comprehension, study skills worksheet has been completed. Describe what a rock is and Science: earth science, environment the students will then search name two rocks common to for the words in the "Crystal this area. Grade 7 Word Search Puzzle". Communication Skills: reading and vocabulary comprehension, study skills Science: scope of earth science, earth forms, natural phenomena

Location: Classroom

Group Size: Approximately 30 students plus teacher

Estimated Time: 30 minutes

Materials: Provided by the educator: Per student:"What's Your Crystalline Structure" worksheet, "Crystal Word Search Puzzle", pencil

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 5.1.1 August 1993 s

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word suggested by each definition or example. When all words have been placed, find the words in the crystal word search puzzle.

1. Substance made up of one or more minerals.

2. Rocks exposed on the higher peaks and ridges of the Uwharcie Mountains.

3. Metamorphosed sedimentary rock formed from volcanic ash, which breaks along a plane and is used as a building material.

4. Naturally occurring substance with its own crystal shape.

5. Rock type formed when heat and pressure change sedimentary or igneous rock.

6. Term used when water carries away rock debris.

7. Rock type formed when sediment settles and is pressed together.

8. Process whereby sedimentary rocks become metamorphic rocks, metamorphic become igneous, igneous become sedimentary, etc.

9. Used to classify rock types, usually dull or glassy.

10. Destructive process that wears down rocks.

11. The phenomena of how the earth is shaped.

12. Rock type formed by volcanoes.

13. Change in rock angle due to upheavals of the crust.

14. The most consistent land shaping factor.

15. The sedimentary rock type from which slate is formed.

ROCK RHYOLITE SLATE MINERAL METAMORPHIC EROSION SEDIMENTARY ROCK CYCLE LUSTER WEATHERING GEOLOGIC PROCESS IGNEOUS TILT WATER SHALE

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.1.2 G5 August 1993 Crystal Word Search Puzzle

,to A 4.Azyrizt41:742ivo

417C! -.01101 44. ,

I I

A 0 11.0:7 .

e- Crystal Word Search Puzzle Answer Sheet 4"1113''tta 474japith4104 414,44

: ,---- I $ , .

4 ,.172-r ,_...... I------a I a

1 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word suggested by each definition or example. When all words have been completed, find the words in the crystal word search puzzle.

1. Substance made up of one or more minerals.R 0 C K

2.Rocks exposed on the higher peaks and ridges of the Uwharrie Mountains. RHYOLITE

3. Metamorphosed sedimentary rock formed from volcanic ash, which breaks along a plane and is used as a building material. SLATE

4.Naturally occurring substance with its own crystal shape. MINERAL

5.Rock type formed when heat and pressure change sedimentary or igneous rock. METAMORPHIC

6.Term used when water carries away rock debris. EROSION

7. Rock type formed when sediment settles and is pressed together. SEDIMENTARY

8. Process whereby sedimentary rocks become metamorphic rocks, metamorphic become igneous, igneous become sedimentary', etc. ROCK CYCLE

9. Used to classify rock types, usually dull or glassy. LUSTER

10. Destructive process that wears down rocks. WEATHERING

11. The phenomena of how the earth is shaped. GEOLOGIC PROCESS

12. Rock type formed by volcanoes. IGNEOUS

13. Change in rock angle due to upheaval of the crust. T I L T.

14. The most consistent land shaping factor. WATER

15. The sedimentary rock type from which slate is formed. SHALE

ROCK RHYOLITE SLATE MINERAL METAMORPHIC EROSION SEDIMENTARY ROCK CYCLE LUSTER WEATHERING GEOLOGIC PROCESS IGNEOUS TILT WATER SHALE

Morrow Mountain State Park. tic 5.1.5 August 1993 0 Post-Visit Activity #2 Geology Jeopardy

Educator's Information: Curriculum Objectives: Grade 7 Grade 5 Communication Skills: This game is adapted from listening, reading, vocabulary Communication Skills: the television game show, listening, reading, vocabulary and viewing comprehension, and viewing comprehension, speaking techniques Jeopardy. Before starting the speaking techniques Guidance: group cooperation game be sure to briefly review Guidance: group :Ateraction Science: earth science, earth the geologic history of the Science: earth science, envi- forms, natural phenomena park in the Appendix (8.1). ronment Social Studies: organize and Social Science: organize and analyze information, draw This is a fun way for the stu- analyze information, draw conclusions dents to evaluate themselves conclusions, participate on what they have learned effectively in groups Locations: through the previous activities. Inside or outside, depending The game also provides good Grade 6 on the weather Communication Skills: factual information on geol- listening, reading, vocabulary Group Size: ogy and the Uwharrie Moun- and viewing comprehension, 30 or less, larger groups can be tains, in particular. You may speaking techniques accommodated wish to award prizes or recog- Guidance: group interaction nition to the participants with Science: earth science, envi- Estimated Time: ronment 30 minutes the highest score. Social Studies: organize and analyze information, draw Materials: conclusions PrOvided by the educator: "Geology Jeopardy" board Major Concepts: Rock formations Landforms JEA WARDS Rock composition Use of native stone 1001100 100 100 Objectives: 200,2001200200 List the three most common types of rock found in the 300300'300 300 park and state which rock type is highly resistant to t,64001 erosion. Explain how sedimentary, 001500' metamorphic and igneous rocks are formed. Name two rock types and how they have been used by humans in this area.

