Old As the Hills. Morrow Mountain State Park: an Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 425 916 SE 061 913

TITLE Old as the Hills. Morrow Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation. PUB DATE 1998-03-00 NOTE 89p.; Revised edition of ED 376 025. For other documents in the series, see SE 061 912-914. AVAILABLE FROM North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Activity Units; Curriculum Guides; *Earth Science; Environmental Education; Field Trips; *Geology; Group Activities; Hands on Science; Instructional Materials; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Natural Resources; *Outdoor Education; *Petrology; *Science Education; Volcanoes IDENTIFIERS Erosion; *North Carolina; Rocks; *State Parks

ABSTRACT This curriculum packet was developed and designed to provide environmental education through a series of hands-on activities for the classroom and the outdoor setting of Morrow Mountain State Park, North Carolina to introduce students to the geology of the Uwharrie Mountains. Designed for grades 5 through 7, the packet meets the established curriculum objectives of the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Students are exposed to major concepts such as weathering, erosion, rock cycle, rock types, and geologic processes. The packet is divided into nine sections: (1) introduction to the North Carolina State Parks system, Morrow Mountain State Park, and the activity packet;(2) activity summary and correlation chart showing how each activity correlates with Department of Public Instruction objectives;(3) pre-visit activities on sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock formation;(4) on-site activities on rock types and characteristics of the Uwharrie Mountains;(5) post-visit activities to reinforce and review previous lessons;(6) vocabulary;(7) references;(8) an appendix summarizing the Uwharrie Mountains geology; and (9) a scheduling worksheet, permission form, and program evaluation form. All activities include curriculum objectives for each grade level, descriptions of location, group size, estimated time needed, materials needed, major concepts covered, and activity objectives, as well as background information for the educator, instructions, student information sheets, and worksheets. Most activities also include extensions and assessment tools. (PVD)

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Morrow Mountain State Park An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7

2 "Rocks and clay are part of lle,mbrilk They emerge in various form, yitat some time before, they were,smaller particles of greai boulders. At a later tzme they may again become what they owe were. Dust."

Leslie Marmon Silko, b. 1948 American Writer

BEST COPY AVAILABLE Funding for the original publication was generously provided by

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment and Natural Resources

11111111' NCDENR NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF Wayne McDevitt James B. Hunt, Jr. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Governor Secretary Other Contributors...

John Callahan, Ph.D., Geologist;

Cumberland County School System;

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction;

The N.C. GeologiCal Survey;

The N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources;

and 'the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

500 copies of this public document were printed at a total cost of $3,673 or $7.35 per copy.

ePrinted on recycled paper. 3-98

5 Table of Contents

1. 'Introduction Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System 1.1 Introduction to Morrow Mountain State Park 1.2 Introduction to the Activity Padket for Morrow Mountain State Park 1.3

2. Activity Summary 2.1 Correlation Chart 2.5

3.Pre-Visit Activities_ *1 Layer on Ldyer 3.1 #2 Cooking, Volcano Style 3.2 *3 Hard Rock Crayola 3.3 #4 ,Cracking Up 3.4

4. Oh-Site Activities #1 Rock ID 4.1 #2 Water Over The Rocks 4.2

5. Post-Visit Activities #1 What's Your Crystalline Structure? 5.1 111 #2 Geology Jeopardy 5.2

6. Vocabulary 6.1

7. References 7.1 8. Appendix Summary of the Uwharrie Mountains Geology

9. Fornds 9.1f

10. Notes 10.1.

iv Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System

reserving and protecting That was in 1915. The As one of North Carolina's PNorth Carolina's natural North Carolina State Parks principal conservation agen- resources is, actually a rela- System has now been estab- cies, the Division of Parks tively new idea. The seeds of lished for more than three- and Recreation is responsible the conservation movement quarters of a century. What for the more than 144,000 were planted'early in the 20th started out as One small plot acres that make up our state century when citizens were of public land has grown into parks system. The Division alerted to the devastation of 59 properties across the state, manages these resources for Mount-Mitchell. Logging including parks., recreation the safe enjoyment of the pub- was destroying a well-known lic, and protects and preserves landmark- the highest peak them as a part of the heritage east of the Mississippi. As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests of to come. this mile-high peak fell to An important component the lumbermen's axe, of our stewardship of these ' alarmed citizens began lands is education. Through to voice their opinions. our interpretation and environ- Governor Locke Craig mental education services, joined them in their efforts the Division of Parks and to save Mount Mitchell. Recreation strives to offer Together they convinced enlightening programs which the legislature to pass a bill areas, trails, rivers, lakes lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell and natural areas. This vast apPreciation of our natural as the first state park. network of land boasts some resources. The goal of our

of the most beautiful scenery environmental education . in the world and offers endless program is to generate an recreation'opportunities. But awareness in all individuals our state parks system offeti which cultivates responsible much more than scenery and stewardship of the earth. recreation. Our lands and wa- For more information contact: ters contain unique and valu- able archaeological, NC Division of Parks and geological and biological Recreation resources that are important P.O. Box 27687 parts of our natural heritage. Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 919/ 733-PARK -e-mail: http://ils.unc.edu parkproject/ncparks.html

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 1. 1 August 1993 Introduction to Morrow Mountain State Park

irst-time visitors to Mor- deeply,buried, folded, tilted the suminer of 1939. Early Frow Mountain State Park on edge and fmally exposed development was a coopera- are often surprised to find at the earth's surface. Today tive effort of the Civilian such mountainous terrain in the harder metavolcanic rocks Conservation Corps and the south-central North Carolina. form the mountain peaks, Work Projects Administra- The Uwharrie Mountains lie while the softer metasedi- tion. Work crews constructed on the eastern edge of the mentary rocks line many of many of the park's facilities, Piedmont plateau, forming a the stream valleys. including the stone bathhouse. barrier of steep hills and In the 1930's, a local Com- Today, the park comprises al- ridges between the Coastal mittee began to generate inter- most 5,000 acres of the Plain and the gently rolling est in a state park in the area: Uwharrie landscape. Piedmont. By 1937, the committee had Morrow Mountain State About 600 million years acquired more than 3,000 ,Pafk affords the student the ago; this area was part of a acres of land, much of it do- opportunity to study basic chain of volcanic islands sur- nated by the citizens of Stanly rock types and the geological rounded by a shallow sea. County. processes of mountain build- Layers of volcanic ash, lava As a result of their efforts, ing, volcanism, weathering and sediment were deposited Morrow Mountain State Park and erosion. in this sea. Later, they were was opened to the public in For more information contact: Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albemarle, NC 28001 (704) 982-4402

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 Introduction to the Activity Packet for Morrow Mountain State Park rrhe Environmental Edu- the post-visit activities to listed in the back of the cation Learning Experi- reinforce concepts, skills andactivity packet. A list or ence (EELE), Old as the vocabulary learned in the reference materials used in Hills, was developed to pro- pre-visit and on-site activi- developing the activities vide environmental educationties. These activities m4 be follows the voc.abulary list. through a series of hands-on performed independently or A summary of the geology activities geared to Morrow in a series to build upon the of the Uwharrie Mountains Mountain State Park. This students' newly gained is also located at the end of activity packet is designed knowledge and experiences. this activity packet. to introduce the student to The environmental educa- To make these learning the geology of the Uwharrie tion learning experience, Oldexperiences on geological Mountains. It is targeted for as the Hills, will expose stu- processes more effective, we the 5th through 7th grades dents to the following major encourage the students to and meet's established cur- concepts: create a notebook of all their riculum Objectives of the Weathering activities, drawings and North Carolina Department Erosion worksheets. of Public Instruction. Rock cycle This document was de- .There are three types of Rock types signed to be reproduced, in activities in this packet; pre- Geologic processes part or entirety, for use' in visit activities, on-site activi- Vocabulary words used North Carolina classrooms. ties and post-visit activities. throughout this environmen- If you wish to photocoPy or On-site activities will be tal education learning experi-adapt it for other uses; please conducted at the park, while ence appear in bold type the credit the NC Division of pre-visit and post-visit activi-first time they are used in an Parks and Recreation. ties are designed for the activity. Their definitions are classroom environment. Pre- visit activities should be introduced prior to the park visit so the students will have the necessary backgroun and vocabulary for the \ on-site activities. We anticline ., encourage you to use Isyncline ,

fault jV,.. Yr Illustration of z Pre-Visit Activity #1 Layer On Layer. -bils1101.1011

Morrow Mountain State Park, -SIC 1. 3 August 1993 9 The following outiine provides a brief summary of each activity, the major concepts introduced and the objectives met by completion of the activity. I. Pre-Visit Activities

- The pre-visit activities are designed to introduce the student to the different rock types: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. Students will also learn hoW these rocks are formed, how to recognize them and how they erode. *1 'Layer On Layer (page 3.1) Through layering soils into water, students will learn how sedimentary rocks are formed.

Major Concepts: Sedimentary rock formation Sedimentation

Objectives: . Describe how sedimentary rock is forthed and list three typical soils that make up sedimentary rock. Describe how metamorphic rock is made from sedimentary rock. Describe what happens to rock when powerful forces within the earth begin to shift, move and compress sediments.

#2 Cooking, Volcano Style (page 3.2) Through making peanut brittle,.students will learn how igneous rock is formed.

Major Concepts: Igneous rock formation Lava Magma

Objectives: Name the two types of igneous r_ocks and explain how each is formed. Name two rocks found at the park that originated from volcanoes. Explain how the Uwharries can be made of old volcanic rock, yet are not extinct volcanoes. 1 0 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2. 1 August 1993 #3 Hard Rock Crayola (page 3.3) Through this activity students will learn how sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocksare formed and will be introduced to the rock cycle.

Major Concepts: Rock cycle Mechanical weathering Sedimentary rock formation Metamorphic rock formation Igneous rock formation

Objectives: List the three main rock types. Describe how these three rock types are formed. Explain the rock cycle. Describe four processes by which one rock type changes into another. Name two metamorphic rocks found in the park; one should havean igneous origin and the other should have, a sedimentary origin.

#4 Cracking Up (page 3.4) Through this activity, students will learn the importance of freezing water in the breaking down of rocks.

Major Concepts: Weathering Environmental changes Erosion Hypothesis testing

Objectives: Write and test hypotheses on what happens to water when it freezes. State what happens to water when it freezes and how the freezing of water can shape the land. Explain how sediments suspended in water or ice shape the land.

1 .1 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.2 August 1993 II. On-Site Activities The on-site activities are designed to familiarize the student with the specific rOck types of the Uwharrie MountainS, their characteristics and where they are found in the park. Before Coming to the park, students and educators should read the Summary of the Geology of the Uwharrie Moun- tains in the Appendix.

*1 Reck ID (page 4.1) Through this activity, students.will be able to identify and ifame the characteristics of five differentrocks found in the park.

Major Concepts: Rock formation Rock characteristics Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks

Objectives: Identify three common rocks found at Morrow Mountain State Park and explain their origins. List three rock characteristics that geologists use in the identification process. Describe how various groups of people have used the rocks and minerals found at the park through time. #2 Water Over The Rocks (page 4.2)

_ On a geological hike through a quarry located in tbe park, the students will observe firsthand the effects of geologic proces,ses on the landscape.

Major Concepts: Erosion Water cycle Rock cycle Use of stone

Objectives: Name one natural and one unnatural thing that have greatly affected the weathering of the rocks-in the park. Explain how metamorphic rocks are formed and name one common to this area. Explain how sedimentary rocksare formed and how they are layered. Explain why rocks found in this area are no longer in a horizontal plane. Identify- two geologic formations found in the quarry. Observe and record the effects of moving water on rock surfaces. Name the type of stone used for building material in the park and explain why it was used.

1 9 Moirow Mountain State Park, NC 2.3 AUgust 1993 III. Post-Visit Activities The post-visit activities are designed to reinforce and review previous lessons, and to broaden the student's understanding of geology. *1 What's Your Crystalline Structure? (page 5.1) This activity will reinforce the geological vocabulary to which the students have been exposed.

Major Concepts: Geologic processes Geologic cycle Vocabulary

Objectives: Name the three basic rock types and explain, how they are formed. List two geologic processes. Describe what a rock is and name two rocks common to this area. *2 Geology Jeopardy (page 5.2) Through participation in this geological version of the popular television-game shOw, the iniportant conCepts, facts and processes covered in this entire activity packet will be reinforced.

Major Concepts: Rock formations Landforms Rock composition Use of native stone GEN oGli JEOPARDY

Objectives: 100 100 100 List the three most common rocks found 200 200 200 in the park and state which rock is highly resistant to erosion. 300 300 300 Explain how sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks are formed. Name two local rocks and tell how they have been used by , humans in this area.

3 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.4 August 1993 , Correlation Chart

. . . Note,,to classroom teachers:The following Correlation Chart shows how each activity in this Environmental Education Learning Experience (EELE) correlates with the North Cardina Department of Public Instruction (DPI) objectives in science, mathematics, social studies and English language arts. The activities are listed in the order in which they appear in this EELE. The recommended grade levels are listed along the side of the chart. Notice that only the objective numbers are listed. Use your DPI Teacher Handbook for each subject area to get a complete description of the objectives in that subject area.

Pre-Visit Activity #1: Layer on.Layer, p. 3.1.1 S .

_ Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics'

2.10, 2.13, 2.14, 2.1,2.2,2.3 4.1, 4.3; 5.5 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, _.1,1 1.2, 1.3, ,6 2.10, 2.13; 2.14, 2.1, 2.2, 2'.3 4.1, 4.3, 6.5 , 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 1.1, 1.2-, 1.3,

2 101 2.13 12.141 ,2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4 3

2.1, 2.4, 2.7:2.8 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 2.10, 2.13, 2.14, . 2.1, 2.2,2.3' 4.1, 4.3, 6.1

. Pre-Visit'Activity #2: Cooking, Volcano Style,p. 3.2.1

Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics

- 2.1,2.3, 2.4, 2:.5,. 2.10; 2 14, 3 1:, 1.1,2.3 4.1, 5.5 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 2.10, 2.14, 3.1, .1.1,1.2,1.3,2.1 4.1,4.2

. 4.1, 6.4, 6.5 . 2.1, 2.3, 2.4,.2 5, 7 ;2.10, 2.14, 3.1, 1.1,1.2,1.3,2.1 , 11.-1,,4.2:

4.1, 6.1 -

2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 _ . 2.10, 2.14, 3.1, 1.1,1.2,1.3,2.1 . 4.1, 6.1

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.5 August 1993 ( 14 Correlation Chart Pre-Visit Activity #3: Hard Rock CraYola, p. 3.3.1-

Grade gcience English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, . 5 2.10, 2.14, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 4.1, 5.5 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6 2.10, 2.14, 3.1, 4.1 4.1, 6.5 2.1,2.2 2.1' 2.2,-24' 2.6' 2.10, 2.14, 3.1, 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 4.1 4.1, 6.1 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8 2.10, 2,14, 3.1, 2.1, 2.2 . 4.1, 6.1

Pre-Visit Activity #4: Cracking Up, p. 3.4.1

Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics

2.1, 2.4, 2.6 2.7;;: . 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 5 2.10, 2.14," 4.1, 5.5 2.2, 2.3

. . 2.1, 2.4, 2.6,.2.7; . 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.10, 2.14, 2.1, 2.2 4 .1, 6.5 2.1,, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.10, 2.14, 2.1, 2.2 4.1 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, - 8 2.10, 2.14, 2.1, 2.2 .

