DOCSLIB.ORG

4Th Approximation Guide February 2012

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
4Th Approximation Guide February 2012 GUIDE TO THE NATURAL COMMUNITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA FOURTH APPROXIMATION March 2012 Michael P. Schafale North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Department of Environment and Natural Resources Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 DEFINITION OF NATURAL COMMUNITIES .................................................................................. 1 NEED FOR A NEW APPROXIMATION ............................................................................................. 1 STRUCTURE OF THE 4 TH APPROXIMATION CLASSIFICATION ................................................ 2 CLASSIFICATION APPROACH .......................................................................................................... 2 4TH APPROXIMATION COMPONENTS AND TIMETABLE ........................................................... 4 Spruce-Fir Forests ....................................................................................................................................... 6 FRASER FIR FOREST (HERB SUBTYPE) ......................................................................................... 6 FRASER FIR FOREST (RHODODENDRON SUBTYPE) .................................................................. 6 RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (HERB SUBTYPE) ............................................................... 7 RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (RHODODENDRON SUBTYPE) ........................................ 8 RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (BOULDERFIELD SUBTYPE)............................................ 8 RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (BIRCH TRANSITION HERB SUBTYPE) ......................... 8 RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (BIRCH TRANSITION SHRUB SUBTYPE) ...................... 9 RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (LOW RHODODENDRON SUBTYPE) .............................. 9 Grass and Heath Balds .............................................................................................................................. 10 GRASSY BALD (GRASS SUBTYPE)................................................................................................ 10 GRASSY BALD (SEDGE SUBTYPE ................................................................................................. 10 GRASSY BALD (ALDER SUBTYPE) ............................................................................................... 11 HEATH BALD (CATAWBA RHODODENDRON SUBTYPE) ........................................................ 11 HEATH BALD (CAROLINA RHODODENDRON SUBTYPE) ....................................................... 12 HEATH BALD (SOUTHERN MIXED SUBTYPE) ........................................................................... 12 HEATH BALD (SLATE SUBTYPE) .................................................................................................. 13 HEATH BALD (SAND MYRTLE SUBTYPE) .................................................................................. 13 HEATH BALD (LOW ELEVATION SUBTYPE) .............................................................................. 13 Northern Hardwood Forests ...................................................................................................................... 14 NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST (TYPIC SUBTYPE) .............................................................. 14 NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST (RICH SUBTYPE) ................................................................ 14 NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST (BEECH GAP SUBTYPE).................................................... 15 HIGH ELEVATION BIRCH BOULDERFIELD FOREST................................................................. 15 Mountain Cove Forests ............................................................................................................................. 16 RICH COVE FOREST (MONTANE INTERMEDIATE SUBTYPE) ................................................ 16 RICH COVE FOREST (MONTANE RICH SUBTYPE) .................................................................... 17 RICH COVE FOREST (FOOTHILLS INTERMEDIATE SUBTYPE) .............................................. 18 RICH COVE FOREST (FOOTHILLS RICH SUBTYPE) .................................................................. 18 RICH COVE FOREST (RED OAK SUBTYPE) ................................................................................. 18 RICH COVE FOREST (BOULDERFIELD SUBTYPE)..................................................................... 19 ACIDIC COVE FOREST (TYPIC SUBTYPE) ................................................................................... 20 ACIDIC COVE FOREST (HIGH ELEVATION SUBTYPE) ............................................................. 21 ACIDIC COVE FOREST (SILVERBELL SUBTYPE)....................................................................... 21 CANADA HEMLOCK FOREST (TYPIC SUBTYPE) ....................................................................... 22 CANADA HEMLOCK FOREST (WHITE PINE SUBTYPE)............................................................ 22 Piedmont and Coastal Plain Mesic Forests ............................................................................................... 23 MESIC MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST (PIEDMONT SUBTYPE) ................................................ 