Morrow Mountain State Nrk, NC 5.2.1 09 August 1993 Instructions: The student who correctly Divide the class into two Divide the clasS into three responds by asking "What is groups. Each group will teams. Put each team in a line ?," receives the point chose someone to draw for facing the Jeopardy Board. value card and gets to select that group. One point is given Ask one of the three students the next category and amount for each correct guess. The at the head of the lines to to he revealed. If no correct first group's "artist" has one pick the first number amount response is given, the leader minute to convey a geological and category column to be gives the response. term or process in pictures revealed. The amounts do not All three participants now to their group. If the group have to be selected in any move to the hack of the lines doesn't guess the correct particular order. and the next three students answer in one minute then the other group has a chance to When the category and the have a chance to answer the guess what was being drawn. amount have been selected, next question. If neither group gets the cor- uncover the "answer" and read After all columns have been rect answer, the moderator it aloud to the group. The first uncovered, each team adds up (usually a teacher) gives the of the three students at the headtheir point cards to determine answer. of the lines to raise a hand gets who has the most points. If a chance to respond. (It is ex- any prizes are to he awarded, It is now the second group's tremely helpful to have some- that is done at this time. turn. A new index card is one familiar with the group to taken from the stack and the Suggested Extensions: watch for the first hand raised, second group's "artist" draws since the leader will be reading Play another television gamea picture to convey the term the "answers".) called Win, Lose or Draw. to their group. Suggestions Geological terms or processes for geological terms or pro- The correct response must are written on index cards cesses that could be used are: be in the form of a question. which are placed face down on erosion, weathering, glaciers. If the first student answers a table close to the chalkboard sedimentary rock, igneous incorrectly, the other two stu- where the drawings will he rock, metamorphic rock, dents are given a chance to done. Try to have different fossils, volcanoes, etc. raise their hands and respond. colors of chalk available.

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 5.2.2 August 1993 GEOLOGYJEOPARDY

, BuildingBlocks Geologic and Rocks Landmarks Terms Hammerstones 100100100100 200200200200 300300300300 400400400400 500500500500

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.2.3 August 1993 GEOLOGY JEOPARDY . . Building Blocks Geoloclic and Rocks t-, Landmarks rferms Hammerstones .

The stone Native A sedimentary rock Americans used toformed from volcanic 936 feet above A place where make tools such as ash, silt and sand sea level. building rocks knives, spearpoints that settled in quiet are mined. and arrowheads. bodies of water.

An igneous rock The rock the CCC that is found on all This mountain range The rock type quarried in the park the higher hills in is made of rocks (such as slate) and used to build the Uwharries, and formed 500 million created by heat walls and buildings. reduces the rate at years ago. and pressure which they erode. on rocks.

The rocks early Located at the Rocks formed by settlers picked A weathered rock southern end of the the cooling of hot, and stacked up that can be scratched Uwharrie Mountain molten Pock on or to make stone by your fingernail. range. below the surface walls and fences. of the earth.

t The type of rock A white, hard rock Movement of that makes up which acts as The bedrock of weathered rock by 95% of the rock glue. this region. water, wind and rocks on earth. glacial action.

The rock formation that formed the The rock type "Great Falls of the The mineral that The primary formed when Yadkin" before gives basalt its cause of erosion sediments are a dam was built in greenish color. of the earth. compacted and/or the early I 900's cemented together.

Morrow Nlountain State Park. NC 5.2.4 August 1993 GEOLOGYJEOPARDY-Correct Responses

Building Blocks Geolouic and Rocks Landmarks t., Hammerstones Terms

What is the What is rhyolite? What is shale? eevation of What is a quarry? Morrow Mountain?

What is the What is What is slate? What is rhyolite?Uwharrie Mountain metamorphic range? rock?

What ibasalt What is What is What is or quartz? weathered slate orMorrow Mountain igneous rock? weathered argillite? State Park?

What is igneous rock? What is quartz? What is slate? What is erosion?

What is movir What is water? What is rhyolite or dike? What is chlorite? or sedimentary rock? What is water containing sediment?

Morrow Mountain state Park, NC 5.2.5 August 1993 VOCABULARY

Aggregate composed of a mixture of miner- Crustal platesgranitic plates on which the als that may be separated by mechanical continents ride. When these plates collide means. they push up mountains and create metamorphic rock due to the pressure of their collision. Anticline an upfold or arch of stratified rock. anticline Decayto decompose; rot.

Decomposition the chemical breakup of rock at or near the earth's surface. The mineral components of the rock are altered and new compounds are produced.

Dike an intrusive, more or less vertical, thin sheet of igneous rock.

Earth's crusta rigid shell only about 30 miles thick, less than one hundredth of the Argil litethe type of slate found at Morrow distance to the center. Eight elements account Mountain State Park. (For further information for almost 99% of the earth's crust see the "Rock and Mineral" factsheet in On- - oxygen Site Activity #1 Rock ID.) (46.7%), silicone (27.7%), aluminum (8.1%), iron (5.1%), calcium (3.7%), sodium (2.8%), Basalt a hard, dense, dark, potassium (2.6%), and magnesium (2.1%). extrusive volcanic rock, also Erosion called green stone. (For the movement of bits of weathered further information see rock by wind, water, gravity and glacial actic3. the "Rock and Mineral" factsheet in On-Site Activity #1Rock ID.) Extrusive igneous rock rock formed by the cooling of molten lava on the earth's surface. Bedding the formation of layers or strata in Examples found in the park are rhyolite and basalt. sedimentary and metamorphosed sedimentary rock. Faultingin geology, a fracture of the earth Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in which layers of rock slide upor down along the break. a federal government program of the 1930's and 1940's that was established to provide jobs and develop public properties.