1 5

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.6 August 1993 Correlation Chart

On-Site Activity #1: Rock ID, p. 4.1.1 ,

Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics

2, 2.4, 3 , 1.1; 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 8.1, 5.2 . 2.2, 2.3, 4 3 Skill Goal I 5.3

2.1, 2.2, 2.4,.3.1, . 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, , 6 3.3, 4.1, _2.1, 2.2 6.5 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 1.1,1.2, 1.3, '7 3.1, 3.3, 2.1, 2.2 4.1 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 1.1,, 1.2, 1.3, 1 .,3, 2.2 2.1,2.2 Skill Goal I 4.1 '

On-Site Activity #2: Water Over Rocks, p. 4.2.1 .

Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics

2.1, 2 2,2.3, 2.4, 1 1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1' 3.1, 5.1, 5.2

2.6, 2 7 3 1 94 1/ 2.3,4.3 Skill Goal I 4.3, 5 ,5.5 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 1.1, 1.2, 13, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 4.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.3, 6.5 .3.1

2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, , 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 7 2.6, 21, 3 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1

' 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.3 8 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 4.1, _ 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1 Skill Goal I

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1 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 2.7 August 1993 Correlation Chart . ,I Post-Visit Activity #1: What's Your Crystalline Structure? p. 5.1.1

Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics

2.10, 5.5 1.1

6 2.10, 6.5 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

7 2.10 1.1; 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

8 2.10, 6.1 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

Post-Visit Activity #2: Geologi Jeopardy,.p. 5.2.1

Grade Science English Lang. Arts Social Studies Mathematics .

3.1 5 2;10, 5.5 , 1.1 Skil)Goals I & II . ,

, 2.10, 6.5 1.1, 1.2, 1:3,2.1

7 2.10 1.1,. 1.2, 1.3,2.1

2.10, 6.1 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,2.1

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC . 2.8 August 1993 Pre-Visit Activity #1 Layer on Layer

Major Concepts: Curriculum Objectives: Location: Grade 5 Classroom Sedimentary mac Communication Skills: formation listening, reading, vocabu- Group Size: SedimentatiOn lary and Viewing compre- 30 or less hensioh Objectives: Guidaride: group Cooperation Estimated Time: Science: earth science One hour Describe how sedimen-, Social Studies: organize and tary rock is formed and analyze information, draw Materials: list three typical soils that conclusions, participation Provided by the educator: make up sedimentary small aqurium, 2-liter 'Clear rock. Grade 6 . plastic soda bottles with the Conimunication,Skills: tops cut off (one per group), Describe how metamor- listening, reading, vocabu- sand*, clay*, water and phic gick imade from lary and viewing compre- leaves sedimentary rock. hensiOn Per student: "Layer on Layer" Describe what happens Guidance: group interaction worksheq, pencil to rock when powerful Science: earth science Social Studies: gather, (*Any type of fine material that forces within the earth organize and analyze infor- will settle in water can be used begin to shift, move and mation, draw conélusions for the sand and the clay. compress sediments. Preferably, the materials Grade 7 should be of several different Educator's Information: Communication Skills: colors so the layering effect listening, reading, vocabu- can easily be seen. Powdered larYand viewing compre- paints mixed with plaster of During this activity, the hension Paris, sand, etc., could be students will create their Guidance: being responsible used. Make sure none float.) own sedimentary layers in in a group thuch the same way they were Science: soils Social Studies: gather, created years ago. The students organize and analyze infor- will use sand and clay instead mation, draw conclusions of ashes to show layering.

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.1 18 August 1993 oreT otruni MUM APtl r- Student's Information:

Sedimentary rock can be argillite faulted, and tilted to formed in a variety of ways. the extent that the Running water, such as a river, layers visible in will deposit sediments along the park's aban- flood plains and deltas. Volca- doned quarry noes spew out ash which will are tilted nearly settle on land or in bodies of vertical! water. Under the proper conditions and with enough Pres- Sortie of the argillite has re- Folded rock units have two sure, these sediments will be- verted back to a soft, brownish common forms in, this area. come sedimentary rock. , colored rock known as weath- The folds, which are basin- When eXposed to greater ex- ered argillite. This has oc- like, or bowl-shaped are 'called tremes of heat and pressure, curred as six miles of earth and synclines. The ones that are sedimentary rock can become rock above the argillite eroded metamorphic rock. away: This erosion greatly hill-like or humped are called lessened the pressure that had anticlines (see Figure 1). Geologists have found evi- been on the *Mite and ex- Sedimentary rock and meta- dence deep in the earth that posed it to' weathering. morphosed sedimentary rock the Uwharrie Mountains were Weathered argillite is some- are the rock types in which once a flat sea bottom. This times mistakenly called shale. fossils of plants and animals. tranquil sea was disturbed Although weathered argillite are found. Fossils are formed by powerful forces within appears much like shale, shale in a process where plants and the earth that began to cause is a sedimentary rock, whereas animals are snrrounded by silt. changes 500 million years ago. the weathered argillite is a The organic material is then The changes caused volcanoes slightly metamorphosed rock slowly changed chemically to to form, spewing ash and lava. undergoing decomposition. a rock-type matrix. However, For millions of years, ash fossils are rarely found in the from these volcanoes fell into argillite of fins area for several the surrounding sea and weathered argillite reasons. The rocks are very slowly settled into sediment old (over 500 million layers thousands of feet thick. years), which means In time, due to the weight of that when these the sea above them and the rocks were form- ever increasing depth of the ing, life was re- sediments, the layers of ash stricted to oceans turned into soft sedimentary and rivers. Also, rocks such as shale and mud- most of these life stone. Later, with deep burial forms were soft-bodied, so (perhaps over six 'miles deep), After the argillite-forming they did not fossilize well. these soft rocks were meta- era, pressure from inside the However, against all odds, morphosed, or changed by earth caused much uplifting of three fossils have been found heat and pressure, into a harderthe rook layers. These layers in argillite in Stanly County. rock called argillite. Argil lite are seldom found in a' horizon- All three fossils are of an ani- can be found within the park. tal position, even though that is the way they were-formed. mal called a pteridinium. Instead they are folded,

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.2 19 August 1993 There are deposits of argil- sils in the rocks. Both argillite' lite in Morrow Mountain State and weathered argillite are eas- Park but, so far, fossils have ily seen along the creek beds, not been found in them. When road cuts and in the abandoned you visit the park, look for fos- flagstone quarry.

Figure 1 anticline syncline a. Rocks uplifted and folded, so the beds create anticlines and synclines.

4 N. / r.1 s.4S. S. N.s. r F F F 1 / r.1 F F F F r / / / / / /7. / S. N. N. N. N. 1N s.\ / / / / .0 F F F F .0 / 1 S. \ \ N. N.\ 1 / .1/ / / / , .1/ / / / / / / /1 / 4 4/ s./ 4I S./N.

b. Rock uplifted and tilted so the beds are at an angle or tilt. tilt

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 3.1.3 2 0 I ITtirr I

-II II II II

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," Instructions: 5. After the first layer has 8. Ask the students to hypoth- 1. Divide the students into settled, add a layer of sand (theesize what will happen to the groups of four, with a con- second material). Then add horizontally layered sedi- tainer, water and portions of one or. two leaves to symbolize ments as you ptish the card- clay and sand available to eachfossils embedded in the sedi- board toWards the other end. group. Make sure one group mentary,rock. Continue mak- Have them write down their of students uses an aquarium, ing layers, alternating the clay hypothesis. or you can complete the activ- and sand materials, until there ity in the aquarium as a dem- are a minimum of eight layers. 9. Slowly move the cardboard, onstration. Remember to let the soil or, pushing and compressing the sand settle for about a minute layers of sand and clay. By 2. Eackgroup Should fill their before adding the next layer. doing this you are changing container about halfway with the position of the layered soil water. 6. After the fmal layer has that was deposited in the still settled, have-the students ob- water of the aquarium. This

3. Have the students, very . serve the results in their con- change in position of the sedi- slowly, sprinlde some clay tainer and make a sketch of ments can be used to represent soil (or whatever material they the container with its different the rocks in the earth that are are using) into the container layers on the worksheet.. The' folded, faulted and changed of water to create a complete students should be sure to by movement in the earth's layer across the bottom. include the leaf "fossil" in crust. If you want, take your their sketch. cardboard out and thrust it 4. Allow all of the deposited through the layers to show material to settle to the bottom 7. Using the aqUarium as a ,breaking and faulting. Have of the container. (Timing will demonstration, take a stiff the students draw and write vary depending on the materialpiece of cardboard or similar doWn the results of this com- used; generally it will take device and place it through the pression and label the new about one minute.) layers to the bottom at one geolokic formations. end of.the aquarium. 10. Discuss whether their hypothe-ses were supported or not, and why.

11. Be sure to discuss the following question How are'sedimentary deposits, such as those which formed the rock found at Morrow Mountain State Park, formed naturally? (They can be soils, rock fragments or the ash from volcanoes that are carried,by wind or water and deposited in a layered fashion which pro- duces results similar to-those

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1. 2 August 1993 you can see in this activity. ment frequently show cross- Suggested Extension: Note: Sedimentary rock and bedding, where layers are ori- metamorphic rock that is pro-ented at an angle, one to an- 1. The making of a multi-layer dubed from sedimentary rock other.) cake is also a way of showing often show this layering effect. ? Vertically? layers. You could explain that Some of the metamorphic (No.) the cake batter changes from rocks found at,Morrow Moun- ? If the layers are tilted its wet stage, by a process of tain State Park started out as before they set up, what would time and heat, into solid layers. volcanic ash that formed layershappen? at the bottom of inland seas.) (They would get jumbled 2. The making of jello in ? Which layer is the oldest? and not show layers clearly.) layers can also be done to (Usually the bottom layer.) ? What happens when show layers. (Both the layered ? Which is the youngest? they're tilted after they set up? cake and "jellology" activities (Usually the top layer.) (They fold and fault. This are available-in the park's ? Why are sediments often should corroborate that the files.) deposited in parallel layers? "uplift" and movernent that (Due to gravity and the occurred in the Uwharrie even distribution of sediments Mountains happened after the in still water.) sedimentary rock was depos- ? Can the soil be layered on ited.) a slope? ? What do the leaves repre- (Not usually; however, sen0 sand can be layered on a slope (Fossils, that are rare in as it is moved around by wind nature but have been found in and water currents in a beach the metamolphosed sedimen- environment. Sandstones tary rock of this area.) formed in this type of environ-

anticline syncline

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.6 August 1993 0 .:1 eet Pre-Tda&druil Laye113 em La ,

1. Draw the newly formed "sedimentary" rock, with fossil.

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, 2. _What will happen to the horizontally layered sediments when pressed from the_side?

. . 3. What actually happened?

, 4. Draw the compressed "sedimentary" rock. Label on your drawing the geologic formations created by this process.

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.7 2 4 August 1993 4 LC 0 ' _

1. Draw the newly formed "sedimentary" rock, with fossil.

, 2. What will happen to the horizontally layered sediments when pressed from the side? (ANSWER: They will be compressed together to form folds; the basin-like or bowl shaped ones are called synclines; the hill-like or humped ones ore called anticlines.).