23 MESIC MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST (COASTAL PLAIN SUBTYPE) ...................................... 24 BASIC MESIC FOREST (PIEDMONT SUBTYPE)........................................................................... 25 BASIC MESIC FOREST (COASTAL PLAIN SUBTYPE) ................................................................ 26 PIEDMONT/COASTAL PLAIN HEATH BLUFF ............................................................................. 27 CAPE FEAR VALLEY MIXED BLUFF FOREST ............................................................................. 28 Mountain Dry Coniferous Woodlands ...................................................................................................... 28 PINE–OAK / HEATH (TYPIC SUBTYPE) ........................................................................................ 28 PINE–OAK / HEATH (HIGH ELEVATION SUBTYPE) .................................................................. 29 CAROLINA HEMLOCK FOREST (TYPIC SUBTYPE) ................................................................... 29 CAROLINA HEMLOCK FOREST (PINE SUBTYPE) ...................................................................... 30 CAROLINA HEMLOCK FOREST (MESIC SUBTYPE)................................................................... 30 WHITE PINE FOREST ........................................................................................................................ 31 LOW MOUNTAIN PINE FOREST (SHORTLEAF PINE SUBTYPE) ............................................. 31 LOW MOUNTAIN PINE FOREST (MONTANE PINE SUBTYPE)................................................. 31 SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN PINE–OAK FOREST .............................................................................. 32 SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN XERIC PINE–OAK WOODLAND ........................................................ 32 Mountain Oak Forests ............................................................................................................................... 33 HIGH ELEVATION RED OAK FOREST (TYPIC HERB SUBTYPE) ............................................. 33 HIGH ELEVATION RED OAK FOREST (RICH SUBTYPE) .......................................................... 33 HIGH ELEVATION RED OAK FOREST (HEATH SUBTYPE) ...................................................... 34 HIGH ELEVATION RED OAK FOREST (ORCHARD FOREST SUBTYPE) ................................ 35 HIGH ELEVATION RED OAK FOREST (STUNTED WOODLAND SUBTYPE) ......................... 35 HIGH ELEVATION WHITE OAK FOREST ..................................................................................... 35 CHESTNUT OAK FOREST (DRY HEATH SUBTYPE) ................................................................... 36 CHESTNUT OAK FOREST (HERB SUBTYPE) ............................................................................... 37 CHESTNUT OAK FOREST (WHITE PINE SUBTYPE) ................................................................... 37 CHESTNUT OAK FOREST (MESIC SUBTYPE) ............................................................................. 38 MONTANE OAK–HICKORY FOREST (ACIDIC SUBTYPE) ........................................................ 39 MONTANE OAK–HICKORY FOREST (BASIC SUBTYPE) .......................................................... 39 MONTANE OAK–HICKORY FOREST (LOW DRY SUBTYPE) .................................................... 40 MONTANE OAK–HICKORY FOREST (WHITE PINE SUBTYPE)................................................ 40 LOW MONTANE RED OAK FOREST .............................................................................................. 41 CALCAREOUS OAK–WALNUT FOREST ....................................................................................... 41 MONTANE GRAPE OPENING .......................................................................................................... 42 Piedmont and Coastal Plain Oak Forests .................................................................................................. 42 DRY-MESIC OAK–HICKORY FOREST (PIEDMONT SUBTYPE) ................................................ 42 DRY-MESIC OAK-HICKORY FOREST (COASTAL PLAIN SUBTYPE) ...................................... 43 DRY OAK–HICKORY FOREST (PIEDMONT SUBTYPE) ............................................................. 44 DRY OAK–HICKORY FOREST (COASTAL
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lake Waccamaw Subtype)
    NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (LAKE WACCAMAW SUBTYPE) Concept: Type covers tree-dominated vegetated wetland vegetation on the shores of medium to large permanent natural lakes. It extends inland to where the effect of lake hydrology on vegetation is replaced by the hydrology of the surrounding area, either upland or wetland. Subtype covers the unique calcareous example at Lake Waccamaw. The vegetation resembles that of the Cypress Subtype but has a distinctive and richer flora. Sites: Wetland zones along the shore of Lake Waccamaw, influenced by the calcareous waters, generally flooded much of the time by lake waters but exposed at low water levels. Soils: A specific soil series is not mapped, but soils are sand, presumably worked by wave action. Hydrology: Permanently to seasonally flooded. Water levels may vary over periods of a few years, in response to weather cycles. Vegetation: Open woodland of Taxodium ascendens. There are a few shrubs, including Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, and Cyrilla racemiflora. The herb layer is patchy, with dense beds of graminoids, areas of sparse emergent or submersed plants, and a number of species that are visible only when water levels are low and the shoreline is exposed. The denser areas are dominated by Panicum hemitomon and Cladium mariscoides. Dominants in smaller patches include Eleocharis olivacea, Sclerolepis uniflora, and Centella erecta, and Boltonia asteroides and Ludwigia sphaerocarpa are abundant. A great diversity of other herbaceous species is present, including Andropogon