Chloritea generally green or black mineral often found in the basalt in the park.

Compaction the process or state of being pressed together; compacted. 74 Morrom, Mountain State Park, NC 6.1 August 1993 Folding to bend over or double up so that has its own chemical make-up, as well as its one part lies on another part. own characteristic crystal shape. Quartz is a common mineral found in the park. Geologic process the breaking down and building up of rocks, such as weathering, Outcrop an area of exposed rock. Examples erosion, sedimentation and volcanic action; are road cuts, stream beds and quarries. the phenomena of how the earth is shaped. Quartz a hard crystalline mineral of silicon Hypothesis a proposed or possible answer to dioxide, Si0,. (For further a problem; a premise from which a conclusion information see the is drawn. "Rock and Mineral" factsheet in On-Site Igneous rock - rock formed by the cooling Activity #1- Rock ID. of molten rock on or under the surface of the earth; rock formed by volcanoes. The crust Pteridinium a precambrian animal whose of the earth is approximately 95% igneous fossil is found in slate in the Stanly County rock. Examples found in the park are rhyolite region. There is much disagreement about and basalt. how this soft-bodied lobed animal looked, however, most researchers believe the animal Intrusive igneous rockigneous rock that lived a solitary existence on the ocean floor. forms when magma cools inside the earth, usually course-grained mineral crystals.

Lava molten rock that issues from a volcano or a fissure in the earth's surface; the rock formed by the cooling and solidifying of this substance.

Lusterthe appearance of a rock surface judged by its brilliance and ability to reflect Resistant rock rock that weathers and light. erodes more slowly than other rock in the same area. Magma molten rock beneath the earth's surface. When it reaches the earth's surface, Rhyolitea glassy, volcanic rock, similar to it is called lava. granite in composition, which usually exhibits flow lines. This is the most prominent rock on Mantlein geology, the layer of the earth the tops of the Uwharrie Mountains. Used by between the crust and the core. Native Americans to make tools and projectile points. (For further information see the "Rock Metamorphic rock sedimentary or igneous and Mineral" factsheet in On-Site Activity #1 rocks that have been altered chemically and/or Rock ID.) physically by great heat and pressure. Slate is a metamorphic rock found in the park.

Minerals one or more chemical elements that make up the earth's rocks. They are inorganic and occur naturally. Each mineral

i f Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 6.2 August 1993 Rock a substance made up of one or more Slatea fine-grained metamorphic rock minerals. Rocks are an important part of the formed from volcanic ash, that splits into thin, earth's crust, mantle, and core. There are three smooth-surfaced layers; often used as a forms of rock: igneous, sedimentary, metamor- building material. (For further information phic. see the "Rock and Mineral" factsheet in On- Site Activity #1Rock ID.) Rock cyclethe process whereby one rock type changes into another. Syncline a downward fold in sedimentary rocks. (See Anticline.)

Vent an exit hole for hot gases and lava to Cementing .ar flow from a volcano. Deposition Tr fportatn Erosion Volcanic rock rocks produced by or dis- Weithering charged from a volcano.

Volcano a vent in the earth's crust through which molten lava and gases are ejected; a mountain formed by the materials so ejected.

Heat Melting Magma Weathering any of the chemical or mechanical processes by which rocks exposed to the weather decay to soil. In the broadest Sediment material that settles to the bottom sense, any of the destructive elements that of a liquid, such as soil being washed into a wear down rocks, causing them to fragment, lake and settling to the bottom. crack, or crumble. Examples include heat, chemicals, wind, water and ice. (Erosion Sedimentary rock rock made by the com- loosens and carries away debris caused by paction and/or cementing of sediments. weathering.)

Shalea sedimentary rock composed of lami- Xenolithliterally, a "stranger" rock, which nated layers of clay-like, fine-grained sedi- was surrounded during the movement of ments, such as volcanic ash. The slate found in magma to form an unrelated inclusion within the park is metamorphosed shale. the surrounding igneous rock.

1,) t) Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 6.3 August 1993 References

Adams, George F. and Jerome Wyckoff. 1971. Montgomery County Public Schools. Landforms: A Golden Guide. Racine, WI.: Activities for Studying Rocks and Soil. Western Publishing Company. Environmental Education Series. Bulletin No. 247 E. Rockville, MD. The American Forest Council. 1987. Project Learning Tree. (For information on Project Morrow Mountain State Park. Park Learning Tree, contact The Project Learning geology files. (Contact Morrow Mountain Tree Coordinator, Box 8003, N.C. State State Park, Rt. 5, Box 430, Albermarle, NC. University, Raleigh, NC. 27695.) 28001.)