3. What actually happened? ,

4. Draw the compressed"sedimentary" rock. Label on yourdrawing the geologic formations created by this process.

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.8 25 August 1993 a II

Curriculum Objectives: Estimated Time: 1 hour Grade 5 ,ommunication Skills: Miterials: listening, reading and view- Provided by thd edudator: ing comprehension One per group: hot plate, cookie Guidance: group interaction sheet, candy thermometer, Healthful Living: school measuring cup, measuring safety spoons, spatula, 1 cup light Science: earth science, envi- corn syrup, 2 cups sugar, ronment . 1 cup water, 2 cups raw pea- Mathematics: measurement nuts, 114 teaspoon baking soda, Social Studies: gather, 1/4 teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon Educator's Information: otganize, and analyze infor- butter or margarine plus mation, draw conclusions, enough extra to grease the rphrough the making of cooperation cookie sheet, 1 heavy medium-sized skillet it peanut brittle, this activity Grade 6 shows how heating and eool- Communication Skills: Special Considerations: ing changes the structure of listening, reading, vocabu- Caution should be used as the rocks. Just as the sugar starts lary'and viewing compre- hot plate 'and peanut brittle off aS a solid and is changed hension will reach temperatures of Guidance: group interaction over 290 degrees Fahrenheit. by heat into a liquid, magma Healthful Living: recre- is solid rock that has been ational and home safety melted below the earth's sur- Mathematics: measurement face. When it reaches the Science: earth science Major Concepts: earth's surface it is called lava. Social Studies: gather, organize and analyze infor- Igneous rock formation Peanut brittle compares to lava mation, draw conclusions Lava in many ways. Magma They both flow very easily Grade 7 in their liquid state. Communication Skills: Objectives: Lava will flow over and listening, reading, vocabulary and viewing compre- Name the two types of ig- around rocks just as the hension neous rocks and exPlain "brittle" will.surround the pea- Guidance: group coopera- how each is formed. nuts in this activity. Rocks that tion Name two rocks found in are surrounded by lava but Mathematic8: measurement retain their integrity and are Social Studies: gather, the park that originated organize and analyze infor- from volcanoes. not melted are called xeno- mation, draw conclusions Explain how the Uwharrieliths. In this activity the pea- Mountains can be made ofnuts represent xenoliths. Location: volcanic rocks, yet are not Both the "brittle" and lava Classroom extinct volcanoes. change fron-i a liquid to a solid Group Size: state very quickly. 30 students; one adult super- The heating and melting visor for every ten students. of the "ingredients" oi both is suggested, one adult per five students is preferred, peanut brittle and rocks causes changes in them, chemically especially for students in the - lower grades and physically.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE August 1993 Instructions: crack stage (290 degrees times engulfs other rocks but Fahrenheit), stirring constantly. 1. Read the following instruc- leaves them intad. In this Remove from heat. tions to the students: activity, the peanuts represent e. Add butter and baking soda;such rocks which are called a. Blanch 2 cups unroasted stir. Mixture will bubble. Pour xenoliths. peanuts (raw Spanish peanuts onto greased cookie sheet. Will not need blanching). To Cool partially by lifting around blanch, cover the peanuts with edges with spatula. Keep aYT boiling water for 3 minutes; then run cold water over them. es Remove coating. La.. qr. . 4, e ...."" ...3. 47...;, -- b. Grease cookie sheet. 4i.. ... ti' e ".ek...s.".. c. Conthine sugar,light( <,` - A, ' \,. , Suggested extensions: corn syrup and water in.a spatula moving under mixture heavy skillet. Cook slowly, so it doesn't stick. When firm 1. Conyert the recipe measure- using the hot plate, stirring un- but still warm, turn over. Breakments to metric. (See conver- til the-sugar dissolves. Check into pieces when cool. sion table.) the temperature using the candy thermometer. Remove 2. Be Sure to discuss the fol- 2. Make brownies. The batter from heat while testing tem- lowing points: The rocks that will repreSent the earth in its perature. 'Cook to the soft-ball formed the Uwharrie Moun- molten state 4 1/2 billion years stage (238 degrees Fahrenheit).tains, of which Morrow ago. The cooking represents Mountain State Park is a part,' the condensing and_heating of are the result of volcanic erup- the earth as it changed irito a tiOns. Volcanic eruptions are more solid- sphere. The baked the process by which solid browthes, with their harder rocks are heated tO a melting crust and softer, interior would point just as the sugar is in be the earth with its solid, this activity. When the rocks igneous crust and softer mantle beneath. The bottom of the pan would be the earth's core .which is believed to be made of heavy metals such as iron, nickel and lead. However, unlike the solid pan, whioh reaches a temperature of 290 degrees Fahrenheit, the earth's cool, the structure of the rockS core is believed to be in a d. Add nuts and salt to mixturechanges greatry just as the in-' molten state with a temperature and continue to heat, Checking gredients of this-recipe are of 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. the temperature using the candychanged. Molten lava that thermometer. Cook to hard- flows from a, volcano some- 27

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.2 August 1993 Student s Inform

Igneous rock has two onto the earth's surface. In thisigneous terms s rhyolite and forms: intrusive and extrusive. stage it is Called lava. Lava on basalt because the park rocks Intrusive igneous rock is the earth's surface cools much resemble freshly made basalt melted rock; called magma, faster,than the intrusiVe form and rhyolite from other parts which never reaches the earth'strapped beneath the surface. of the-workl. However, ge- surface but Cools slowly withinRhyolite and basalt are two ologists classify the rhyolite it. Granite is a good example examples of extnisive igneous and-basalt at Morrow Moun- of this type of igneous rock. mck. tain as metaVolcanic rocks Intrusive rock such as granite A slightly altered (metamor-metamorphic rocks that origi- becomes exposed on the phosed) form of these roCks nated from volcanoes but earth's surface due to-erosion occurs at Morrow Mountain were later changed by heat of the soil and rock above,it. State Park. The rhyolite and and pressure. Extrusive igneous rock is basalt found here are meta- If Morrow Mountain has formed when magma (molten morphic rocks, not true igne- rocks that come from volca- rock) spews'out of a volcano ous rocks. Geologists use the noes, where are the volcanoes 23 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.3 August 1.993 today? Long after the volca- rocks, the hard metavolcanic tinct volcanoes. Rather, they noes became extinct, the . rocks were exposedat the are made of very old rhyolite and basalt were earth's surface. Today, these metavolcanic rock that is deeply buried, then later ancient rocks form the peaks interlayered with other kinds folded and pushed up. Dur- of the Uwharrie.Mountains. of rock. ing mountain building, these (The rhyolite is especially re- volcanic rocks were slightly sistant to erosion and forms a altered, or metamorphosed. protective cap over softer After millions of years of ero- rocks below.) Remember sion removed the overlying the Uwharries are NOT ex-

Metric Conversion Table For Volume Symbol When You KnowMultiply By To Find Symbol

tsp teaspoon 5 milliliter ml Tbsp tablespoon 15 milliliter ml fl oz flUld ounCe 30 milliliter ml cup 0.24 liter pt pint 0.47 liter, qt quart 0.95 liter gal gallon. 3.8 liter

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.2.4 August 1993 Explain the rock cycle. Credits: Curriculum Objectives: Describe four processes Grade 5 This activity has been adapted Communication Skills: from "Color Me Metamor- by which one rock type listening, reading, vocabu- phic" by Donald L. Birdd, The Changes into another. lary and viewing compre- Science Tedcher, April 1990, Name two metamorphic hension pp. 21-26. rocks found in the park; Guidance: group cooperation one should have an igne- Healthful Living: recre- Maierials: ational and school safety Provided by the educator: ous origin and the other Science: earth science, Per group: hot plate, oven mit- should have a sedimen- environment tens, petri dish or fmger bowl, tary origin. Mathematics: measurement aluminum foil (45cm.x 45cm), Social Studies: organize and three aluminum foil pie trays, analyze information, draw wax paper, a metal or wooden conclusions, participation trivet, newspapers Per student: "Rock Cycle" and Grade 6 "Hard Rock Crayola" work- Communication Skills: sheets, safety goggles, pencil listenihg, reading, vocabu- sharpener or carrot peeler, lary and viewing compre- candles or four to six crayons hension, study skills of the same color (red, green, Guidance: group cooperation blue, or yellow), envelope Healthful Living: recre- Per class: one or more vises with Educator's Information: ational and home safety two boards (12.5 cm x 20 cm), 'Mathematics: measurement rock samples Many students have a Science: earth science Social Studies: gather, Special Considerations: difficult time under- organize and analyze infor- Take proper safety precautions. standing the abstract concept mation, draw conclusions The hot plate and hot crayon of the rock cyde, the process wax can cause burns. The vik by which sedimentary, meta- Grade 7 can pinch/crush fmgers. morphic, and igneous rocks Communication Skills: listening, reading, vocabu- are transformed into and from lary and viewing compre- one another. The students can hension, study skills see rock examples in the class- Guidance: group cooperation Major Concepts: room; the difficulty lies in Mathematics: measurement their inability to visualize just Social Studies: gather, Rock eycle organize and analyze infor- Mechanical weathering how these rock samples were mation, draw conclusions Sedimentary rock forma- formed. The following activity tion will give the students the -Location: ' Metamorphic rock for- opportunity to "see" the rock Classroom/science lab mation cycle through a series of simu- Group Size: Igneous rock fornriation lations of mechanical weather- 30 students or less, divided ing, erosion, and formation into six groups Objectives: of sedimentary, metamorphic List the three main rock and igneous rock. The activity Estimated Time: Two to four hours types. can be done as one continuous Describe how these three process or can be broken down rock types are formed. into five separate parts. 30 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 3.3.1mr-n-r I-%tIVAVAII A1:11 Student's Information:

'There are three basic rock and basalt. deep burial, these rocks were 1 classifications: Note: The rhyolite and basalt slightly metamorphosed to the 1) Sedimentary rock Sound at Morrow Mountain harder rock, argillite. The rock that is composed of par- State Park are not true igneous original layers of ash sedi- ticles of sand, clay, or other rocks because they have been ments can still be seen in this rocks that were deposited in changed by heat and pressure. new metamorphic rock. Used layers on land or on the bottomSee metamorphic rock. to construct iriany of the buildings at Morrow Mountain of lakes, rivers or oceans. 3) Metamorphic rock- State Park, argillite can be Over time, the extreme pres- sedimentary or igneous rock sure from the weight of the that is changed by heat and found along stream beds and in the abandoned quany layers above *pressed the mate- pressure into a harder rock, (Quarry Trail). rials into rock. Examples are with different qualities. Meta- limestone, sandstone, shale morphism of rocks usually oc- In fact, argillite underlies a and mudstone. curs as a result of deep burial large section of the Piedmont 2) Igneous rock rock and is often related to moun- of the southeastern United which iS solidified from a tain building. The basalt and States. Called the Carolina molten state. Igneous rocks rhyolite found in the park haveslate belt, this region stretches form deep within the earth in been slightly metamorphosed from northeastern Virginia to magma chambers embedded and so are called Metavolcanicsouthwestern Georgia, but in solid rock. They may be . rocks. Geologists have kept reaches its greatest width in intrusive or extrusive in the igneOus names, rhyolite central North Carolina. Inter- nature. Magma which cools and basalt, but group them estingly, the slate belt contains and stays Within the earth is with the metamorphic rocks. very little true slate. Mo.st of- the rocks that look like slate intrusive. An example of an Another example of a meta- are really argillite. While true intrusive igneous rock is morphic rock found in the park ,granite. Magma which is is argillite. It is formed from slate can be split into large, thin plates, argillite breaks into spewed out by volcanoes is shales or mudstonés, which are , small chips.or blocks. known as lava and is extru- fine-grained sedimentary sive. Ekamples of.extrusive rocks. Over time and with igneous roCks are rhyólite

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.2 August 1993 Cement lin Z7 -0Depankton 0 11.anspontatilon0 Z7 IETosficara E Weatilnentrug

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.3 August 1993 Rnstnnettions: Be sure to go over the Rock "weathering" their candles/ Ask the students to describe Cycle diagram. Discuss-the crayons onto the wax paper, local rocks and/or rock forma- three kinds of rock with the call their attention to the size tions. They have seen rocks students. and shape of the fragments. during walks along a lakeshorePart A: "Are they all the same size and or river's edge, near or on a Wepitherhng shape? Why or why not?" [Not mountain, or during a drive Cover all desk tops with the same size and shape due to along a highway that was built newspaper. Give each student varied weathering forces upon through road cuts. On the a sheet of wax paper, a pocket them (i.e. how the sharpener or chalkboard, write down all the pencil sharpener or carrot crayon are held) etc.] "What names and characteristics the peeler, and a candle or four to are some of nature's weather- students can remember about six crayons of the same color. ing forces?" (Rain, flowing and the iocks. Be sure to have The candles/crayons represent freezing water, glaciers and several local rock samples rock material, and the carrot wind.) When the "weathering" distributed around the room. peelers/pencil sharpeners rep- is complete, the students should Ask the students questions resent weathering agents. Stu- wrap their "sediments" in their such as, "Have you ever dents should carefully shave wax paper and place each color wondered just how these rocks.each of the candles/crayons in a separate envelope, unless formed?" "Are new rocks keeping all of the fragments you plan to do Part B of this forming at this moment?" in a small pile. As they are activity right away.

Cerne[rattrag ZZ7 ID)eposiltion TVanspontation Envskto E Weathering

Heat Melting aiva 33

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.4 August 1993 Part B: ages. If you are breaking the worksheet). How do they corn-. Erosion and Sedimentationactivity into sections, have the pare with the original loose Once rock fragments have students each label their foil "sediments" layers? (They're been created, they are usually packages by their group num- similar but much thinner.) moved by some force of nature.bers and stop here. Here, the students act as the Part C: erosive force. Ask the students Sediments/Sedimentary what this force of movement isRock Simulation called, and whatsome of its Unless you have more than causes are. (Erosion, caused one vise, this step will take by gravity, moving water, gla- some time and will require ciers and wind.) Place all the some patience. Each group weathered "rock" fragments in will place their folded foil four separate piles, one color package between two boards. to a pile. Divide the class into The "sandwich" should then What happened to the spaces four (or eight) groups, and be placed in the vise. Apply between the "sediments"? give each group a sheet of alu-. light pressure with the vise to (Pressure from the vise forced minum foil (45 cm x 45 cm). compress the "sediments". the "sediments" closer together Next, a student from each Once the "rock sandwiches" eliminating the spaces.) group should carefully transfer have been mildly compressed, Each group should transfer some "weathered sediments", remove them from the vise. a few of their loose "sediments" of 6ne color, to the center of theStudents should then carefully and the smaller piece of "sedi- foil. Spread them into a 1 cm open their packages and mentary rock" into a pie pan. - thick layer. Repeat with the observe the new product. Call Place the rest of the fragments remaining colors, layering the their attention to the central in an envelope, (for part E). colors one on top of another. region which is more tightly The pieces in the pie pan will Students should record their compressed. The students be used for comparisons with observations of their layered should lift this portion from the other "rocks" the students "weathered sediments" on the the non-compressed or More will produce during this activ- "Hard Rock Crayola" work- loosely packed "sediments" ity. Return the larger piece sheet. Fold the foil over the and carefully break it into two of"sedimentary rock" to the "sediments" layers, allowing parts. Have the students look aluminum foil and wrap it up for a 1 cm space all around the at the broken edges, then draw again. If you are breaking the fragments, and then carefully and describe the layers (on the activity into sections, stop here. fold the edges to seal the pack-

ammillINO911 Ao. '7? z "

