Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2009 Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites Jeremy L. Sweat University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Sweat, Jeremy L., "Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/64 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jeremy L. Sweat entitled "Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Boyce N. Driskell, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Shroedl, Lynn Sullivan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jeremy L. Sweat entitled “Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Boyce N. Driskell ____________________________ Boyce Driskell, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Shroedl ________________________________ Lynn Sullivan ________________________________ Accepted for the Council: Carolyn Hodges ____________________________ Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student record) Lithic Resource Survey of the Upper Little River Drainage: Raw Material Availability and Use at the Townsend Sites A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jeremy Lee Sweat August 2009 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Boyce Driskell for all of his guidance and advice. I am grateful for the opportunities Dr. Driskell provided me both as an undergraduate and graduate student, many of which not only provided employment opportunities as a graduate assistant, but also helped me to establish a career with the National Park Service. I would like to thank my committee members, Drs. Gerald Schroedl and Lynne Sullivan, for all of their help and advice in developing the manuscript for this thesis. I am forever grateful to my parents, Larry and Margie Sweat, for instilling me with a love for science and art. Without their encouragement, I may have never developed an interest in archaeology and natural history. I am deeply indebted to Ron Chambers for all of his help in locating raw materials and providing access to private properties in Blount County. I would like to thank Peter Lemiszki and Martin Kohl with the Tennessee Division of Geology for their advice on local geology. I would also like to thank Bobby Braly, Angela Dautartas, Miriam Soto, Larry Sweat and Morgan Sweat for their help in the field. Lastly, I would like to thank my incredible wife, Whitney Flanagan, whose endless patience and support made this thesis possible. ii Abstract From 1999 to 2002, the Transportation Center at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, conducted a number of archaeological investigations associated with the widening of State Route 73 (U.S. 321) through Townsend, Tennessee. The excavations at the Townsend sites resulted in the recovery of a large assemblage of chipped and ground stone tools. A lithic resource survey of the upper Little River drainage was undertaken to identify the likely source areas of raw materials used for the manufacture of the chipped and ground stone tools recovered during the Townsend excavations. These data were then used to identify local versus non-local materials use by prehistoric peoples in Tuckaleechee Cove. The results of this research are presented in this thesis. iii Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................1 2. Background .................................................................................................5 Physiography ...........................................................................................5 Local Geology ..........................................................................................8 Townsend Project ....................................................................................18 Previous Lithic Resource Studies in Eastern Tennessee .......................21 Regional Stone Tool Use.........................................................................23 3. Methodology .................................................................................................38 Field Methodology ..................................................................................38 Laboratory Methodology.........................................................................40 4. Material Types .............................................................................................42 5. Survey Areas.................................................................................................53 Systematic Survey Areas .........................................................................53 Opportunistic Survey Areas ....................................................................70 6. Materials Use at Townsend .........................................................................137 Formal Tools ...........................................................................................138 Flake Tools ..............................................................................................147 Cores .......................................................................................................156 Bifaces .....................................................................................................160 Debitage ...................................................................................................166 Ground Stone Tools ................................................................................169 iv 7. Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................187 Summary..................................................................................................187 Conclusions .............................................................................................188 References Cited.................................................................................................198 Vita ......................................................................................................................208 v List of Figures Page Figure 1. Overview map of the upper Little River drainage ...............................6 Figure 2. Major geologic units of the upper Little River Drainage .....................10 Figure 3. Major geologic units of Tuckaleechee Cove. .........................................13 Figure 4. Major geologic units of Miller Cove .....................................................15 Figure 5. Major geologic units of the southeast Ridge and Valley portion of the upper Little River drainage project area. .....................................17 Figure 6. Portion of the USGS 7.5’ Kinzel Springs quadrangle map showing the location of sites 40BT89, 40BT90, 40BT91 and 40BT94 ................................................................................................20 Figure 7. Portion of the USGS 7.5’ Kinzel Springs quadrangle map showing the location of Survey Area 1 ..........................................................54 Figure 8. Portion of the USGS 7.5’ Kinzel Springs quadrangle map showing the location of SurveyArea 2 ...........................................................56 Figure 9. Knox chert located at Survey Area 2 .....................................................58 Figure 10. Banded slate recovered from Survey Area 2.......................................59 Figure 11. Portion of the USGS 7.5’ Kinzel Springs quadrangle map showing the location of Survey Area 3 ..........................................................60 Figure 12. Portion of the USGS 7.5’ Kinzel Springs quadrangle map showing the location of Survey Area 4 ..........................................................62 Figure 13. Portion of the USGS 7.5’ Kinzel Springs quadrangle map showing the location of Survey Area 5 ..........................................................64 Figure 14. Quartzite recovered from Survey Area 5 ............................................65 Figure 15. Quartzite recovered from
Recommended publications
  • Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
    The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • LITHIC ANALYSIS (01-070-391) Rutgers University Spring 2010
    SYLLABUS LITHIC ANALYSIS (01-070-391) Rutgers University Spring 2010 Lecture days/hours: Thursday, 2:15-5:15 PM Lecture location: BioSci 206, Douglass Campus Instructors: Dr. J.W.K. Harris J.S. Reti, MA [email protected] [email protected] Office: BioSci, Room 203B Office: BioSci, Room 204C Office Hours: Friday 11:00 – 1:00 Office Hours: Thursday 1:00 – 3:00 COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is an integrated course that incorporates theoretical, behavioral, and practical aspects of lithic technology. Lithic Analysis is an advanced undergraduate course in human and non-human primate stone technology. Each student is expected to already have taken an introductory course in human evolution, primatology, and/or archaeology. Lithic Analysis is a sub-discipline of archaeology. The focus is on the inferential potential of stone tools with regard to human behavior. Early human ancestors first realized the utility of sharp stone edges for butchery and other practices. Arguably, without the advent of stone tools human evolution would have taken a different path. Stone tools allowed early hominins efficient access to meat resources and provided as avenue for cognitive development and three-dimensional problem solving. This course will provide a three-fold approach to lithic analysis: 1) study of archaeological sites and behavioral change through time relative to lithic technological changes, 2) insight into the art of laboratory lithic analysis and methods employed to attain concrete, quantitative behavioral conclusions, and 3) extensive training in stone tool replication. Such training will provide students with both an appreciation for the skills of our ancestors and with personal skills that will allow for further research into replication and human behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimentation Preceding Innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay Layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): Emerging Technologies and Symbols
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Experimentation preceding innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): emerging technologies and symbols. Guillaume Porraz1,2, John E. Parkington3, Patrick Schmidt4,5, Gérald Bereiziat6, Jean-Philip Brugal1, Laure Dayet7, Marina Igreja8, Christopher E. Miller9,10, Viola C. Schmid4,11, Chantal Tribolo12,, Aurore 4,2 13 1 Cite as: Porraz, G., Parkington, J. E., Val , Christine Verna , Pierre-Jean Texier Schmidt, P., Bereiziat, G., Brugal, J.- P., Dayet, L., Igreja, M., Miller, C. E., Schmid, V. C., Tribolo, C., Val, A., Verna, C., Texier, P.-J. (2020). 1 Experimentation preceding Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UMR 7269 Lampea, 5 rue du Château innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay de l’Horloge, F-13094 Aix-en-Provence, France layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter 2 University of the Witwatersrand, Evolutionary Studies Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa (South Africa): emerging 3 technologies and symbols. University of Cape Town, Department of Archaeology, Cape Town, South Africa EcoEvoRxiv, ch53r, ver. 3 peer- 4 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary reviewed and recommended by PCI Ecology, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany Archaeology. doi: 5 10.32942/osf.io/ch53r Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. 6 Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5199 PACEA, F-33615 Pessac, France Posted: 2020-12-17 7 CNRS-Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, UMR 5608 TRACES, F-31058 Toulouse, France 8 LARC DGPC, Ministry of Culture (Portugal) / ENVARCH Cibio-Inbio 9 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Institute for Archaeological Sciences & Senckenberg Recommender: Anne Delagnes Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Rümelinstr.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 Ka), South Africa