Beyer, Fred. 1991. North Carolina, The Mottana, Annibale, Rodolfo Crespi, and Years Before Man: A Geologic History. Giuseppe Liborio. 1978. Simon and Durham, NC.: Carolina Academic Press. Schuster's Guide to Rocks and Minerals. New York, NY.: Simon and Schuster. Birdd, Donald L. 1990. "Color Me Metamor- phic", The Science Teacher, (April). Museum Institute for Teaching Science. 1988. Science is Elementary, Vol 3:1, Oct/Nov. Caduto, Michael J. 1985. Pond and Brook, Boston Museum of Science. A Guide to Nature Study in Freshwater Environments. Englewood Cliff, NJ.: National Wildlife Federation. 1988. Prentice Hall. Geology, The Active Earth. Nature Scope. Washington, DC. Chesterman, Charles W. 1978. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks Pough, Fredrick H. 1960. A Field Guide and Minerals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. to Rocks and Minerals, The Peterson Field Guide Series. Cambridge, MA.: Riverside Cvancara, Alan M. 1986. Field Manual for Press. the Amateur Geologist. New York, NY.: Prentice Hall. Sund, Tillery, and Trowbridge. 1973. Elementary Science Discovery Lessons Eves, Robert L. and Larry E. Davis. 1988. The Earth Sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and "Is the Rock Cycle an Outdated Idea, or a Bacon. Unifying Concept?" Journal of Geological Education. Vol. 36.

Hogg, John C., Judson B. Cross and Kenneth E. Vordenberg,. 1959. Physical Science, A Basic Course. Princeton, NJ.: D. Van Nostrand Co.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 1:0 August 1993 Summary of the Uwharrie Mountains,6eology

This northeast-treading Geologists have found It may have been during the mountain range, called the ample evidence deep in the latter part of the slate-forming Uwharries, is considered by earth that the Uwharrie Moun- era, still millions of years be- geologists to be a very ancient tains were once part of a flat fore the Age of Dinosaurs, that geological formation. Althoughsea bottom. The tranquillity changes started to take place estimates vary considerably, of this sea was disturbed by from inside the earth. Faulting, most sources agree that the powerful forces within the folding and metamorphism cataclysmic volcanic eruptions earth that began, over 500 of pre-existing rocks occurred and uplifting processes that million years ago, to work over a time period of 260 formed these mountains began drastic changes. million years, stretching from late in the Cambrian period, Easily seen, along the creek the Ordovician period (505 well over 500 million years beds, in some road cuts, and million years ago) early in the ago. These processes were at the bottom of the abandonedPaleozoic Era to the Permian actually taking place in a flagstone quarry located in period in the later Paleozoic broad chain of volcanic islands the park, is the familiar gray Era (245 million years ago). which extended from Northern slate used in the construction During this time, rock units /irginia to an area near of many of the park's build- were compressed and meta- Miliedgeville, Georgia. Some ings. This slate and the weath- morphosed by at least three of these mountains, mainly ered slate layers sometimes different mountain-building the non-volcanic ones, are found above it, are proof that episodes. These episodes were estimated to have been over quiet water existed among the caused by the collision of the 30,000 feet in elevation. (The volcanic islands. Slate of this Euro-African continent with highest mountains on earth type is called argillite and North America. The results today, the Himalayas, are just resulted when volcanic ash of these cataclysmic episodes over 29,000 feet.) However, formed muddy sediments in are easily visible in the park over the years, most of them still water. The ash slowly for the slate layers are seldom have been almost completely settled to the bottom, forming found in a horizontal position, worn away by the forces of bands of light and dark silt. although they were certainly erosion. As tremendous pressure devel- formed that way. Instead they The Uwharrie Mountains ex-oped from water and sediment are tilted, broken and faulted tend from southeastern Stan ly layers above, the soft muddy to the extent that the layers in County northeastward some sediments were transformed the abandoned quarry are forty miles to the Asheboro into shale. With more pressure,nearly vertical! area, in a continuous belt of heat and time, the shale meta- With the beginning of the rocky ridges and cone-shaped morphosed into the dense slte Mesozoic Era, over 240 mil- hills. In order to understand found throughout the park. lion years ago, the mountains why this area is different topo- of the Piedmont began to graphically from other areas slate erode away. By the end of the in the Piedmont, one must Pliocene Epoch, 1.7 million consider the origin of the build- years ago, the Uwharries ing blocks of the mountains looked very similar to how the rocks. they appear today. The rocks which make up the