3 I Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.5 August 1993 Part D: fully break this "rock" into oGroups 1 and 2 fill their Metamorphic Rock two parts and examine it, tray halfway with crushed ice; Sim lation oGroup 3 fill their tray half Place the foil package with way with Avarm water; the "sedimentary rock" in it Group 4 leave their tray between the two boards and empty, except for an aluminum put it into the vise again. Tell foil lining, and place it on a the students to add as niuch trivet. pressure to the vise as they can. For the "igneous rock" This part of the activity dem- noting what happened to the simulation, the groups should onstrates the need for great thickness and fragment shape. place the fragments they set pressure to cause a rock to The students should write aside in envelopes, and the metamorphose. In reality, as down their observations on larger piece of "metamorphic their worksheet. (The differ- rock", into their second,alumi- ent colored "rock fragments" num tray. Be Especially or crayons will be squeezed Careful Here! This part of together.) the activity requires a hot plate as a heat source. Students Should Avoid Dropping Wax Fragments on the Hot Plate Surface or Themselves. The students or teachers doing this portion of the activity should wear protective oven mittens Place the smaller piece of to avoid being burned. Cover the pressure deep within the newly-made "metamorphic each hot plate surface with a earth increases, temperatures rock" with the "weathered layer of foil before you turn increase as well. A tempera- sediments" and the "sedimen- it on. (This will diffuse the ture change is probably occur- tary rock" previously saved. heat from the coils of the hot ring in this activity but is If you are breaking the activity plate so the crayons will not difficult to measure. (The heat into sections, stop here. burst into flames.) Each group associated with the formation should place their tray of of metamorphic rock is not a Part E: "weathered sediments" and part of this activity.) Remind ligneous Rock Formation "metamorphic rock" on the hot the students that metamorphic plate and turn the hot plate rock may become contorted in SAFETY NOTE: This portion appearance. It may actually of the activity requires that the flow like a plastic material in students be especially safety response to the pressure from conscious as they will be the rock load above and crustal working with a hot plate and plate movement. melted wax. Have the students release Each group should line their the compression on the vise, last two trays with aluminum remove the foil package and foil: Each group should fill one open it carefully to examine temperature to medium. Melt tray halfway with the follow- the newly formed "metamor- the wax, being careful that the ing: phic rock". They should care- melting process does not occur

3 5 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.6 August 1993 so rapidly that the molten wax molten contents. Leave them As a class be sure to discuss splatters or burns. When most in the original tray. (This will the following: of the "rock" and "sediments" act as the control in this experi- With the tray of Group 1, are molten, turn the hot plate ment and simulate the forma- discuss the effect the "magma" off and carefully remove the tion of extrusive igneous rock had on the "sedimentary or

tray, using the oven mittens. in a temperate zone.) metamorphic rock" it came in - There is enough heat energy in Students should make obser-contact with. the molten wax to melt the re- vations of all the groups' trays, With the tray of Group2, maining solid mass. Caution: and draw and write these downdiscuss the effect the "lava" Do not let the wax heat to .on their worksheet. Encouragehad on the "surface sediments, the splattering pointi groups to compare their results.rocks and ice" in a cold region. While the wthc is still in the For instance, comparisons With the tray of Group 3, molten state, a student from should be made between the discuss the effect the "lava" each group, or the teacher, crystal sizes formed by Groupshad on the "sediments, rocks should CAREFULLY do the 1 and 4. Comparisons should and water" of a warm region. following: also be made between these With the tray of Group 4, Group 1 Form a trench in discuss the effect of "lava" the ice. Using the oven mittens flowing directly onto the land pour the meltedwax (magma) in a temperate zone, such as into the crack (rock fissure). Mt. St. Helens in Washington. Carefully cover the wax with Remind the students of more crushed ice. (This will the igneous rocks common to simulate the formation of an this area and the park, such as intrusive igneous rock.) rhyolite and basalt. Also men- Group 2 - Using the oven tion that all conditions for rock mittens, pour the melted wax "igneous rocks" and the"rocks"formations cannot be simu- _(lm/a) directly over the surface and "sediments" made in the . lated. In fact, geologists have of the crushed ice. (This will previous sections of this activ- never seen intrusive rocks simulate the formation of ex- ity. form. However, they are able trusive igneous rock in a cold Set aside all "igneous rock" to look at all of the available region.) trays until the next daSi's class; evidence, simulate some of the Group 3 Using the oven the materials must sit over- conditions in the laboratory, mittens, pour the melted wax night.' This will allow the wax and arrive at results similar to into the warm water. (This willto cool. The next day, have thethose found in nature. simulate the formation of ex- students carefully remove the Reiterate the concept of trusive igneous rock in a warm "igneous rock" fibril the water the rock cycle by reminding region.) or tray. Be sure to look at the them of the "rocks" (crayons Gro p 4 Using the oven lover surface of the "rock". or candles) that were weath- mittens, place the tray of Compare the formations of ered down into "sediments", melted wax into the tray on each groups' experiment. compressed into "sedimen- the trivet. Do not pour out the tary" and then "metamorphic rock" and then melted into "igneous rocks".

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3..7 August 1993 1. Describe and draw the "weathered sediments" that you made. Note the sizes and shapes of the "sediments".

2. Draw a color picture of the "rock fragments" after light pressure has compacted these "sediments" intO "sedimentary rock". Describe the broken edge and the layers that are formed.

3. Draw a color picture of the "sedimentary rock" after heavy pressure has compacted it into "metamorphic rock". Describe the broken edge and the layers that are formed. Note how they have changed with the addition of heavy pressure.

3 7 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.8 August 1993 4. Draw each of the melted wax formations created in the four different experiments of Part E. Compare and contrast the experimental results.

. . , ,

Group One's "Igneous Rock" Group Two's "Igneous Rock"

1 _

, ., Group Three's "Igneous Rock" Group Four's "Igneous Rock"

5. Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments", "sedimentary rocks", "metamorphic rocks" and "igneous rocks" formed in this activity. Compare and contrast them as to color, crystal size, texture, form and formation.

3 53

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.9 August 1993 - "71-V`-rrl! t :1777 Answer Sheet feit 'art Acttya Ro6k'Crayola

I 11- I- S S . , I " 4. Draw each of the melted wax formations created in the four different experiments of Part E. Compare and contrast the experimental results. _

Group One's "Igneous Rock" Group Two's "Igneous Rock"

, Group Three's "Igneous Rock" Group Four's "Igneous Rock"

5. Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments", "sedimentary rocks", "metamorphic rocks" and "igneous rocks" formed in this activity. Compare and contrast them as to color, texture, form and formation. The "weathered rock fragments" will vary in size and shape depending on the implement used: pencil sharpener, potato peeler, etc. _The "sedimentary rocks" will be bound together very loosely and individual "rock fragments" can be oriented (up/down or right/left) in any direction. In "metamorphic rocks" the space between fragments is very small and the orientation of "fragments" is now flattened (right/left). The thickness is much thinner, but each layer of rock (color) can still be seen. The "igneous rock" is grayish-black (melting and mixing of 'different "rock fragments") with a variety of forms depending on how the separate groups are cooled. Where the "igneous rock" is poured over ice it tends to fill the spaces between the crushed ice and is very rough to the touch. In cool water it forms short "stalagtites", while in hot water the "stalagfires", are longer. If the "igneous rock" is left in its pan, it is smooth on both sides. (The different methods of cooling are not intended to simulate real rock formations; they do, however, give the students the understanding that different cooling conditions will create different rocks.)

4 0 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.3.11 August 1993 A 6

Educator's ffnformatio Curriculum Objectives: Group Size: Any size Grade 5 Communication Skills: Estimated TiMe: Overnight his activity has two parts. listening, reading and view- The first part simulates ing comprehension, writing Credits: the process whereby water, Guidance: group cooperation This activity was adapted through freeze-thaw activity, Science: earth science, envi- with permission from the cracks and then breaks rocks ronment National Wildlife Federation's Mathematics: measurement, Naturescope: Geology, The apart. The second part simu- probability Active Earth. lates how water and ice abrade ` Social Science: organize and and erode rocks over which analyze information, draw Materials: they travel. conclusions, participate Provided by the educator: effectively in groupS Per group: one clean, empty, plastic or cardboard pint milk Grade 6 carton (bottom half oilly), one 'major Concepts: ruler, waterproof marking Communication Skills: oWeathering listening, reading and view.: pen, one small balloon, plaster ing comprehension, study of Paris, two ice cube trays, e Environmental changes skills, writing two paper towels, water, e Erosion Guidance: group cooperation a mixing container, sand, oHypothesis testing Mathematics: measurement, several flat pieces of slate probability (borrowed from the park) Objectives: Science: earth science, envi- Per student: "Cracking Up" ronment worksheet, pencil e Write and test hypotheses Social Studies: gather, orga- on what happens to water nize and analyze informa- Special Considerations: when it freezes. tion, draw conclusions Do not use any type of glass e State what happens to container. water when it freezes and Grade 7 Communication Skills: how the freezing of water listening, reading and view- can shape the land. ing comprehension, study Explain how skills sediments Guidance: being responsible suspended in ill a gro41) Mathematics: measurement, water or ice probability shape the land. Science: soils Social 'Studies: gather, organize and analyze information, draw conclusions

Location: Classroom; students may do this activity, at home if a freezer is not available at School.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

41 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.1 August 1993 Stndent's l[nformation: Glacial movement can have so thick that local farmers significant effects on rocks as could cut ice blocks from the "Vou might be surprised to the ice flows move across the river and store them in ice it discover that temperature land, picking up and re-deposit-houses for summer. The thick variations can cause rocks to ing rock materials. As the ice on the rivers helped break break as surely as someone rocks trapped on the bottom of down rocks in and along their hitting them with, a hammer. the glacier scratch and gouge banks. As the ice expanded in Water is a major factor in the the earth's surface, they are the winter and broke apart in weathering and erosion of also worn down by this grind, the spring, it would grind rocks rocks. The strength of water, ing action. together in the same way especially freezing water, can glaciers did tens of thousands be a very powerful force. During the last ice age, this of years ago. Freezing water is probably type of glacial activity may more responsible for the crum- have occurred in the upPer bling and splitting of rocks ends of north-facing valleys than any other factor. in the Appalachian mountains. However, there is no indication Water, upon freezing, ex- that glaciers ever existed in pands its volume by 9%. the Uwharrie Mountains. When water seeps into cracks in a rock and freezes, the ex- In the last century, winters pansion widens the cracks. in North Carolina were colder Eventually this process, knownthan they are today. The as ice wedging, breaks the rockYadkin and Uwharrie rivers, apart. Ice wedging is a very and many others, froze over important weathering agent. In the winter; the temperature sometimes drops below freezing at night and rises to above freezing during the day. This fluctuation in temperature will cause rocks to break doWn more quickly than if the temperature were consistently above or below freezing.

4 2 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.2 August 1993 Instructions: 6. Have the students write sides would have burst or Day l - Part A hypotheses on what they think swelled outward. This is what happens when water freezes 1. Divide the students into will happen when they rub where it has no room to ex- groups of four and have each the "clean" ice cubes and the pand, such as in cracks in rocks group label a milk carton with sandy ice cubes against the or in unproteeted water pipes their group name and two ice slate,. in winter. Then, when' it . cube trays. 7. Have each group place freezes, it breaks the rocks their milk carton and ice cube apart or bursts the pipes. This 2. Have each group of studentstrays in the freezer overnight. process can easily be seen in take a balloon and fill it with Note: The plaster should the park on Tater Top and Mill water until it is about the size harden at least one hour prior Mountains.) of a ping-pong ball. Tie a knot to going in the freezer. in the end of the balloon. Part Day 2 - Part A 110. Have the students remove 3. Have each group mix water the ice cube trays from the with plaster of Paris until the 8. The next day, have the stu- mixture is about as thick as dents remove the milk carton freezer. yogurt and pour the mixture from the freezer and observe 111. Using a paper towel, have into a milk carton. Have one what happened. Have them the students pick up the"clean" student push the water balloon write down their observations ice cubes. Holding the "clean" into the plaster in the carton and compare them to their ice tightly against a piece of until it is about 1/4 inch under hypotheses. (The plaster was slate have them slowly rub the the surface of the plaster. He cracked as the water in the ice cube across the rock several or she should hold the balloon balloon froze and expanded.) times. down until the plaster sets enough so that the balloon 9. Have the students specu- doesn't rise to the surface. late what would have happened if the milk carton had 4. Have the students write been sealed. (The top and/or their hypotheses on what they think will happen to the balloon and the plaster of Paris when they are frozen. Set the milk carton aside until later.

Part B 5. Have each group fill 6ne ice cube tray with clean water. Then have them mix several teaspoons of sand with water and fill the second tray with the sandy water.

4 3 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.3 August 1993 12. Have them do the same The clean ice cube left only Suggested Extension: with the sandy ice cube on a wet smear but no scratches. Consider adding another another piece of slate (or a If streams and rivers were only milk carton to the activity. different portion of the rock). pure water with no suspended This second milk carton would sediments, they would not contain only plaster of Paris. 13. Have the students exam- scour the earth's surface as . It would act as a control in this ine the surface of the rocks much as they actually do. The experiment. The plaster in this and write down their observa- cleaner the flowing water or carton should not crack when tions. (The ice cube with the ice, the less the scouring actionfrozen. sand acted like sandpaper. that occurs.) It should have left scratches on the rock's surface. This means that the sandy ice cubes acted like particles of rock suspended in the flowing water of streams and rivers scraping and shaping the landscape. The sandy ice cubes also-act like miniature glaciers, scouring the land's surface over which they pass.

4 4

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.4 August 1993 e & a 1 =MD

Part A 1.With the milk carton, write a hypothesis on what you think will happen to theballoon and the plaster of Paris when the water is frozen.

Part B 1.Write a hypothesis on what you think will happen when you rub the "clean"ice cubes arid the sandy ice cubes against the slate.

4 5

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 3.4.5 August 1993 Part A 1.Remove the milk carton from the freezer and observe what happenedto the balloon and plaster of Paris. Write down your observations and compare them'toyour hypothesis.

2.Speculate what Would have happened if the milk carton had been sealed.

Part 11 3.Remove the ice cubes from the freezer. Rub the "clean" and sandy ice cubeson the rocks, then examine where the rocks were rubbed. Write downyour observation.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 34.6 August 1993 A

Educator's Information: Curriculum Objectives: Location: Lower picniC area Grade 5 Tn this activity, the students Communication Skills: Group Size: listening, reading, vocabu- 30 or less, seven groups of Iwill identify four rocks and one mineral found at Mor- .lary and viewing compre- about four students each hension, study skills row Mountain State Park. Guidance: group interaction Estimated Time: 50 minutes Some of these same rocks and Healthful Living: recre- minerals can probably be ational safety Materials: Science: earth science, envi- Provided by the park: found around the students' ronment large rock identification work- home and school. The stu- Social Studies: organize and sheet for the Instructor dent& will,complete a analyze information, draw Per group: index card, hammer, wOrksheet at the park. For conclusions, participate safety goggla, streak plate, each of the five saMples, they effectively in groups penny, steel file, hand lens, "Rock and Mineral" fact sheet, will determine color, streak Grade 6 specimens (argillite, weatheied "color, hardness, whether it is

Communication Skills. . argillite, basalt, rhyolite and layered, texture and name. listening, reading, vocabu- quartz) lary and viewing compre- Provided by the educator: hension, study skills Per student: "Rock ID" wOrk- Major Concepts: Guidance: group interaction sheet, pencil Rock formation 2 Healthful Living: recre- Rock characteristics atiorial safety Special Considerations: Sedimentary, metamorphic Science: earth science, enVi- During part of this activity, ronment students will break rocks apart and igneous rocks Social Studies; gather, orgat- to determine the rock's color. nize and analyze informa- Rock fraginents can be very Objectives: tion, draw conclusions sharp and may fly off and hit Identify three comm6n the student breaking the rocks rocks found at Morrow Grade 7 or other students. It is impor- Mountain State Park and t Communication Skills: + tant for all students to wear listening, reading, vocabu- safety goggles during this explain their origins. lary and viewing compre- ,activity. List three characteristics hension, study skills . that geologists use to iden- Guidance: group coopera- tify rocks. tion; develop an awareness of alternative points of view Describe how various Science: earth science, earth groups of people have used forms, natural phenomena the rocks and miner- Social Studies; gather, orga- als found at nize and analyze infortha- tion, draw conclusions the park . through time.