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa Anne Delagnes1,2☯*, Patrick Schmidt3☯, Katja Douze1,2, Sarah Wurz2,4, Ludovic Bellot- Gurlet5, Nicholas J. Conard3, Klaus G. Nickel6, Karen L. van Niekerk4,2, Christopher S. Henshilwood2,4 a11111 1 PACEA, CNRSÐUniversity of Bordeaux, Pessac, France, 2 School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies and Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 3 Department of Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of TuÈbingen, TuÈbingen, Germany, 4 Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 5 MONARIS, Sorbonne UniversiteÂs, UPMC Universite Paris 6, UMR 8233, Paris, France, 6 Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Eberhard Karls University of TuÈbingen, TuÈbingen, Germany OPEN ACCESS ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Delagnes A, Schmidt P, Douze K, Wurz S, * [email protected] Bellot-Gurlet L, Conard NJ, et al. (2016) Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa. PLoS ONE 11 Abstract (10): e0163874. doi:10.1371/journal. Heating stone to enhance its flaking qualities is among the multiple innovative adaptations pone.0163874 introduced by early modern human groups in southern Africa, in particular during the Middle Editor: Nuno Bicho, Universidade do Algarve, Stone Age Still Bay and Howiesons Poort traditions. Comparatively little is known about the PORTUGAL role and impact of this technology on early modern human behaviors and cultural expres- Received: December 19, 2015 sions, due, in part, to the lack of comprehensive studies of archaeological assemblages Accepted: September 15, 2016 documenting the heat treatment of stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Symposium on Agate and Cryptocrystalline Quartz
    Symposium on Agate and Cryptocrystalline Quartz September 10 – 13, 2005 Golden, Colorado Sponsored by Friends of Mineralogy, Colorado Chapter; Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum; and U.S. Geological Survey 2 Cover Photos {top left} Fortification agate, Hinsdale County, Colorado, collection of the Geology Museum, Colorado School of Mines. Coloration of alternating concentric bands is due to infiltration of Fe with groundwater into the porous chalcedony layers, leaving the impermeable chalcedony bands uncolored (white): ground water was introduced via the symmetric fractures, evidenced by darker brown hues along the orthogonal lines. Specimen about 4 inches across; photo Dan Kile. {lower left} Photomicrograph showing, in crossed-polarized light, a rhyolite thunder egg shell (lower left) a fibrous phase of silica, opal-CTLS (appearing as a layer of tan fibers bordering the rhyolite cavity wall), and spherulitic and radiating fibrous forms of chalcedony. Field of view approximately 4.8 mm high; photo Dan Kile. {center right} Photomicrograph of the same field of view, but with a 1 λ (first-order red) waveplate inserted to illustrate the length-fast nature of the chalcedony (yellow-orange) and the length-slow character of the opal CTLS (blue). Field of view about 4.8 mm high; photo Dan Kile. Copyright of articles and photographs is retained by authors and Friends of Mineralogy, Colorado Chapter; reproduction by electronic or other means without permission is prohibited 3 Symposium on Agate and Cryptocrystalline Quartz Program and Abstracts September 10 – 13, 2005 Editors Daniel Kile Thomas Michalski Peter Modreski Held at Green Center, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Sponsored by Friends of Mineralogy, Colorado Chapter Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Lithic Technology} Workshops} and Chipping Stations in the Philippines
    Prehistoric Lithic Technology} Workshops} and Chipping Stations in the Philippines D. KYLE LATINIS THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS represent an important area for research of problems concerning prehistoric archaeology in Southeast Asia. These insular areas, located east of the biogeographic boundary known as Huxley's line, include a variety of tropical environments. These islands remained detached from the continental portion of Southeast Asia throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. Archaeolog­ ical research has documented human occupation and adaptation from at least the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene within these islands. Unfortunately, relatively little intensive prehistoric archaeological research has been undertaken in the Philippines compared to some areas in mainland South­ east Asia, Oceania, and Australia. Warren Peterson's dissertation (1974) focused on a series of sites in northern Luzon and represents one of the foundation stud­ ies in the Philippines for modern archaeology. Peterson's work has often been cited and his conclusions used for the development of models concerning prehis­ tory in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Peterson's research was conducted during a period when behavioral reconstruc­ tions from site assemblage analyses were prominent in archaeological research. Specifically, Peterson attempted behavioral reconstruction from the analysis of stone tools from the Busibus/Pintu site in northern Luzon, Philippines. A reanal­ ysis of the entire Busibus/Pintu lithic assemblage has revealed problems with Peterson's initial analysis and interpretation of this site-problems that will be addressed in this paper. Lithic technology, stone tool manufacture, and selection and reduction strategies will also be explored. Finally, new interpretations of the nature of the lithic assemblage and site activities at Busibus/Pintu rock shelter will be provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Smoky Mountains National Park THIRTY YEARS of AMERICAN LANDSCAPES