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 8. 1.1 78 Uwharrie Mountains are Pre- lent eruptions due to its very southward to Morrow Moun- cambrian in age but the land thick, viscous nature. It does tain. Hattaway is an L-shaped surface created by the erosion not flow very far or form gas ridge with the shorter axis is very young in geological bubbles, and develops a very extending westward. It has no terms. This is because the fine texture and extreme hard- definite summit, but rather a Uwharrie rocks were formed ness upon cooling. long ridge formation with 500 million years ago. These Because of its hardness and occasional dips at stream rocks were buried under six density, rhyolite deposits have heads. Rhyolite is less exten- miles of younger rocks which resisted the erosion which cut sive on these mountains. are now eroded away. Today away so much of the softer Fall Mountain, in the the extrusive lava-formed rock of the region. Nearly all northern section of the park, rocks, basalt and rhyolite, the Uwharrie mountaintops has an unusual rhyolite forma- are once again on the land's have rhyolite boulders on tion called a dike. The dike surface. them. The area's Native extends northeast from this The basalt is found in the Americans broke up some of summit all the way across the park as rounded these rhyolite boulders to make Yadkin River. Such forma- boulders at tools, leaving the black, gray tions are caused by lava seep- the bottom of and white slivers of rock found age through a large crack in hills or on on these mountains today. the earth. the hillside Rhyolite is the best natural At the point where this dike It was material found in the south- of hard, erosion-resistant rock formed eastern United States for mak- crosses the Yadkin River, the when lava ing stone tools which require a Great Falls of the Yadkin flowed, from volcanoes hard, sharp edge, such as spear formed. This was the largest or cracks in the earth, then and arrowheads, knives and waterfall in the state in terms cooled quickly. Basalt is a scrapers. The first evidence of of volume of water. The early heavy, grayish-green rock Native Americans in the area European explorer, John (green from the mineral chlo- dates back to 10,000 B.C. Lawson, visited this area in rite) with a very fine grain. a long time ago by human 1701 and described these falls Rhyolite is found on the topsstandards but a mere moment as being very large and beauti- of all the higher mountains in in geological time. ful. Dr. Frances Kron, who the Uwharries, where it has Many visitors to Morrow lived in the house which is acted as a hard, protective Mountain enjoy the impressivenow part of the park's histori- layer. Its chemical composi- view from the mountain's top. cal restoration, reported in tion is identical to the familiar Morrow Mountain is only 936 his diary that the noise of the granite, but granite has large feet above sea level but stands falls could be heard from his crystals in its structure because over 600 feet above the sur- front porch, which is over a it cooled slowly deep in the rounding country side. mile away and on the opposite earth, allowing time for the Sugarloaf and Hattaway side of Fall Mountain. Today, crystals to grow. Rhyolite on Mountains, lying just north of Alcoa's Falls Dam sits on the other hand, is very glassy Morrow Mountain, are well top of the rhyolite dike and in texture because, it was over 800 feet in elevation. Boththe falls are no longer seen cooled too quickly for crystals are quite massive. Sugarloaf is or heard. to form. Rhyolite flows from composed of a rounded peak, a volcano only during very vio-a spur and a ridge extending

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 8.1.2 August 1993 SCHEDULING WORKSHEET

Date request received Request received by

1) Name of group (school)

2) Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3) Day/date/time of requested program

4) Program desired and program length

5) Meeting place

6)Time of arrival at park Time of departure from park

7)Number of students Age range (grade)

8) Number of chaperones

9) Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies, health concerns, physical limitations)

11) Have you or your group participated in park programs before? If yes, please indicate previous programs attended:

If no, mail the contact person an Educator's Guide.

12) Are parental permission forms required? If yes do you have these forms? If not, mail contact person a Parental Permission form.

1, ,have read the entire Educator's Guide and understand and agree to all the conditions within it.

Return to: Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albemarle, North Carolina 28001

Morrow Mountain State Park. N(' 9.1 AuLitist 1993 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon he involved in an exciting learning adventurean environmental education experience at . Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs iiriprc.ve children's attitudes and performance Ina broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom" as safeas possible we ask that you provide the following information and sign at the bottom. Please note that insects, poison ivyand other potential risks are a natural part of any outdoor setting. We advise that children bring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please have them bring their medication and stress that they,or the group leader, he able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other health problems we should be aware of?

In case of an emergency, I give permission for my child to he treated by the attending physician. I understand that I would be notified assoon as possible.

Parent's signature date

Parent's name Home phone (please print) Work phone

Family Physician's name phone

Alternate Emergency Contact

Name phone

Morrow Mountain State Park. NC 9.2 August 1993 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS & RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the prograrn(s) you received. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

1. Program title(s) Date Program leader(s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the most interesting and useful?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting and useful?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)?

5. General comments

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHER ORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives or curriculum needs? If not. why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albemarle, North Carolina 28001 a

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 9.3 August 1993 Lh 3

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 10.1 August 1993 1

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 10.2 August 1993 1

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 10.3 August 1993 Morrow Mountain State Park. NC I0.4 August 1993 I.

Atv

_ArsomialL_

amarvamen. °mow Asp tow ftt.1116 w1=1111.111D., 11

,hiehattibanV,VOM

a Funding for this publication was generously provided by C P&L

N.C. Di \ ision of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment. Health, and Natural Resources A7rA

James B. I flint. Jr. Jonathan B. Howes Governor Secretary 4-93 I I .

Since its creation in 1916, the North Carolina State Parks System has provided its visitors with opportunities for educational experiences and programs. Through the years, we have continued to revise and update our programming to make it more informa- tive and more tailored to the needs of our state's school system. Our state park system provides a wonderful outdoor classroom for learning about our North Carolina heritage. Each of our unique state parks offers a variety of environmental education opportunities which highlight our state's natural and cultural resources. All of our environmental education programs are designed to meet the curriculum requirements of the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Subject areas covered include science, social studies, arts, guidance, math, healthful living and communication skills. The goal of our environmental education program is to generate an a, areness in all s. individual., which cultivates respon- 4 sible stewardship of the earth. ..4_,_#

,04A1,,py 1I I 1

1 1 /

Morrow Mountain State Palk lies at the heart of the southern piedmont region of North Carolina known as the Carolina Slate Belt. This area was once covered by a shallow sea in which volcanic islands formed over 500 million years ago. Although the inland sea islands and the lofty mountain range that the volcanoes eventually formed no longer exist, the rocks produced in this early period continue to play an important part in the appearance of the landscape today. The hard rocks produced by the lava flows, called basalt and rhyolite, have resisted the erosion of the Pee Dee River system more effectively than the softer volcanic slate that underlies much of the region. This differ- ence in erosion rates has produced the steep hills known as the Uwharrie Mountains. Archaeological research in the area has shown that Native Americans settled along the rivers of this region over 10,0(X) years ago. Excavated village sites show ample evidence, in the form of artifacts and burials, that large numbers of Native Americans occupied the area continuously until the 1720's. Early explorers who passed through the area described the Uwharries as a beautiful land of great trees, broad open savannahs and plentiful game, including elk, deer, bison, bear, cougar and wolf. Around 1930 there was local interest in establishing a state park at Morrow Mountain. A committee was formed and bonds were issued for the purchase of land. The land was given to the state and the park opened to the public in 1935. Much of the early construction work, including the impressive stone lodge, was undertaken by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression.