NOTE: Before arriving at the park for the on-site activities, teachers and students should read the Appendix, Summary of the Uwharrie Mountains Geology. AVAILABLE. 4 7 BESTCOPY Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 Student's Information:

There are three basic rock Metamorphic rock is has a chemical formula of classifications: igneous, sedi- formed when either igneous Si02. Gold is a mineral of just mentary and metamorphic. or sedimentary rocks are put -one element with the chemical Igneous rocks are formed under enough heat and pres- formula (and symbol) of Au. when magma (molten rock) sure over a long period of time Gold has been found in several cools under the earth's surface to change the rocks both locations in Stanly County but

or when the magma flows out physically and chemically. not in the park. , on the earth's surface as lava For example, by this metamor- Most miner.als are made up and cools there. Most of the phic process shale is changed of a combination of only eight rocks at Morrow Mountain to argillite, limestone to elements. The following is a State Park have an igneous marble, and sandstone to list of these elements with the origin. As a matter of fact, quartzite. Argillite can be seen percentage figure indicating 95% of the earth's crust to a along most of the park's their abundance in the earth's depth of ten miles is made up streams. crust, and hence their approxi- of igneous rock. Geologists have identified mate abundance in the rocks

Sedimentary rock is about 2,000 rocks, each hav- and soil around us. . formed when loose mineral ing its own characteristics. To particles, or sediment, are identify a rock, geologists look deposited on land or water. ElementSymbolPercentage at texture, layering, minerals by Weight With enough pressure from theand many other characteris- weight of the layers above and tics. Oxygen 0 46.7% Silicon Si 27.7% the deep water, the particles Since each rock is made up get pressed into sedimentary Aluminum Al 8.1% of one or more minerals, ge- Iron Fe rock. For example, if large 5.1% ologists try to determine the Calcium Ca 3.7% amounts of volcanic ash build type of minerals found in a Sodium Na 2.8% up on the bottom of lakes or rock and the ratio of minerals Potassium K 2.6% oceans, the ash will be eventu- to one another. The relation- Magnesium Mg 2.1% ally pressed into a type of rock ship between a rock and its 98.8% called shale. Sedimentary rockminerals can be compared to a is always formed in layers, fruit cake's relationship to its All other elementstotal less than 2%. which is 'the easiest way to ingredients. If the rock is like identify this type of rock. the fruit cake, the minerals About 75% of the exposed would be the raisins, nuts, surface rocks of the earth are cherries, candied fruit, sugar, sedimentary. These sedimen- flour, eggs, etc. tary rocks make up a relatively Each mineral always has thin covering over the underly- ing igneous rocks. Shale, the same chemical composition and its own particular sandstone and limestone make up almost 99% of the sedimen-crystalline structure: A min- tary rocks, with shale being eral is a combination of one or more common than sandstone more elements. Quartz, a and sandstone being more common mineral in the park, common than limestone. is a combination of two elements: silicon and oxygen. It 4 3 MorroW Mbuntain State Park, NC 4.1.2 AugUst 1993 Instructions: onstrate each test and fill in rocks more clearly. Note: the answers on the large iden- Sometimes a rock or mineral 1. Divide the students into tification worksheet. Follow- will be so hard that it does not seven groups, one group ing the leadees example, a re- leave a mark on the streak placed at each station. At each corder in each group should plate. Answer for mineral station will be a pencil, streak fill in the answers on the specimen (#1) = no streak; plate, hand len's, penny, steel group's worksheet. this mineral is harder than the file, a copy of the Rock and streak plate. Mineral Fact Sheet, a copy of a) Color: Determine die the Worksheet for On-site Ac- specimen's overall color. The c) Hardness: Again this test

tivity #1, and five different , rock hammers can be used to is primarily used With mirier- specimens to be identified. A break the specimen to see the als only. HOwever, it will rock hammer and four inside color. (This, is im- help us distinguish between pairs of safety glasSes portant as the outside some of the rocks found at will also be sup- ,color may have been Morrow Mountain State plied at each altered due to weather- Park. Use the hardness station. ing fktors.) scale on the worksheet.

IMPORTANT: Whenever Make your first attempt to anyone at a particular station is scratch the specimen with breaking rock with a hammer, IMPORTANT: EVERYONE your fingernail. Then ALL members at that station wears safety glasses!' Answer progress to the penny and fi- should be wearing safety for mineral specimen (#1) = nally the steel file. Answer glasses. Chips of rock can just white; also notice the jagged for mineral specimen (#1) = as easily strike an on-looker as edges when .the specimen hard (can not be scratched by the person who is using the breaks. This is called fracture. the file). hammer. b) Streak color: Although this d) Layers: Observe the speci- 2. Using the mineral-specimen test is reserved for minerals men to see if it has layers.

(#1), have the students work and is not normally used with . Make this observation on through the characteristic tests rocks, it can help us see the rocks only; the mineral speci- below. The leader should dem- color of the minerals u the men will not have layers. 4 Morrow Mountain State Park,a\IC 4.1.3 August 1993 Answer for mineral specimen 4. Have the students follow A ssessment: #1 = ff this were a rock, we the demonstrated procedure Back in the classroom, ask .Would say "no layers." with the four rocks labelled students to perform the identi- specimens #2 through #5. Re-. fication tests on unknown e) Texture: Observe the speci-mind them to wear their safety rocks and minerals. Note: If men and describe its texture. glasses whenever anyone at you are using mineral speci- Again, make this observation their station is breaking rock. hiens, substitute 'luster for on rocks only. The mineral texture. Can students tell the has the same chemical compo-5. When all the groups have 'difference between rocks that sition throughout so texture finished the tests and filled in have an igneous origin and , will not apply here. Use the the worksheets, review the an- rocks that have a sedimentary descriptions of texture on the swers. origin? worksheet when describing the Other specimens.AnsWer for 6. Discuss how people have .Extension: mineral specimen (#1) = If this used each 'of these rocks or Discuss the,following state- were a rock, we would have to minerals throughout history. ment with your Students: "If say 'fine-grained" or "very (Refer to the Rock and Min- it can't be grown, it must-be fine-grained" as grains can eral Fact Sheet for answers.) mined." Use Activity 2 or 3 not be seen with the naked eye. Rocks and minerals are called from theMineral andRock Note: Some extrusive igneous nonrenewable resources be- Kit Guide(found in the rocks such as obsidian, which cause, unlike some trees and "North Carolina Rocks" kit) form when lavdcools ex- animals, they can not be eas- to help students learn more tremely rdpidly, look a lot like ily replaced. Some Minerals about mineral and rock prod- this mineral! such as quartz are so common ucts from No'rth Carolina. If that we will probably never your school doe§ not have the -run out. Other minerals such 3. Now have students use the "North Carolina Rocks" kit, _ Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet as gold are rare; that is one call N.C.. Geological Survey along with their observations reason why they are so valu- at (919) 733-2423 and ask to of color, hardness and texture able. We can ensure that speak with their education to determine the name of the these minerals will last longer specialist. specimen.Answer for min- if we use them wisely and re- eral specimeni(#1) = Quartz cycle whenever possible.

5 0

-Morrow Mountain State Park, NC August 1993 Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet

Weathered Argillite park is over 500 million years Don't be fooled! Although Old. After it formed, this old Weathered argillite may look volcanic rock was deeply bur- like shale, it is really just "rot- ied and metamorphosed. A rgillite ten" argillite, a metamorphic Therefore, it is classified as Argil lite is found along rock. Water and oxygen in thernetavolcanica metamor- many of the park's streams andair have chemically changed phic rock that came from a at a few mountainside loca- volcanic rock. tions. It is gray to black'in In the park, basalt is found color and makes a grey streak as round boulders at the bot- on the streak plate. Its surface tom of hills and on hillsides. is dull, but is somewhat shiny if wet. It is harder'than its , weathered form shown on this some of the minerals in the page, but not as hard as basalt argillite so that it has weath- or rhyolite. Many of the park'sered to a yellow or brownish buildings and curbs have been yellow color. (Compare this to constructed from the argillite the gray color of "fresh" argil- that came from a quarry los- lite.) Weathered argillite is cated within the park. much softer than argillite; you Argil lite originated frOm should be able to scratch it sediments in an ancient ocean with your fingernail. This rock over 500 million years ago. is really falling apart! Volcanic ash mixed with other Not all rocks are as easily Early European settlers in this silty sediments to form layers weathered as argillite. Rhyo- area used this rock to build on the bottom of this ocean. lite contains a lot of silica or walls and fences. Some of The pressure Of the water and quartz, which is very resistant these structures can still be layers above eventually com- to both chemical and mechani- seen today. pacted the sediments_into cal weathering. Basalt is sedimentary rocks such as somewhere between argillite shale and mudstone. Later, and rhyolite in terms of its re- Rhyolite due to movements in the sistance to weathering. Rhyolite is usually de- earth's crust, the ancient sea scribed as being very fme- closed and the rocks were grained; however, some of the deeply buried. Heat and pres- Basalt rhyolite found in the park has sure caused the shale and mud- A fine-grained rock, basalt an uneven texture. You can stone to metamorphose to the is -dark gray with a greenish often see white dots (feldspar harder rock, argillite. You can cast, which comes from the crystals) in this grayish rock. still see the original layers or green mineral chlorite. It will beds of sediment in the argil- leave a gray streak on the lite. streak plate and has a medium hardness. Originating from lava that flowed out of volcanic cones or cracks in the earth, the basalt found in the

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.r.st August 1993 It will leave a black streak on Minerals: Quartz and Gold is a very soft mineral the streak plate. Like basalt, Gold with a golden-yellow color. In the rhyolite comes from an- Milky (white) quartz is 1799, the discovery of a 17- cient volcanic activity. After found in veins and, in this area,pound gold nugget in Cabarras formation, these volcanic gold is often associated with it. County started the first true rocks were deeply buried and Millions of years ago, super- gold rush in the United States. slightly metamorphosed. heated water containing silica Small scale gold production, They are classified as meta- (quartz) as well as other miner- where gold was extracted from volcanic. als such as gold, was forced quartz-bearing rocks, contin- Although layers, or bed- into cracks in the rocks. As ued until the 1940s. New ding planes, are usually asso- the water cooled, the quartz mining technology may make ciated only with sedimentary and other dissolved minerals it economically possible fo or metamorphosed sedimen- precipitated out and filled the rnine for gold again. tary rocks, rhyolite can some: cracks. Later, when the sur- Some people enjoy panning times have layers too. On rounding rock was eroded in the streams for gold flakes the Fall Mountain Trail, bed- away, the quartz was left be- that have been washed away ded rhyolite can be seen in hind in the soil. along with weathered rock some locations. Look for fragments. Because gold is thin parallel lines in the rock heavier than most other miner- which indicate thin layers of als, it will sink to the bottom volcanic ash that were depos- of the gold pan. Lighter mate- ited on top of one another. rials will stay near the top and Because rhyolite comes from can be removed during the very thick, viscous magma, it panning process. Remember is often blown out of a-vol- that all natural resources in the cano explosively as hot gases park are protected. If you and glass fragments. When Quartz is a very hard min- want to pan for gold, you need this cloud of material cools, it eral with a glassy luster. Be- to get permission from the forms a rock. cause quartz is harder than the park rangers. Found on hilltops through- streak plate, it will not leave a out the Uwharries, rhyolite is streak. Quartz is yery resistant a hard'rock that is resistant to to weathering and erosion. weathering and erosion. Na- Early European settlers in this tive Americans used rhyolite area used quartz boulders to to make a-variety of tools in- build walls and fences. Some cluding scrapers', knives, of these structures can be seen axes, and spear and arrow- in the park today. head points. A popular trad- ing item, rhyolite tobls made from the rock of the Uwharrie Mountains have been found from Florida to Maine.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.6 August 1993 WorksheetforOn-SiteActivity#1 RockID

Specimen Color Streak Hardness Layered Texture Name _

' Mineral XXXX XXXX 1 '

Rock 2

Rock 3

Rock . 4

Rock '5

Color The color of a fresh or broken piece.

Streak Color of the mark left on the streak plate, if any.

Hardness Use the scale below. Start with your fingernail. If the specimen can be scratched by: Then the hardness is: a fingernail very soft a penny but not a fingernail soft a file but not the penny medium can not be scratched by file hard

Layered - Does the rock have layers, yes or no?

Texture _Use the terms below. Fine-graind: Can NOT see individual mineral grains with naked eyes Medium-grained: Mineral grains are about the size of sand particles Coarse-grained: Mineral grains are very obvious, over 2 mm in diameter Uneven: Some mineral,grains are large enough to be seen, but other grains are too small to be §een with the naked eyes

Name - Use your observatiOns and the Rock and Mineral Fact Sheer to identify each specimen. 53 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.7 August 1993 AnswerSheetfor On-SiteActivity#1 RockID

Specimen Color Streak HardnessLayered Texture Name

white, S quartz 'Miner. ) dear none hard (mineral)

11. pink

brown to yellow very yes fi e- weathered Roc ,c light to soft grained argillite 2 yellow brown

'ock graY gray soft yes- very fine- argillite 3 to black grained

ROCk gray w/ uneven,0 -white black hard no very fine-rhyolite 4 specks_ grained

ock grayish gray medium no fine- basalt 5 green grained

Color -The color of a fresh or-broken piece,

Streak - Color of the mark left on the streak plate, if any.

'Layered Does the rock have layers, yes or ho?

Texture Use the terms below.