    Great Smoky Mountains National Park THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN LANDSCAPES Richard Mack Fo r e w o r d b y S t e v e K e m p Great Smoky Mountains National Park THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN LANDSCAPES Richard Mack Fo r e w o r d b y S t e v e K e m p © 2009 Quiet Light Publishing Evanston, Illinois 60201 Tel: 847-864-4911 Web: www.quietlightpublishing.com Email: [email protected] Photographs © 2009 by Richard Mack Foreword © 2009 Steve Kemp Map Courtesy of the National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Harvey Broome quote from "Out Under the Sky of the Great Smokies" © 2001 courtesy The Wilderness Society. Great Smoky Mountains National Park Design: Richard Mack & Rich Nickel THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN LANDSCAPES Printed by CS Graphics PTE Ltd, Singapore All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, taping of information on storage and retrieval systems - without the prior written permission from the publisher. The copyright on each photograph in this book belongs to the photographer, and no reproductions of the Richard Mack photographic images contained herein may be made without the express permission of the photographer. For information on fine art prints contact the photographer at www.mackphoto.com. Fo r e w o r d b y S t e v e K e m p First Edition 10 Digit ISBN: 0-9753954-2-4 13 Digit ISBN: 978-0-9753954-2-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009921091 Distributed by Quiet Light
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. 4. NEOLITHIC PERIOD in JORDAN 25 4.1
    Borsa di studio finanziata da: Ministero degli Affari Esteri di Italia Thanks all …………. I will be glad to give my theses with all my love to my father and mother, all my brothers for their helps since I came to Italy until I got this degree. I am glad because I am one of Dr. Ursula Thun Hohenstein students. I would like to thanks her to her help and support during my research. I would like to thanks Dr.. Maysoon AlNahar and the Museum of the University of Jordan stuff for their help during my work in Jordan. I would like to thank all of Prof. Perreto Carlo and Prof. Benedetto Sala, Dr. Arzarello Marta and all my professors in the University of Ferrara for their support and help during my Phd Research. During my study in Italy I met a lot of friends and specially my colleges in the University of Ferrara. I would like to thanks all for their help and support during these years. Finally I would like to thanks the Minister of Fournier of Italy, Embassy of Italy in Jordan and the University of Ferrara institute for higher studies (IUSS) to fund my PhD research. CONTENTS Ch. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Ch. 2. AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 3 Ch. 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN NEAR EAST 5 3.1. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in Near east 5 3.2. Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) in Near east 10 3.2.A. Early PPNB 10 3.2.B. Middle PPNB 13 3.2.C. Late PPNB 15 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • 47. Chert and Porcellanite from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 436, Northwest Pacific
    47. CHERT AND PORCELLANITE FROM DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 436, NORTHWEST PACIFIC K. A. Pisciotto,1 Earth Science Board, University of California, Santa Cruz, California ABSTRACT Cretaceous chert and porcellanite recovered at Site 436, east of northern Honshu, Japan, are texturally and mineralogically similar to siliceous rocks of comparable age at Sites 303, 304, and 307 in the northwest Pacific. These rocks probably were formed by impregna- tion of the associated pelagic clay with locally derived silica from biogenic and perhaps some volcanic debris. Fine horizontal lamina- tions are the only primary sedimentary structures, suggesting mini- mal reworking and transport. Collapse breccias and incipient chert nodules are diagenetic features related to silicification and compac- tion of the original sediment. Disordered opal-CT (^[101] = 4.09 Å) and microgranular quartz (crystallinity index < 1.0) are the two common silica minerals pres- ent. Some samples show quartz replacing this poorly ordered opal- CT, supporting the notion that opal-CT does not become completely ordered (i.e., d[101] = 4.04 Å) in some cases before being converted to quartz. The present temperature calculated for the depth of the shallowest chert and porcellanite at this site is 30 °C; this may repre- sent the temperature of conversion of opal-CT to quartz. High reflection coefficients (0.29-0.65) calculated for the boundary be- tween chert-porcellanite and clay-claystone support the common observation that chert is a strong seismic reflector in deep-sea sedimentary sections. INTRODUCTION This paper discusses the petrology and origin of cherts and porcellanites at Site 436. In addition, the Keene's (1975, 1976) comprehensive work on cherts temperature of formation and acoustic impedances of and porcellanites from the North Pacific clearly demon- these siliceous rocks are calculated.