90 Program Options

A wide variety of outdoor educational programs is offered at Morrow Mountain State Park. Leaders may choose to conduct their own programs or to enlist the help of the park staff. The park's primary themes are geology, plant communities, water quality, cultural history and resource management. Programs in these and other areas are available to groups. Morrow Mountain State Park abounds with natural history and is an excellent place to teach ecology. environmental issues, biology, conservation, earth science, literature, math and geology. The park's cultural resources provide a wonderful outdoor classroom for learning about the history of Native Americans and the first European settlers in this area. The park museum has displays on topics ranging from the formation of the Uwharrie Mountains to the land's first inhabitants. The park's environmental education program is designed to provide learning opportunities using resources in the park. Students can experience the resources first-hand and understand the roles they play in our everyday lives. Groups are encouraged to visit the park during all seasons of the year for hikes, exploration, environmental education programs and 1$ activities. Outreach programs, .s in which the park staff visit the 0.8 0 schools, are also available. es'1* e,( , .1 ER Cx. . .6 0 0

v%'-a,.`,A. 1. " C-x o' 0 .°. Cf./ c

1* .:1E 1!.."" IA ,N1 1 t4:4 (1e .4 14 1 .t st.1 \-.t .5 ,1.°' S . 1 k?., 0 0 I

Kron House Restoration Area Dr. Francis Kron was one of the lust medical doctors in the southern piedmont of North Carana. He and his family moved to Stanly County in the mid-1800's His house, office and green- house have been rebuilt and are open to visitors throughout the 'year. North Carolina's largest Spanish chestnut tree, which Dr. Kron planted in the late 1800's, is found here.

Plant Communities The variety of ecological niches at Morrow Mountain State Park is reflected in the diversity of plant species and forest types. Distinct and easily recognizable plant communities in the park range from the chestnut-oak forests on the dry, rocky mountain slopes, to the floodplain forest where the loamy soil is constantly moist. Other plant communities in the park include the oak- hickory forest, bottomi1 hardwood, pine forest, old fields and open marshlands.

Wildlife Morrow Mountain is home to a wide variety of wildlife, ranging from the abundant white-tailed deer to small, inconspicuous insects found beneath the leaf litter. The diversity of habitats found in the park accounts for the many animal species. Among the most common mammals, reptiles and amphibians are fox, squirrel, skunk, bobcat, bats. 4, spring peepers, black rat snake and marbled salamander. Birds abound in the park with many standing dead trees providing nesting cavities for such birds as woodpeck- ers, owls, wood ducks, and chickadees, while along the lakeshore. great blue herons, ospreys, many varieties of waterfowl and bald eagles are frequently seen.

4 Trail Descriptions

Three Rivers Self-Guided Trail: Although only 0.6 mile long, this circular trail offers more ecological diversity and wildlife- viewing opportunities than many longer trails. The path winds through a swampy woodland to the riverbank, skirts an open marsh, then tops a small hill. From there, you can overlook the junction where the Yadkin and Uwharrie rivers form the Pee Dee River. A trail booklet, rich with information on natural history, as well as historic and prehistoric occupation of the area, is available at the park office. Laurel Self-Guided Trail: Many common trees of the upland hardwood forest are identified in the booklet accompanying this 0.6 mile circular trail that begins at the museum. In addition to mature oaks and hickories, the trail offers a hillside view of Sugarloaf Branch and winds through stands of pines which mark the location of old fields.Mountain laurel and pinxter flowers (azalea.dowering in May, are abundant on approximately half of this trail. Obtain the trail guide at the park office. Quarry Trail: A 0.6 mile walk (one way) along this trail affords an opportunity to view the bedrock that makes up this area. The twisted, upturned layers of volcanic slate, exposed by quarrying activities, are mute testimony to the cataclysmic formation of the Slate Belt some 400 million years ago. The bottom of this man- made gorge now harbors a heavy growth of ferns and moisture- loving wildflowers. Hattaway Mountain Trail: This 2 mile trail takes the hiker up the steep slopes of Hattaway Mountain, the third highest peak in the park. The mature forest of chestnut oaks and sourwoods along the flattened summit of Hattaway is typical of dry, rocky ridges in the Uwharrie Mountains. Rocks Trail: This 2.6 mile trail leads to a 35 foot high rock outcrop overlooking the Pee Dee River. Dense thickets of mountain laurel are found near the trail's end.