Fine-grained: Can NOT see individual mineral grains with naked eyes ,

Medium-grained: Mineral grains are about the size of sand particles - Coarse-grained: Mineral grains are vet), obvious, over 2 mm in diameter Uneven: Some mineral grains are large enough to be seen, but other grains are too small to be seen with the naked eyes

Name-- Use your observations and the Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet to identify each specimen.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.8 4 August 1993 Water Over The Rocks

Major Concepts: Curriculum Objectives: earth science, earth forms, Grade 5 natural phenomena oErosion o oCommunication Skills: Social Studies: gather, orga- Water cycle listening, reading, vocabu- nize and analyze infOrma- Rock cycle lary and viewing comprehen- tion, draw conclusions Use of stone sion, study skills, writing oGuidance: group interaction Locations: oHealthful Living: recre: Lower picnic area and Quarry Objectives: ational safety Trail ' oName one natural and one e Science living things, plants, unnatural thing that have earth science, environment Group Size: greatly ffected the Weath- 30 or less, one adult per 10 0. Social Studies: organize ,and ering of the rocks in the analyze information, draw students *conclusions, map use, par- park. ticipate effectively in groups Estimated Time: ,1 hour oExplain how rnetamor- phic rocks are formed and Grade 6 Appropriate Season: ,name one common' to this oVisual Arts: understand the Warm weather role creativity plays in pro- area: ducing art Materials: oExplain how sedimentary O Communication Skills: Provided by the park: rocks are formed and how listening, reading, vocabu- 15 magnifying glasses, 8 gold they are layered. lary and viewing comprehen- panS. , oExplain 'why-rocks found sion, study skills Provided by the educator: oGuidance: group interaction, Per student: "Water Over the in this area are no longer ocCupations Rocks" worksheet, clip board, in a horizontal plane. oHealthful Living: how paper, pencil, "Rock and Min- o Identify two geologic for- people affect the environ- eral Fact Sheet" from on-site mations found in the ment, recreational safety activity #1. quarry. oMathematics: measurement o o'Science: eCology, earth sci- Special Considerations: Observe and record the ence, environment Safety of students as well as effects of moving water O Social Studies: gather, orga- protection of the stream area On rock surfaces. nize and analyze informa- should be considered. The Name the type of stone trail is rated as easy but does tion, draw conclusions, map used for building material use have several.creek crosings and several short steep hills to in the park and explain Gra& 7 climb and descend. why it was used. O Visual Arts: understanding the role creatiyity plays in producing art O Communication Skills: listening, reading, vocabulary and viewing comprehension, study skills oGuidance: group cooi5era- - tion, develop an awareness At:f of alternative points of View - O Mathematics: measurement - Science: characteristics of plants, soils, interactions of people and the environment,

Morrow Mountain State.Park, NC 4.2.15 August 1993 PPCT. rinnv AIAIl A n t ucator's Information:

f all the land-shaping' water. Over time, the force of It is estimated that a grain factors, water has the these streams and rivers shapesof sand takes a million years to greatest effect. Large rivers, as the landscape, cutting narrow travel 100 miles down a river well as small streams, work to gorges in steep mountains and like the Yadkin. This progress shape the earth's surface, ds wide flood plainS in the pied- toward the ocean has been you will see in the park. mont and coastal areas. slowed even further by the Flowing water, from the The streams in the park cOnstruction of dams. But smallest trickle coming out of have shaped their surround- rocks have a different time the hillside to hUge, roaring ings. The level flood plain perspective than.you and I. waterfalls, is a sculptor of along the Yadkin River was Whether it takes, a million or a great power. Yet surprisingly, formed by deposits of sand billion years, the rock cycle streams and rivers make up eroded from rocks upstream still circles through its different less than one one-thousandth and sediment that was washed phases. of the earth's land surface and into the stream and then car- Water is recycled by evapo- contain only .005 percent of ried onward by the river's cur- ration from the land and 'ocean. the earth's liquid fresh Water. rent. It returns to the earth Particles of soil and sand Another way flowing water in the form of rain, show, hail suspended in the flowing wa- shapes the landscape occurs and mist. Much of the water ter aet as an abrasive agent, during floods. With the in- 'falling from the sky runs off scouring rocks in the river or crease of water power during into our streams and rivers or streani channel. This, in turn, floods, large and small rocks filters through the soil and creates more particles. This roll and tumble, grinding through joints and cracks in scouring explains why rocks against each other and scour- the bedrock into the groundwa-' in a stream or river bed have ing the river's bed. The rising ter. The groundwater connects smooth edges. The edges waters wash soil and sand, with the rivers, lakes, and have been worn' away, not by trees and shrubs out from one oceans. These waters are the water but by the suspendedlocation and deposit them fur- eventually evaporated, begin- particles of soil and sand in thether downstream. ning the cycle once again.

Mofrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.2 5 6. August 1993 a

Bathroom Creek mismillm Hiking trail Interpretive site

Parking lot

caStone structures

raWater fountain

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.3, Augut 1993 Trail Description: if the students don't already might have noticed in the park The activity "Water Over have them, and have the stu- where this rock was used. the Rocks" will take you on a dents answer the questions on Parking lots, retaining walls, trail approximately 1/2 mile them at the appropriate stops. the swimming pool, the bath- long, called the Quarry Trail. Use the answer sheet to facili- house, and many other park It starts in the picnic area, fol- tate questions and discussion. facilities are constructed of this same type of rock. Argil- lows a winding creek aniund. Stop 2 lite was also used as head and the baSe of a hill, and crosses The type of forest located the creek several times before foot markers at grave sites lo- in a particular area is directly Cated in the park. Discuss the leaving it. The trail then - related to the area's geology crosses a small hill and travels worksheet questions and an- and how the land has been swers. down to another creek that shaped over time. The soil Choose one piece of argil- passes through the old quany type, elevatiOn, latitude, slope, lite used in the construction of site. The trail leads you aroundand conipass, direction the ihe barbecue pit, water foun- the quany and back up the hill slope faces all affect the type tain or picnic shelter and draw to the picnic area. of plant communities that will its edge, showing the layers. The quarry is a good ex- grow in a given location. For Be sure to look for fossils in ample of bedding idargilltite. example, certain plant species the rock. Fossils are ex- The bedding is inclined at a prefer an acidic soil, while tremelY rare but three have steep angle, indicating that the others thrive in a neutral or been found in Stanly County rock has been tilted from its alkaline soil. Some species you might find a fourth! original horizontal position. grow only at a certain eleva- Fractures developed parallel tion; others grow at specific to the bedding planes and also latitudes, slopes, or cliff faces.. at angles to it. ,Plant communities can often First Things First tell a trained sciehtist a lot about the soil, the base rock Befote going on the trail, and the geologic history of have the students take-a break an area. and use the restrooms. The students will not be hiking Stop 3 far, but the hike will take Notice the argillite (blue- approximately one hour due to gray rock) that was used to the amount of material being -construct the structures around covered. you. The picnic shelter, water Stop 1 fountain, and barbecue pit grill were all constructed by the Ci- When the grOup has re- vilian Conservation Corps, assembled, show them a large (known as the CCC), during topographic map.of the park the late 1930's and early area, and trace on the map 1940's. Farther down the trail, where the students will be hik- you Will pass through the ing. Explain the map's sym- quarry where the argillite was bols. Hand out the "Water dug. Discuss other-places you Over the Rocks" worksheets, Pteridinium fossil 58 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.4 August 1993 Stop 4 Stop 5 Walk over to the outcrops A.Situate the students ai a Look along the inside bend on the left side of the quarry. Stream location and ask them of the stream. Discuss how as Notice how tilted the layers to make the following observa-the current slows, heavier ma- are. Have the students answer tions while completing their terial is deposited, forming a- the worksheet questions, and worksheet. Are there exposed sandbank. This sandbank is then discuss their answers. rock outcrops in the water? in made up of rocks and miner- Have the students identify and the stream bank? What_type als. Using the gold pans, have draw the following geological might they be and why are the students "pan" for rocks formations: breaks or joints they located here? What are and see how many different and bedding or layers. types of rocks they can iden- their shapes? Stop 7 , tify using the "Rock and Min- B. Observe the rock that was Notice the channels cut by eral Fact Sheet" from On-Site uncovered on this hillside due the running water where the Activity #1. to the erosion of the loose soil. water runs over the exposed This is weathered argillite. -It Stop 6 rock at the bridge. Answer was formed from argillite that Argillite was mined from the worksheet questions and has weathered back to a softer this quarry years ago. It was discuss them. state. The weathered argillite used for structures like the Stop 8 is much softer than argillite ones you saw at the beginning At this highest point ori the and is not suitable for building of the trail. You can also see material. Take a piece of this hill, loOk back at where you've weathered argillite on,the right been. Review with the stu- weathered rock and experienceside of the quarry at the high- dents the erosional processes, how soft it is by crumbling it est point on the quarry walls. the effects the stream and - in your hands. Its location on top of the argil- litimans have had on shaping C.Have the students examine lite usually means that it was the landscape, the types of deposited at a later date and is and draw the stream seffi- rocks you have seen, and what ments as seen through a mag- a younger rock than that at the geologic processes caused the nifying glass. Discuss the bottom of the quarry. The argil-, rocks to tilt and break. sediments' colors and shapes, lite exposed at the surface has "decayed" back to the softer Be sure to mention that the types of rocks they came rhyolite and basalt, two of the from, Why they are here, and rock, weathered-argillite. where they are going. D;flave the students draw a rock found in ihe stream and one located away from the stream. Have them describe , these two rocks. E. Discuss with the students how floods roll and sort rocks in the 'streams. Have them an- sWer the worksheet questions, looking for clues to flood. heights such as scouring and debris deposited in the flood plain along the stream.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.559 August 1993 major rocks in the park, are notpicnic area and trail head. also a quartz outcrop approxi- found along this trail. Rhyolite mately 100 yards down the forms the higher hills in the Suggested Extensions: Sugarloaf trail; Uwharries. Basalt can be C) Reed Gold .1V1ine is located found scattered about the park 1. You may wish to visit the following places: on NC Route 200 in-Cabarrus on and below the surface, with County. the largest concentration being A) The top of Morrow. Moun- in the northwestern section of tain is a good place to see the park. rhyolite, how it weathers and 2. Come back to the park for a how it protects the mountain Also mention that North plant community hike on this. from wearing down. There is Carolina State Parks were set same trail. This hike will relate aside to protect unique natural also a geological display lo- the plant cpmmunities, geology, areas throughout the state. cated in the picnic area on top soils and geography. -of the mountain; Our state parks are true sanctu- aries. All resources in the parkB) Basalt fields may be seen are protected and may not be on the way to the top of Mor- removed, molested or. harmed. row Mountain. Fields of basalt This includes all wildlife, all can also be seen by parking at plants and even the rocks we the, trail head of the Sugarloaf are studying today. After the Trail and walking a short dis- discussion, head back to the tance down the trail. There is

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4:2.6 60 August 1993 Worksheet for On-Site Activity 42 Water Over The Rocks

Stop 3 What type of rock is argillite? Why does it make such good building material?

, Choose one piece of argillite used in the construction of the barbecue pit, water fountain or the picnic shelter and draw its edge, showing the layers or bedding.

Be sure to look for fossils in the rock. They are extremely rare but three have been found in Stan ly,County in rocks just like these. You might get lucky and fmd a fourth.

Pteridinium fossil Stop 4 A. Are there exposed rock outcrops in the water? Yes No In the stream bank? Yes No If so, what type(s) of rock do you think they are? Why are they located there?

What shapes do these outcrop rocks have? are they smooth edged? rounded? jagged? sharp?

Morrow Mountain:State Park, NC 4.2.7 August 1993 C. Draw the sediments as seen through the magnifying glass.

De Scribe the colors.and shapes you see. -Which type of nick do you think these sediments come from? Why.do you think they are here, and where do you think they 'are going?

D. Draw a rock found in the stream and one located away from the stream. Describe each rock. stream nick non-stream rock

E. Can you tell how high the last flood was (by the scOuring along the stream)? Yes How high was it above the current Water level? feet meters Can you tell how high the highest flood was (by .the height of debris piled in the flood plain along the stream)? Yes No Maybe How high was it above the current water level? feet meters

Morrow Mot-intain State Park, NC 4.2.8 August 1993 Stop 5 Use the "Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet" from On-Site Activity #1ana see how many rocks you can identify as you pan the sandbank at the streambend.

Stop 6 Notice the tilted bedding (or layers) in these outcrops. What do you think caused this?

What angle were the layers at Originally? Draw two types of geologic fofmations in the outcrops found in the quarry and label them as joints (breaks) and bedding (layers).

Stop 7 Notice the channels cut into the rock that the water is running over. How did these channels form?

What type of rock is the stream cutting through?

What type of rock is along the stream bank?

6 3 MorrOw Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.9 . August 1993 How do you think this rock was originally formed?

If the channel is being cut by small particles in the water, what happens to these suspendedpar- ticles and those worn from the rocks? Where do they go?

Stop 8, At a high point on the hill overlooking the quarry, look back over whereyou have been. Write a paragraph that describes what you have learned today about the types of rocksyou have seen, how water (the stream) and humans have changed the landscape, and the geologic processes that have caused the rock layers to, tilt and break.

6 4 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.10 August 1993 . A

Stop 3 .What type of rock is argillite? (ANSWER: Argil lite is a metamorphic rock.)

Why does it make such good building material? (ANSWER: The layers in this Metaniorphosed sedimentary rock will break along the planes in which the sediments were laid down. This results in a flat surface, which makes argillite a great building material as the rocks can be stacked on toP of one another.)

Choose one piece of argillite used in the construction of the barbecue pit, water fountthn, or the picnic shelter and draw its edge; showing the layers or bedding.

Be sure to look for fossils in the rock. They are extremely rare hut three have been found in Stanly County in rocks just like these. You might get lucky and find a fourth. Stop 4

A. Are there exposed rock outcrops in the water? X Yes No

In the streath bank?X Yes No

If so, what type(s) of rock do you think they are? (ANSWER: Metamorphic rock - weathered argillite.)

Why are they located there? (ANSWER: the stream exposed the rock.)

- What shapes do these outcrop rocks have? are they smoothsdged? rounded? jagged? sharp? (ANSWER: smooth, rounded edges for in-water outcrops; jagged, sharp edges for stream bank outcrops.)

C.Draw the sediments as seen through the magnifying glass. Describe the colors and shapes you see. Which type of rock do you think these sediments come from? (ANSWER: mineral - quartz; metamorphic - argillite; and maybe igneous - basalt and/or rhyolite.)