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Revised February 24, 2017 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • 15A Ncac 02B .0100-.0300
    NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Division of Water Resources Administrative Code Section: 15A NCAC 02B .0100: Procedures for Assignment of Water Quality Standards 15A NCAC 02B .0200: Classifications and Water Quality Standards Applicable to Surface Waters and Wetlands of North Carolina 15A NCAC 02B .0300: Assignment of Stream Classifications Amended Effective: November 1, 2019 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA This document available at: https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/csrrb/tri_rev_17to19/15A_NCAC_02B_.0100- .0300.pdf SUBCHAPTER 02B - SURFACE WATER AND WETLAND STANDARDS SECTION .0100 - PROCEDURES FOR ASSIGNMENT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 15A NCAC 02B .0101 GENERAL PROCEDURES (a) The rules contained in Sections .0100, .0200 and .0300 of this Subchapter, which pertain to the series of classifications and water quality standards, shall be known as the "Classifications and Water Quality Standards Applicable to the Surface Waters and Wetlands of North Carolina." (b) The Environmental Management Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission), prior to classifying and assigning standards of water quality to any waters of the State, shall proceed as follows: (1) The Commission, or its designee, shall determine waters to be studied for the purpose of classification and assignment of water quality standards on the basis of user requests, petitions, or the identification of existing or attainable water uses, as defined by Rule .0202 of this Subchapter, not presently included in the water classification. (2) In determining the best usage of waters and assigning classifications of such waters, the Commission shall consider the criteria specified in G.S. 143-214.1(d). In determining whether to revise a designated best usage for waters through a revision to the classifications, the Commission shall follow the requirements of 40 CFR 131.10 which is incorporated by reference including subsequent amendments and editions.
    [Show full text]
  • Jomeokee Geology. Pilot Mountain State Park: an Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 9-12
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 376 053 SE 055 110 AUTHOR Smith, Michael TITLE Jomeokee Geology. Pilot Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 9-12. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. PUB DATE Aug 94 NOTE 71p. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Conservation (Environment); Earth Science; Environmental Education; Experiential Learning; *Geology; Geophysics; High Schools; Learning Activities; *Minerals; *Outdoor Education IDENTIFIERS *Environmental Awareness; Erosion; Geologic Time; Pilot Mountain State Park NC; *Rocks ABSTRACT This activity packet provides educators with a series of hands-on classroom and outdoor education activities for grades 9-12 that focus on geology using the Pilot Mountain State Park. The packet was designed to meet established curriculum objectives of the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction's Standard Course of Study. Three types of activities are included:(1) pre-visit classroom activities provide background and vocabulary development; (2) on-site activities conducted at the park; and (3) post-visit classroom activities to reinforce concepts, skills, and vocabulary. This learning experience exposes students to the major concepts of classes of rocks, physical properties of rocks and minerals, formation of rocks and minerals, weathering and erosion, geologic processes, rock and mineral identification, rock cycles, and geologic time. The packet contains an introduction to the geologic history of Pilot Mountain; an activity summary; pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit activity objectives and instructions; a glossary; a list of 14 references; a scheduling worksheet and program evaluation form; and instructions on conducting a daily meal production plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College Spring 5-2016 Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi Hanna M. Miller University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Hanna M., "Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi" (2016). Honors Theses. 389. https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/389 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi Vascular Flora of the Possum Walk Trail at the Infinity Science Center, Hancock County, Mississippi by Hanna Miller A Thesis Submitted to the Honors College of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences May 2016 ii Approved by _________________________________ Mac H. Alford, Ph.D., Thesis Adviser Professor of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Shiao Y. Wang, Ph.D., Chair Department of Biological Sciences _________________________________ Ellen Weinauer, Ph.D., Dean Honors College iii Abstract The North American Coastal Plain contains some of the highest plant diversity in the temperate world. However, most of the region has remained unstudied, resulting in a lack of knowledge about the unique plant communities present there.