5 ;)3 1 I I

Mountain Loop Trail: This loop trail starts and ends at the picnic area on the summit of Morrow Mountain and windsfor 0.8 miles through the chestnut-oak forest and across two ridges as it circles the top of the mountain. Sugarloaf Mountain Trail: The large field at the beginning of this 2.8 mile trail is an excellent place to sec white-tailed deer, red-tailed hawks and songbirds. Climbing the slopes of Sugarloaf, the park's second highest mountain, the observant hiker can see the typical sequence of rocks found on volcanic peaks in the Uwharries: volcanic slate at the bottom, tuff (volcanic ash) on the mountain sides, and a hard, erosion resistant cap of rhyolite (volcanic flint) on the summit. The steep trail that completes the loop affords fine views of the valley of the PC.Q Dee River and Tater Top, a conical hill at the foot of Morrow Mountain. Fall Mountain Trail: At 4.1 miles, this rugged circular trail offers more of a wilderness experience than the other trails in the park. Many interesting flowering shrubs including mountain

laurel, horse-sugar, pinxter flower (azalea) and witch hazel can . be found on Fall Mountain. Cliff-like rock outcrops afford good views of the Yadkin River. Along this portion of the trail, one has an especially good chance of seeing such attractive birds as the kingfisher, great blue heron, osprey. wood duck and the pileated woodpecker. Hiking boots are recommended for crossing the sharp fragments of rhyolite near Falls Darn. Morrow Mountain Trail: Begin at the museum parking area and hike this 3 mile trail to the summit of Morrow Mountain. This trail utilizes portions of three other trails: Laurel Trail, Sugarloaf Mountain Trail and Mountain Loop Trail.It offers a secluded hiking experience through mature hardwood forest, crossing streams, and concluding with a strenuous 0.25 mile hike up the steep slopes of Morrow Mountain.

6 1

Groups are encouraged to visit the park during all seasons of the year for hikes, exploration. environmental education programs and activities. Leaders may choose to conduct their own activities or enlist the help of the park staff. To Make a Reservation Because our Environmental Education Learning Experiences involve additional park staff, it is necessary to contact the park at least one month in advance. For other types.of programs, including special requests, please contact the park at least two weeks in advance. Please provide the following information: Name of group (school). Name, address, work and home telephone numbers of the group contact person. Date and time of arrival and meeting place at the park. Departure time from the park. Number of participants and adult leaders. (Amaximum of 30 participants is recommended. Please have one adult leader per 10 students. Adult leaders are responsible for maintaining control of the group). Age range and/or special needs of the participants. Desired activities; assistance from park staff. Bad Weather Policy and Cancellations Our Environmental Education Leming Experiences are held outside. If weather conditions preclude us from conducting the program outside, we will provide a modified program at the park office. If you make a reservation for an Environmental Education Learning Experience (or another program) you may come regard- less of the weather or we can reschedule if you desire.If you wish to cancel or reschedule, please notify the park office as soon as possible. 05 1. Complete appropriate pre-visit activities in the Environ- mental Education Learning Experience packet. 2. Visit the park without the participants poor to the sched- uled group trip. This will give you a chance to become familiar with the park facilities and staff, and provide you with an opportunity to identify potential problems. 3. Discuss behavior expectations with adult leaders and participants when planning the trip. Discuss the park rules listed and emphasize safety. 4. Inform your group about poison ivy, ticks. snakes and insects. Discuss the need to use insect repellent from late spring through early fall. 5. Inform the group of the need to dress appropriately for the season. Shoes suitable for walking should be worn. 6. Have everyone wear a name tag. For safety, please color code them by groups. A buddy system for younger students is encouraged. 7. Group leaders are responsible for obtaining a consent form from each participant, including a list of any health considerations and special medical needs. These forms are available at the park office and from the Environmental Educa- tion Learning Experience packet. 8. If your group plans to collect any plant, animal or mineral within the park, a Research Activity permit is required. Contact the park office to obtain a permit application at least 30 days in advance of your visit. 9. Assigning jobs to students and/or leaders is recommended. Leaders could be responsible for lunches, moving groups from one area to another and enforcing rules. Please obey the following rules: 1. To help you get the most out of the experience, and increase the chances of observing wildlife, be as quiet as possible. 2. On hikes, walk behind the leader at all times. Assign an adult leader to be last and keep the group between these two pecple. Stay on designated trails and do not run. 3. All plants and animals within the park are protected. Harm- ing or disturbing plants and animals is prohibited in all State Parks. This allows all visitors the same opportunity to enjoy our natural resources. 4. Picnic only in the designated picnic areas. Help keep the park clean and natural; do not litter. 5. In case of accident or emergency contact the park staff immediately.

,Followinghe Trip

As soon as possible after the trip: 1. Complete the post-visit activities in the Environmental Education Learning Experience packet. 2. Build upon the field experiences and encourage participants to seek answers to questions and problems encountered at the park. 3. Relate the experience to classroom activities and curriculum through reports, projects, demonstrations, displays and presentations. 4. Give tests or evaluations, if appropriate, to determine if the students have gained the desired information from the experience. 5. File a written evaluation of the experience with the park. Evaluation forms are available at the park office and from the Environmental Education Learning Experience activity packet. 9 Park Facilities