Why 'do you think they are here, and where do you think they are going? ,(ANSWER: They were eroded from the streambed and bank here and farther upstream. They are on their slow way to the ocean.) 6 5 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.11 August 1993 D. Draw a rock found in the stream and one located 'away from the stream. Describe these two

, rocks. .(ANSWER: The rocks found in the stream have been worn down by the stream and will probably have smoother, rounded edges compared to the rocks found away from the stream.) sfream rock non-stream rock

E Can you tell how high the last flood was (by the scouring along the stream)? X Yes No.

How high was it above the current water level? feet meters

Can you tell how high the highest flood was (by the height of debris piled in the flood plain along the stream)? Yes No Maybe.

How high was it above the current water level? feet meters , Stop 5 Use your Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet from On-Site Activity #1 and see how many rocks you can identify as you pan the sandbank at the stream bend. (ANSWER: Likely rocks are airgillite, rhyolite, citlartz, weathered argillite and basalt.) Stop 6 Notice the tilted bedding or layers in these outcrops. What do you think caused this?, (ANSWER: The tilt of the argillite is the result of crustal upheavals that occurred after the argillite was originally formed.) What angle were the layers at originally? (ANSWER: The layers were originally horizontal with the ground.) Draw two types of geologic formations in the outcrops found in the quarry and label them as joints (breaks) and bedding (layers).

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.12: August 1993 (3 Stop 7 Notice the channels cut into the rock that the water is rimning over. How did these channels form? (ANSWER: They were cut by the particles suspended in the Water acting as sandpaper, wearing down the rock, day and night, over a very long period of time. It is a long, slow process but the earth's life is measured in millenniuins and not in years.)

What type of rock is ifie stream cutting through?' (ANSWER: Argil lite.)

What type of rock is along the stream bnk? (ANSWER: Argil lite or weathered argillite)

How do you think this rock was originally formed? (ANSWER: It was formed when volcanic ash and silt were deposited in an ancient sea millions of years ago. AS layers of these sediments built up, they were eventually compressed into a sedimentary rock, such as shale or mudstone. Later, pressure and heat during deep burial; transformed the sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock, argillite.)

If the channel is being cut by small particles in the water, what happens to these suspended particles and those worn from the rocks? Where do they go? (ANSWER: They are washed downstream and become part of the erosional process. Some settle in deeper and quieter areas of the stream.)

Stop 8

At a high point on the hill overlooking the quarry, look back over where you have been. Write a paragraph that describes what you have learned today abOut the types of rocks you have seen, how water (the stream) and humans have changed the landscape, and the geologic processes that have caused the rock layers to tilt and break. (Note: For assistance in the discussion, review the worksheet questions.)

6 7

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 4.2.13 August 1993 Post-Visit Activity '1 What's Your Crystalline Structure?

Educator's Information: Major Concepts: Curriculum Objectives: Geologic processes Grade 5 Communication Skills: Tr his activity is a review Geologic cycle reading and vocabulary of the vocabulary and Vocabulary comprehension, study skills major concepts used through- Science: earth science, out the whole packet. The Objectives: environment students will first fill in the Name the three basic rock Grade 6 blanks with the appropriate types and explain how they Communication Skills: word suggested by each-defini- are formed. reading and vocabulary tion or example. When the List two geologic processes. comprehension, study skills worksheet has been completed, Describe what a rock is and Science: earth science, environment the students will then search name two rocks common to for the words in the Crystal this area. Grade 7 Word Search Puzzle. Communication Skills: reading and vocabulary comprehension, study skills Science: scope of earth science, earth forms, natural phenomena

Location: Classroom

Group Size: Approximately 30 students plus teacher

Estimated Time: 30 minutes

Materials: Provided by the educator: Per student:"What's Your Crystalline Structure" worksheet, "Crystal Word Search Puzzle," pencil

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.618 August 1993 A 1

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word suggested by each definition or example. When all words have been placed, find the words in the crystal word search puzzle. . - 1. Substance made up of one or more minerals.-

2. Rocks exposed on the higher peaks and ridges of the Uwharrie Mountain.

3. Metamorphosed sedimentary rock that looks like argillite but breaks into thin, flat plates.

4. Naturally occurring substance- with its own crystal shape.

, 5. Rock type formed when heat and pressure change an ekisting rock.

6. Term used when water carries away rock debris. . t. 7. Rock type formed when sand, silt, clay, or ash settles and is pressed together.

8. Process whereby sedimentary rocks tiecoine metamorphic rocks, metamorphic become igneous, igneous become sedimentary, etc:

9. Used to describe the size of mineral grai4s in a rock._ (EXaMple: fine-grained.)

10. Destructive process, that wears down rocks.

11. The phenomena of how the earth is shaped.

12. Rock type formed by volcanoes.

13. Change in a bedding angle due to upheavals of the crust.

14. A major factor in the weathering and erosion of rocks.,

15. The sedimentary rock type from which argillite is formed. .ROCK RHYOLITE SLATE MINERAL METAMORPHIC E'' OSION SEDIMENTARY ROCK CYCLE TEXTURE WEATHERING GEOLOGIC PROCESS IGNEOUS TILT WATER SHALE

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II 111 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word suggested by each definition or example. When all words have been completed, find the words in the crystal word search puzzle.

1. Substance made up of one or more minerals. R 0 C. K

2. Rocks exposed on the higher peaks and ridges of the Uwhanie Mountains. RHYOLITE

3.Metamorphosed sedimentary rock that looks like argillite but breaks into thin, flat plates. SLATE

4.Naturally occurring substance with its own crystal shape. M I N ER A L

5. Rock type formed when heat -and pressure change an existing rock. METAMORPHIC

6.Term used when'water carries away rock debris. EROSION

7.Rock type formed when sand, silt, clay or ash settles and is pressed together. SEDIMENTARY

8. Process whereby sedimentary rocks become metamorphic rocks, metamorphic become igneous, igneous become sedimentary, etc. ROCK CYCLE

9.Used to describe the size of mineral grains in a rock. (Example: fine-grained.) TEXTURE

10.Destructive process that wears down rocks. WEATHERING

11.The phenomena of how the earth is shaped. GEOLOG I C PRO_CESS

12.Rock type formed by volcandes. IGNEOUS

13.Change in a bedding angle due to upheaval of the crust. TILT

14.A major factor in the weathering and erosion of rocks. W A,T E R

15.The sedimentary rock type from which argillite is formed. SHALE ROCK RHYOLITE SLATE MINERAL METAMORPHIC EROSION SEDIMENTARY ROCK CYCLE TEXTURE WEATHERING GEOLOGIC PROCESS IGNEOUS TILT WATER SHALE 7 2 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.1.5 August 1993 Educator's Enfrormationi: Curriculum'Objectives: Grade 7 Grade 5 oCommunication Skills:- rp his game is adapted from Communication Skills: - listening, reading, vocabulary listening, reading, vocabulary and vielking comprehension, IL the television game show, and viewing comprehension, ,speaking techniques Jeopardy. Before starting the speaking techniques oGuidance': group cooperation game be sure to briefly review e Guidance: group interaction oScience: earth science, earth the geologic history of the Science: earth science, envi- forms, natural phenomena park in the Appendix (8.1). ronment Social Studies: organize and oSocial Science: organize and analyze information, draw This is a fun way for the stu- analyze information, draw i.conclusions dents to evaluate themselves conclusions, participate on what they have learned effectively m groups Locations: through the previous activities. Inside or outside, depending The game also provides good Grade 6 on the weather Communication Skills: factual information on geol- listening, reading, vocabulary :group SiZO: ogy and the Uwharrie Moun- and Viewing comprehension, 30 or less, larger groups can be tains, in particular. You may speaking techniques accommodated wish to award prizes or recog- Guidance: group intethction nition to the participants with Science: earth science, envi- Estimated Time: ronment 30 minutes the highest score. Social Studies: organize and analyze information, draw Materials: conclusions Provided by the educator; "Geology Jeopardy",board Major Concepts: oRock fonhations oLandforms GPOIAXIV JEOPARDY ()Rock composition oUse of native stone 100 100 Objectives: 200 200 oList the three most common types of rock found in the j00 300 park and state which rock r,,) type is highly resistant to erosion. oExplain how sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks are formed. oName two rock types and how they have been used by humans in this area.

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73 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.2.1 August 1993 Ihstnnettions: The student who correctly Divide the class into two Divide the class into three responds by asking "What is groups. Each group will teams. Put each team in a line ?," receives the point chose someone to draw for facing the Jeopardy Board. vakie card and gets to select that group. One point is given Ask one of the three students the next category and amount for each correct guess. The at the head of the lines to to be revealed. If no correct first group's "artist" has one pick the first number amount response is given, the leader minute to convey a geological and category column to be gives the response. term or process in pictures revealed. The amounts do not All three participants now_ to their group. If the group have to be selected in any move to the back of the lines doesn't guess the correct particular order. and the next three students answer in one minute then the other group has a chance to When the category and the have a chance to answer the guess what was being drawn. amount have been selected, next question. If neither group gets the cor- uncover the "answer" and read After all columns have been rect answer, the moderator it aloud to the group. The first uncovered, each team adds up (usually a teacher) gives the of the three students at the headtheir point cards to determine answer. of the lines to raise a hand gets who has the most points. If .a chance to respond. (It is ex- any prizes are to be awarded, It is now the second group's tremely helpful to have some- that is done at this time. turn. A new index card is one familiar with the group to taken from the stack and the Suggested Extensions: watch for the first hand raised, second group's "artist" draws since the leader will be reading Play another television gamea picture to convey the term the "answers") called Win, Lose or Draw. to their group. Suggestions Geological terms or processes for geological terms or pro- The correct response must are written on index cards cesses that could be used are: be in the form of a question. which are placedface down onerosion, weathering, glaciers, If the first student answers a table close to the chalkboard sedimentary rock, igneous incorrectly, the other two stu- where the drawings will be rock, metamorphic rock, dents are given a chance to done. Try to have different fossils, volcanoes, etc. raise their hands and respond. colors of chalk available.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.2.2 August 1993 GEOLOGY JEOPA Building Blocks Rocks and and Landmarks Geologic Hammerstones Minevals Terms 100100 200200200200

300300300_ 300 \ 400400400400 500500500500

75 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.2.3 Atigust 1994 GEOLO JE A Y Building Blocks Rocks and and Hammerstones Minerals

This 17-pound A sedimentary rock The place where The rock type nugget was fOrmed from volcanicbuilding stone was formed when discovered nearby ash and silt. mined. - sediments are in 1779. compacted or cemented.

The rock the CCC A metavolcanic rock,The park is part of The rock type mined in the park very resistant to this mountain range. (such as slate) and used to erosion and found on created by heat and construct buildings. .all the higher hills in pressure on rocks. the Uwharries.

Early settlers usedA weathered rock that 936 feet above Rocks formed by the this dark-colored can be scratched by sea level cooling of hot, rock to make fences your fingernail. molten rock on or and walls. beloW the earth's surface.

A white, very hard Crystals of this A river that borders Movement of mineral sometimes mineral can some- Morrow Mountain weathered rock by used to make fences times be seen in State Park. water, wind and and walls. rhyolite. glacial action.

The stone Native The mineral that This rock Created the A term for the Americans used to gives basalt its "Great Falls of the layering found make tools such as green color. Yadkin." in rock of knives, spear points sedimentary origin. and arrowheads.

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.2.4 August 1993 GEOLOGYJEOPARDY-CorrectResponses Building Blocks Rocks and and Landmarks Geologic Hammerstones Minerals Terms

What is gold? What is shale or What is the, What is mudstone? quarry? sedimentary rock?

. , What is the What is What is argillite? What is rhyolite?Uwharrie Mountain metamorphic range? rock?

What is What is basalt? What is the elevation of What is weathered argillite?Morrow Mountain? igneous rock?

What is the What is quartz? What is feldspar? Yadkin, Pee Dee What is erosion? or Uwharrie?

What is rhyolite? What is rhyolite? What is chlorite? OR What is bedding? What is a dike? .

7 7 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 5.2.5 August 1993 Aggregate Composed of a mixture of Crustal plates - Granitic plates on which the minerals that may be separated- by mechanical continents ride. When these plates collide they means. push up mountains and create metamorphic rock due to the pressure of their collision. Anticline An upfold or arch of stratified rock. Decay To decompose; rot.

DecoMposition The chemical breakup of rock at or near the earth's surface. The mineral- components of the rock are altered and neW compounds are produced.

Dike An intrusive, More or less vertical, thin sheet of igneoug rock.

Argil lite A slightly metamorphosed shale or Earth's crust - A rigid shell only about 30 mudstone found'at Morrow Mountain State miles thick,'less than one hundredth of the Park. (For further information, see the Rock distance to the center. Eight elements account and Mineral Fact Sheet in On-Site Activity #1 - for almost 99% of the earth's crust oxygen Rock ID.) (46.7%), silicone (27.7%), aluminum (8.1%), iron (5.1%), calcium (3.7%), sodium (2.8%), Basalt A hard, dense, dark- potassium (2.6%), and magnesium (2.1%). colored extrusive igneous rock. When slightly meta- Erosion The movement of bits of weathered morphosed, it is called rock by wind, water, gravity and glacial greenstone. (For further action. information, see the Rock and Mineral Fact Extrusive, igneous rock Rock formed by the Sheet in On-Site Activity cooling of molten lava on the earth's surface. #1 Rock ID.) Examples are rhyolite and basalt.

Bedding Theformation of layers or strata in Fault - In geology, a fracture in the earth's sedimentary and metamorphosed sedimentary ,crust where layers of iock slide Up or down rOck. along the break.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) A federal government program of the 1930's and 1940's that was established to provide job's and develop public pi-operties.

Chlorite - A gfeen or black mineral found in basalt that has been slightly metamorphosed.

Compaction The process or state of being pressed together; compacted. 73 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 6.1 August 1993 Folding To bend over or double up so that 'Mantle In geology;the layer of the earth one part lies on another part. between the crust and the core:

Geologic process The breaking down and ,Metamorphic rock -.Rock that has been building up of rocks, such as weathering, altered chemically and/or physicallS, by heat erosion, sedimentation and volcanic action; and pressure. Argillite is a metamorphic rock the phenomena of how the earth is shaped. found in the park.