    [Show full text]
  • PHELPS LAKE SHORELINE Property O
    2016 WETLAND TREASURES OF THE CAROLINAS PHELPS LAKE SHORELINE WETLAND TYPES: Photo by Amin Davis Natural lake shoreline swamp ECOLOGY & SIGNIFICANCE These wetlands and the lake ecosystem support a wide variety of bird species. Kingfishers, herons, egrets and This site is part of Pettigrew State Park and comprises other birds that forage at the water’s edge are common more than 550 acres of state-designated Unique here. Birds of prey such as owls, hawks, and eagles perch Wetlands along the north shore of Lake Phelps, North high up in the sites towering trees to hunt rodents in Carolina’s second largest natural lake. Within the site the adjacent crop fields. The area is a wintering ground is cypress and willow forest, a rare natural community for ducks, snow geese and tundra swans. The site also found on bay lakes, and an area of mature lake shore supports an abundance of butterflies, especially the swamp. The site contains one of the last old growth zebra swallowtail. Mammals documented using the forests in eastern North Carolina, including some bald site include black bear, white-tailed deer, opossum, cypress trees that measure 10 feet in diameter. The south fox, bobcat, raccoon, mink, muskrat and otter. The area shore of the lake has a distinct marsh community with is also part of the red wolf reintroduction program, and diverse emergent herbaceous flora. The lake is adjacent wolves are known to visit the Park. to the 110,000 acre Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, a sparsely THREATS populated region that supports abundant wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • (A) Journals with the Largest Number of Papers Reporting Estimates Of
    Supplementary Materials Figure S1. (a) Journals with the largest number of papers reporting estimates of genetic diversity derived from cpDNA markers; (b) Variation in the diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) of the journals publishing studies on cpDNA markers over time. Figure S2. (a) The number of publications containing estimates of genetic diversity obtained using cpDNA markers, in relation to the nationality of the corresponding author; (b) The number of publications on genetic diversity based on cpDNA markers, according to the geographic region focused on by the study. Figure S3. Classification of the angiosperm species investigated in the papers that analyzed genetic diversity using cpDNA markers: (a) Life mode; (b) Habitat specialization; (c) Geographic distribution; (d) Reproductive cycle; (e) Type of flower, and (f) Type of pollinator. Table S1. Plant species identified in the publications containing estimates of genetic diversity obtained from the use of cpDNA sequences as molecular markers. Group Family Species Algae Gigartinaceae Mazzaella laminarioides Angiospermae Typhaceae Typha laxmannii Angiospermae Typhaceae Typha orientalis Angiospermae Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Angiospermae Typhaceae Typha latifolia Angiospermae Araliaceae Eleutherococcus sessiliflowerus Angiospermae Polygonaceae Atraphaxis bracteata Angiospermae Plumbaginaceae Armeria pungens Angiospermae Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia kaempferi Angiospermae Polygonaceae Atraphaxis compacta Angiospermae Apocynaceae Lagochilus macrodontus Angiospermae Polygonaceae Atraphaxis
    [Show full text]
  • Information on the NCWRC's Scientific Council of Fishes Rare
    A Summary of the 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater Fishes in North Carolina Submitted by Bryn H. Tracy North Carolina Division of Water Resources North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC On behalf of the NCWRC’s Scientific Council of Fishes November 01, 2014 Bigeye Jumprock, Scartomyzon (Moxostoma) ariommum, State Threatened Photograph by Noel Burkhead and Robert Jenkins, courtesy of the Virginia Division of Game and Inland Fisheries and the Southeastern Fishes Council (http://www.sefishescouncil.org/). Table of Contents Page Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 3 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater Fishes In North Carolina ........... 4 Summaries from the 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater Fishes in North Carolina .......................................................................................................................... 12 Recent Activities of NCWRC’s Scientific Council of Fishes .................................................. 13 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part I, Ohio Lamprey .............................................. 14 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part II, “Atlantic” Highfin Carpsucker ...................... 17 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part III, Tennessee Darter ...................................... 20 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery Plan for Liatris Helleri Heller’S Blazing Star