Restrooms: ReFtrooms are available at the picnic areas, swimming pool, boathouse, park office and campground. Picnic Areas: Picnic areas with tables, shelters and grills are located at the top of Morrow Mountain and at the swimming area parking lot. Shelters may be reserved for a modest fee, or are available on a first come basis free of charge. Family Camping: Family camping is avL..able year-round on a first come basis. Each site has a grill, picnic table, trash can and gravel pad for vehicle parking: drinking water and modern shower facilities are located nearby. Electrical and water hookups are not available. The shower facilities are closed December 1 to March 15, but drinking water and pit toilets are provided. Group Camping: The group camping area, which has drinking water, pit toilets and picnic tables, is available by reservation. Groups are not allowed to stay in the family campground. Backpack Camping: Backpack camping is available. Check with a ranger for registration procedures. Swimming: The swimming pool area is open June 1st through Labor Day and is accessible to the physically disabled. The pool area includes a modern bathhouse and concession stand. Boat Rentals: Rowboat and canoe rentals are available from June 1st through Labor Day. Museum: A small museum containing information on geology ..d and cultural and natural hisory is available to your group upon request. Lodge: The lodge is a large building constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA). The park office is located here. The building is used for programs in inclement weather conditions. Cabins: There are six fully-equipped vacation cabins that may be reserved. Park Information

Location: Morrow Mountain State Park is located in Stan ly County, 6 miles east of Albemarle and is accessible from NC highways 24/27, 73 and 740.

Address: Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Road Albemarle, North Carolina 28001 Telephone: (704) 982-4402

Office Hours: Monday - Friday. 9 a.m. to Noon

Park Hours: November February 8:(X) a.m. to 6:00 p m. March. October 8:(X) a.m. to 7:00 p.m. April, May, September 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. June - August 8:0() a.m. to 9:00 p.m.

Weathered Slate

H 99 rrow ffetkroh- gial# LEGEND laAmphitheater El Boat Launch GBoat Rentals Boundary Line IN Bridle Trail Dump Station r] Family Camping Family Vacation Cabins EiGroup Camping riHiking Trail Fa Information In Museum 1:3 Park Office Picnicking APrimitive Camping ED Ranger Residence Road-Gravel Road-Paved

133Stank' Memorial Hospital704-983-4480 ElSwimming Pool

0 1 MI

AFTER HOURS EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Park ,II II8 kvd at spe.u18. hu h tar. \1111 the wasnn. Sh"uld an enwrgenc an,e .Stir the gal, ILL /I. Led.thineIsa patplume put,1k. the',ark nnu V. I mrttelicpm( Mute, arc po,ttql heurh, the f

Hiking Trails all (fountain: HattJway ovfountain: l aural: forrota %fountain: Mountain loop: Quarry: Rocks: Sugarloaf .11ountain: Three Rhers:

All bridle trails may be used for hiking.

1'_ Falls Dam

.; d

/*/) \ (')

......

'" ,) 11 ,R..ve.

lark e off .k.41:44

I lor,t. 1E11 Traticr 1.." ...... Parkingr ...... \ ,s

......

'WARMS, sAi lt

I: . Creek -4 r- r- n

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 500 copies of this public doiument mere printed at is ,:ust of S4 1 51X1 or S.83 per cop) .

® Printedon recded paper. 102 Educational Activities Available at Morrow Mountain State Park

Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albemarle, North Carolina 28001 Telephone: (704) 982-4402

The following is a list of educational programs offered by park staff at the park and as outreach programs. Ask park staff about new programs that may have beenadded to the list.

OLD AS THE HILLS An Environmental Education Learning Experience

DANGER! Unwary students may have fun while learning.

The environmental education learning experience, Old As The Hills, focuses on the geology of the Uwharrie Mountains and Morrow Mountain State Park. It includes an Educator's Activity Packet designed to provide environmental education through a series of hands-on activities, educator and student background materials, vocabulary, lists of curriculum areas and measurable objectives, references and worksheets. Devel- oped for grades 57, the activity packet offers environmental education while meeting established curriculum objectives of the North Carolina Department of Public Educa- tion in a variety of subject areas. Activities include pre-visit, on-site and post-visit activities. Students will be exposed to such major concepts as rock formation, weathering, resource management and preservation. Time required varies depending upon activities chosen.

Other Programs The programs listed below may be geared to any grade level and last approximately 1 hour.

Three Rivers Nature Trail Hike A self-guided or ranger-guided hike that introduces the unique early settlements in the area, as well as the abundant wildlife of the Uwharrie Mountains.

Kron Restoration Area Visit the old homesite of Dr. Kron and his family, who lived here in the 1800's. Dr. Kron was the first medical doctor in this area and was an avid horticulturist.

Raptors Curious about our national bird? Find out more about the bald eagle and other birds of prey, such as hawks and owls.

Native Americans Learn how Native Americans lived in this area before the arrival of European settlers.. 103 Plant Ecosystems Can't see the forest for the trees'? Discover the different forest types found in the park and the special requirements for each.

The White-tailed Deer Learn how the abundant white-tailed deer survives and adapts through the changing seasons.

Reptiles and Amphibians Get acquainted with some of the 5different species of reptiles and amphibians at Morrow Moun- tain State Park.

Reading Animal Signs Learn how to identify and read animal signs while exploring those left along the Pee Dee River.

Aquatic Life Learn about the fascinating life found in the waters in and around Morrow Mountain State Park.

Bird Life Want to learn more al-)out our feathered friends'? This program introduces you to the basics of studying birds, their habitats and adaptations.

Other programs are available on a wide range of topics. Our professional park staff will also develop a special program for your group upon request. Call the park office for further details. .

1 ()4