Granite - An intrusive igneous rock with very Metavolcanic rock- Metamorphic rock that coarse grains Composed of qUartz, feldspar, originated from volcanoes, but was later, and dark minerals such as biotite (mica). changed by heat and pressure.

Hardness - A mineral's resistance to scratch- Minerals - One or more chemical elements ing; scale from 1 to 10 where talc is the softest that make up the earth's rocks. They are and a diamond is the hardest. inorganic and occur naturally. Each mineral has its own chemical make-up, as well as its

Hypothesis- A proposed or pOs-sible answer . own characteristic crystal shape. Quartz is to a problem; a premise from which a conclu- a common mineral found in the park. sion is drawn. Mudstone - A fine-grained sedimentary rock Igneous rock Rock formedbS/ the cooling in which the proportions of clay and silt are of molten rock on or under the surface of the approximately equal. Mudstone differs from earth; rock formed by volcano& The crust shale in that mudstone lacks fine lamination of the earth is approximately 95% igneous and can not be easily split. rock. Examples are rhyolite and basalt. Outcrop An area of exposed rock. Examples Intrusive igneous rock Igneous rock that are road cuts, streain beds and quanies. forms when magma cools inside the earth, usually resUlting in coarse-grained mineral Quartz A hard crystalline mineral of silicon crystals. dioxide, Si02. (For further information see the Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet in On-Site Joint - A break in rocks along whiCh no Activity #1. - Rock ID.) movement has occured. (Compare with fault.) Pteridinium A Precambrian animal whose Lava Molten rock that issues from a volcano fossil is found in argillite in the Stanly County or a fissure in the earth's sufface; the rock region. There is disagreement about this soft- formed by the cooling and solidifying of this bodied lobed animal; however, most researCh- substance. ers believe the animal lived a solitary exist- ence on the ocean floor. Luster The appearance of a mineral surface judged by its brilliance and ability to reflect light.

Magma- Molten rock beneath the earth's surface. When it reaches the-earth's surface,' it is called lava. 79

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 6.2 August 1993 Resistant rock Rock 'that weathers and Syncline A downWard fold in sedimentary erodes more slowly-than other rock in the, rocks. (See Anticline.) same area. Vent An exit hole for hot gases and lava to Rhyolite A glassy, volcanic rock, similar to flow from a volcano. granite in composition, which usually exhibits Volcanic rock Rocks produced by or dis- flow lines. charged from a volcano. Metamorphosed rhyolite is the most prominent rock on the tops of the Uwharrie Mountains; used by Native Americans to make tools and projectile points. (For further information-See, the Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet in On-Site Activity #1 RoCk ID.)

Rock A substance made up of one or more minerals. Rocks are an important part of the Earth's crust, mantle, and core. There are three forms of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. / 7 Rock cycle The process whereby one rock Volcano kvent in the earth's crust through ,type changes into another. which molten lava and gases are ejected; a mountain formed by the materials sO ejected. Sediment Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid, such as soil being washed into a Weathering Any of the chemical or me- lake and settling to the bottom. chanical processes by which,rocks exposed to the atmosphere decay to soil. In the broad- Sedimentary rock Rock made by the com- est sense, any of the destructive elements that paction and/or cementing of sediments: wear down rocks, causing them to fragment, crack, or crumble. ExamPles include heat, Shale - A sedimentary rock composed of chemicals, wind, water and ice. (Erosion laminated layers of clay-like, fme-grained loosens and carries away debris caused by sediments, such as volcanic ash. (Compare weathering.) with mudstone.) XenolithLiterally, a "stranger" rock, which Slate A fine-grained metamorphic rock-that was surrounded during the movement of splits easily into thin, flat plates; often confused magma to form an unrelated inclusion within with argillite, which breaks into chips or the surrounding igneous rock. blocks.

Texture The size and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock.

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 6.3 August 1993 Adams, George F. and Jerome Wyckoff. 1971. Montgomery County Public Schools. Landforms: A Golden Guide. Racine, WI.: Activities for Studying Rocks and Soil. Western Publishing.Company. Env,ironmental Education Series. Bulletin No. 247 E. Rockville, MD. The American Forest Council. 1987: Project Leaining Tree. (For information on Project Morrow Mountain State Park. Park Learning Tree, contact The Project Learning geology files. (Contact Morrow Mountain Tree Coordinator, Box 8003, N.C. State State Park, Rt. 5, Box 430, Albermarle, NC. University, Raleigh, NC. 27695.) 28001.)

Beyer, Fred. 1991. North Carolina, The Mottana, Annibale, Rodolfo Crespi, and Years Before Man: A Geologic History. Giuseppe Liborio. 1978. Simon and Durham, NC.: Carolina Academic Press. Schuster's Guide to Rocks and Minerals. New York, NY.: Simon and Schuster. Birdd, Donald L. 1990. "Color Me Metamor- phic", The Science Teacher, (April). Museum Institute for Teaching Science. 1988. Science is Elementary, Vol 3:1, Oct/Nov. Caduto, Michael J. 1985. Pond and Brook, Boston Museuni of Science. A Guide to Nature Study in Freshwater Environments. Englewood Cliff, NJ.: National Wildlife Federation. 1988. Prentice Hall. Geology, The Active Earth. Nature Scope. Washington, DC. Chesterman, Charles W. 1978. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks Pough, Fredrick H. 1960: A Field Guide and Minerals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. to Rocks and Minerals, The Peterson Field Quide Series. -Cambridge, MA.: Riverside Cvancara, Alan M. 1986: Field Manual for Press. the Amateur Geologist. New York, NY.: Prentice Hall: Sund, Tillery, and Trowbridge. 1973. Elementary Science Discovery Lessons Eves, Robert L. and Lany E. Davis. 1988. The Earth Sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and "Is the Rock Cycle an Outdated Idea, or a Bacon. Unifying Concept?" Journal of Geological Education. Vol. 36.

Hogg, John C., Judson B. Cross and Kenneth E. Vordenberg. 1959. Physical Science, A Basic Course. Princeton, NJ.: D. Van Nostrand Co.

Monow Mountain State Park, NC 7.1 August 1993 a

he Uwharries, a northeast- The layers or bedding coast of NOrth America over Ttending mountain range, planes in the argillite also pro- 600 million years ago. The are part of a larger geologic vide evidence of mountain basalt and rhyolite found in the formation called the Carolina building. Although sediments park can trace their origins slate belt. Composed of are usually deposited in hori- back to lava flows from these slightly metamorphosed volca-zontal layers, the layers in the ancient volcanoes. When the nic and sedimentary rocks, argillite are nearly vertical. (A crustal plates carrying North the Carolina slate belt extends good example of this can be America and Africa con- from central Virginia to central seen in the abandoned quany verged, this old volcanic arc Georgia. Geologists think that at Morrow Mountain State became welded-to the North ' this belt was part of a volcanic Park.) What could have causedAmerican continent. The island chain in a shallow sea this vertical orientation? Ge- Uwharrie Mountains were off the North Ainerican conti- ologists think that between 250formed sometime during the nent about 600 million years and 500 million years ago, af- continental collision. Thus, ago. Evidence for this theory ter the argillite had already the Uwharries themselves are

comes from the three common .formed, the crustal plates car- not extinct volcanoes, but rocks found at Morrow Moun- rying Africa and North rather contain rocks that come tain State Parkargillite, America moved together: Dur--.froth ancient volcanoes! rhyolite and basalt. Using 'ing several mountain-building Because the rhyolite and the fossil ages and radiometric episodes, large sections of basalt were slightly metal-nor- dates, geologists have deter- argillite and other deeply-bur- phosed, geologiSts classify mined the ages of these rocks ied rocks were folded, faulted them as metamorphic rocks, to be between 550 and 600 and tilted. Millions of years OfNOT igneous rocks. More million years old. erosion removed the overlyingaccurate names for these two Argillite, which is found rocks, exposing the argillite at rocks are metarhyolite and throughout the lower eleva- the earth's surface. Since argil-metabasalt (or greenstone). tions of the park, formed in lite is more easily weathered The meta prefix indicates a quiet waters where finer sedi- than rhyolite or basalt, argillite metamorphic or changed rock. _Ments such as volcanic ash is found mainly in the creek The word following the prefix- and silt had-time to settle to thebeds and lower elevations of indicates the parent rock or bottom. Once there, the the Uwhanies. protolith. Because the basalt weight of water and overlying The erosion which revealed and rhyolite formed from lava sediments helped to compact the ancient mud beds also un- at very high temperatures, the and cement these soft muds eovered evidence of old volca- heat and pressure they experi- into a fine-grained sedimen- nic activity.Recall the chain enced during metamorphism tary rock. Later, this mud- of volcanic islands off the east did not alter them very much. stone was deeply buried and These ancient rocks still re- slightly metamorphosed to argillite semble freshly Made basalt create the argillite we see to-gwomourimwagimtaspaymair*vi and rhyolite from other parts day. Argillite contains parallel rxmoismuemmumwoztrwaluv%.. of the wOrld. For this rea-

LAZZ-:41 lines or layers, which represent lit4f7nl son, geologists prefer to IttraTtkir-,4 keep the igneous terms, the laSiers of ash and silt laid vmstomq".. 45.ZIPMIEVNIL, down in the ancient sea. Alfsurii; ft. '3V111111ETang,basalt and rhyolite, even

Morrow.Mountain State Park, NC 8.1.1 8 9 August 1993 though the rocks belong to the there are visible crystals of ridge extending southward to" metamorphic group; .feldspar surrounded by ex- Morrow Mountain. Hattaway Basalt is found in the park tremely small grains of quartz is an't-shaPed ridge with the as rounded boulders at (invisible to the naked eye). shorter axis extending west- the bottom of hills Remember, that this rock was ward. It has no definite sum- or along hill- slightly metamorphosed; there-mit, but consists of a long sides. It is a fore, geologists classify it as a ridge formation with occa- fme- metavolcanic rock. sional dips at stream heads. grained, Because of its hardness Rhyolite is less extensive on grayish and densitY, rhyolite deposits' these mountains. green rock, have resisted the erosion which Fall Mountain, in the rich in-magnesium cut away so much of the softer northern section of the park, and iron. The presence_of rock of the region. Nearly all has an unusual rhyolite forma- chlorite (green mineral) in the the Uwharrie mountaintops tion called a dike. The dike basalt indicates that it has beenhave rhyolite boulders on extends northeast from this slightly metamorphosed. This them. The area's Native .summit all the way across the kind of metamorphosed basalt Americans broke up some of Yadkin River. Such forma- is often referred to as "green- these rhyolite boulders to maketions are caused by lava seep- 'stone." Because basalt con- tools, leaving the black, gray age through a large crack in tains much less silica (quartz) and white slivers of rock foundthe earth. than rhyolite, it is less resistant on these mountains today. At the point where this.dike to weathering and erosion. Rhyolite is the best natural ma-of hard, erosion-resistant rock Rhyolite is found on the topsterial found in the southeastern crossd the Yadkin River, the of all the higher mountains in United States for making stoneGreat Falls of the Yadkin the Uwharries, where it has tools which require a hard, formed. This was the largest acted as a hard, protective sharp edge, such as spear and waterfall in the state in terms layer. Due to its high silica con-arrowheads, knives and scrap- of volume of wafer. The early' tent, rhyolitic lava is very thick ers. The first evidence of Na- European explOrer, John and viscous. It does not flow tive Americans in the area Lawson, visited_this area in very far or form gas bubbles, dates back to 10,000 B.C. -1701 and described these falls and it develops an extreme a long time ago by human as being very large and beauti- hardness upon cooling. The standards but a mere moment ful. Dr. Frances Kron, who _ chemical composition of rhyo- in geological time. lived in the house which is

lite is similar to granite, but its Many visitors' to Morrow now part of the park's-histdri- . texture is different. Granite Mountain enjoy-the impressivecal restoration, reported in has a coarse-grained texture view from the mountain's top. his diary that the noise of the because it formed from Morrow Mountain is only 936 falls could be heard from his magma inside the earth that feet above sea level but stands front porch, which is over a cooled slowly enough for largeover 600 feet above the sur-- mile away and on the opposite crystals to form. Rhyolite usu- rounding country side. side of Fall Mountain. Today, ally has a glassy texture (with Sugarloaf and Hattaway Alcoa's Falls Dam sits on no visible crystals) because it Mountains, lying just north of top of the rhyolite dike and comes from lava that cools rap:Morrow-Mountain, are well the falls are no longer seen idly at the earth's surface. over 800 feet in elevation. or heard. However, some of the rhyolite Both are quite massive. at Morrow Mountain has an Sugarloaf is composed of a uneven or porphyritic texture rounded peak, a spur, and a 8 3 Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 8.1:2 August 1993 SCIHIEDULIING WORKSHEET

Date request received kequest received by

1) Name of group (school)

2)Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3)Day/dateitime of requested program

4) Program desired and program length

5) Meeting place

6) Time of arrival at park TiMe of departure from park

7) Number of students Age range (grade)

8) Number of chaperones

9) Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies,'health co'ncerns, physical limitations)

11) Have you or your goup participated in park programs before? If yes, pleaseindiCate previous programs attended:

If no, mail the contact person an Educator's Guide.

12) Are parental permission forms required? If ye-s do you have these forms? If not, mail contact person a Parental, Permission form.

,have read the entire Educator's Guide and understand and agree to all the conditions within it.

Return to:Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albemarle, North Carolina 28001

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 9.1 August 1993 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon be involved in an exciting learning adventurean environmental education experience at . Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs improve children's attitudes and performance ina broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom"as safe as possible we ask that you provide the following information and sigri at the bottom. Pleasenote that insects, poison ivy and other potential risks are a natural part of any ouidoor setting. We advise.that childrenbring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy,shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please have them bring their medication and stress that they,or the group leader, be able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other health problems we should be "aware of?

In case of an emergency, I give permission formy child to be treated by the attending physician. I understand that I would be notified assoon as possible.

. Parent's signature date

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Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 9.2 August 1993 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS & RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the program(s) youreceived. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

1. Program title(s) Date Program leader(s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the most interestingand useful?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting andUseful?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)?

5. General comments

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHER, ORGANIZEDYOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives or curriculumneeds? If not, why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Morrow Mountain State Park 49104 Morrow Mountain Rd. Albemarle, North Carolina 28001

8 6 - Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 9.3 August 1993 8 7

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 10.1 August 1993 Notes

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 10.2 August 1993 Notes

8 9

Morrow Mountain State Park, NC 10.3 August 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ® Office of Educational Research and improvement (OEN) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) ERIC

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