    [Show full text]
  • Dolomite: Occurrence, Evolution and Economically Important Associations
    Earth-Science Reviews 52Ž. 2000 1±81 www.elsevier.comrlocaterearscirev Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important associations John Warren Department Petroleum Geosciences, UniÕersity Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Received 14 October 1999; accepted 7 July 2000 Abstract Dolomite is not a simple mineral; it can form as a primary precipitate, a diagenetic replacement, or as a hydrothermalrmetamorphic phase, all that it requires is permeability, a mechanism that facilitates fluid flow, and a sufficient supply of magnesium. Dolomite can form in lakes, on or beneath the shallow seafloor, in zones of brine reflux, and in early to late burial settings. It may form from seawater, from continental waters, from the mixing of basinal brines, the mixing of hypersaline brine with seawater, or the mixing of seawater with meteoric water, or via the cooling of basinal brines. Bacterial metabolism may aid the process of precipitation in settings where sulfate-reducing species flourish and microbial action may control primary precipitation in some hypersaline anoxic lake settings. Dolomite is a metastable mineral, early formed crystals can be replaced by later more stable phases with such replacements repeated a number of times during burial and metamorphism. Each new phase is formed by the partial or complete dissolution of an earlier dolomite. This continual re-equilibration during burial detracts from the ability of trace elements to indicate depositional conditions and resets the oxygen isotope signature of the dolomite at progressively higher temperatures. Because subsurface dolomite evolves via dissolution and reprecipitation, a bed of dolomite can retain or create porosity and permeability to much greater burial depths and into higher temperature realms than a limestone counterpart.
    [Show full text]
  • Monte Sano Civic Association Newsletter
    Monte Sano Civic Association Newsletter June · July · August 2019 Civic Association Potlucks MSUMC Recycles Cans for MADD So many of you came to the last potluck in Monte Sano United Methodist Church April, and we’re hoping to see as collects aluminum cans for recycling, many or more of you at the next proceeds of which are used within Alabama gathering on ​Tuesday, August 20th to promote the mission of MADD: “To aid at 6pm at the Monte Sano Lodge​. the victims of crimes performed by Just as last time, paper products will individuals driving under the influence of be provided. Please bring a dish to share. If alcohol or drugs, to aid the families of such you wish, bring a bottle of wine to share as victims, and to increase public awareness of well! Babysitters will be on hand for the problem of drinking and drugged activities for the kids, so families of all ages driving.” This project is in memory and and sizes are welcome! Kem Robertson will honor of Chris Hall, a mountain resident be speaking about the new Monte Sano whose injury by a drunk driver resulted in State Park Association, a Friends group that quadriplegia. The bin for cans in located in will support the park. (See page 2.) the parking lot at the back of the church. Mark your calendar for the final potluck of the year: Tuesday, December 10th, also at Welcome to our NEW Monte Sano Lodge. More details to come. and RETURNING members! Kids In the Creek At the April potluck, we had 24 households either join or reinstate their Kids of all ages can hunt for aquatic critters MSCA membership.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality of the Flint River Basin, Alabama and Tennessee, 1999-2000
    Water Quality of the Flint River Basin, Alabama and Tennessee, 1999-2000 By Anne B. Hoos, Jerry W. Garrett, and Rodney R. Knight ABSTRACT Less than 5 percent of the estimated mass of pesticides applied annually to agricultural areas The U.S. Geological Survey monitored in the Flint River Basin was transported to the eight stream sites in the Flint River Basin during stream at the monitoring points on the Flint River the period January 1999 through May 2000, to near Brownsboro, Alabama, and on Hester Creek characterize patterns in the occurrence of pesti- near Plevna, Alabama. The pesticides with the cides, fecal-indicator bacteria, and nutrients in highest ratios (greater than 3 percent) of the relation to season and streamflow conditions and amount transported instream to the amount to land-use patterns. This study is part of the applied—atrazine, metolachlor, fluometuron, and National Water-Quality Assessment Program, norflurazon—are preemergent herbicides applied which was designed to assess water quality as it to the soil before the crops have emerged, which relates to various land uses. increases the probability of transport in surface Every water sample collected from the Flint runoff. River Basin had detectable levels of at least two Concentrations of the fecal-bacteria indica- pesticides; 64 percent of the samples contained tor Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the Flint River and mixtures of at least five pesticides. In general, Hester Creek exceeded the U.S. Environmental pesticides detected most frequently and at highest Protection Agency criterion for recreation in concentrations in streams corresponded to the almost all storm samples, and in many samples pesticides with the highest rates of use in the collected up to 6 days following a storm.
    [Show full text]