    Recovery Plan for Liatris helleri Heller’s Blazing Star U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia RECOVERY PLAN for Liatris helleri (Heller’s Blazing Star) Original Approved: May 1, 1989 Original Prepared by: Nora Murdock and Robert D. Sutter FIRST REVISION Prepared by Nora Murdock Asheville Field Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Asheville, North Carolina for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia Approved: Regional Director, U S Fish’and Wildlife Service Date:______ Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover andlor protect listed species. Plans published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) are sometimes prepared with the assistance ofrecovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and other affected and interested parties. Plans are reviewed by the public and submitted to additional peer review before they are adopted by the Service. Objectives of the plan will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery plans do not obligate other parties to undertake specific tasks and may not represent the views or the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in developing the plan, other than the Service. Recovery plans represent the official position ofthe Service only after they have been signed by the Director or Regional Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. By approving this recovery plan, the Regional Director certifies that the data used in its development represent the best scientific and commercial information available at the time it was written.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2012
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2012 Edited by Laura E. Gadd, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2012 Edited by Laura E. Gadd, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 www.ncnhp.org NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE PLANTS OF NORTH CAROLINA 2012 Edition Edited by Laura E. Gadd, Botanist and John Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 www.ncnhp.org Table of Contents LIST FORMAT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 NORTH CAROLINA RARE PLANT LIST ......................................................................................................................... 10 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT WATCH LIST ..................................................................................................................... 71 Watch Category
    [Show full text]
  • North Carolina STATE PARKS
    North Carolina STATE PARKS North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development Division of State Parks North Carolina State Parks A guide to the areas set aside and maintained taining general information about the State as State Parks for the enjoyment of North Parks as a whole and brief word-and-picture Carolina's citizens and their guests — con- descriptions of each. f ) ) ) ) YOUR STATE PARKS THE STATE PARKS described in this well planned, well located, well equipped and booklet are the result of planning and well maintained State Parks are a matter of developing over a number of years. justifiable pride in which every citizen has Endowed by nature with ideal sites that a share. This is earned by your cooperation range from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean in observing the lenient rules and leaving the to the tops of the Blue Ridge Mountains, facilities and grounds clean and orderly. the State has located its State Parks for easy Keep this guide book for handy reference- access as well as for varied appeal. They use your State Parks year 'round for health- offer a choice of homelike convenience and ful recreation and relaxation! comfort in sturdy, modern facilities . the hardy outdoor life of tenting and camp cook- Amos R. Kearns, Chairman ing ... or the quick-and-easy freedom of a Hugh M. Morton, Vice Chairman day's picnicking. The State Parks offer excel- Walter J. Damtoft lent opportunities for economical vacations— Eric W. Rodgers either in the modern, fully equipped vacation Miles J. Smith cabins or in the campgrounds.
    [Show full text]
  • A-231 Forested Peatland Management in Southeast
    15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016 Abstract No: A-231 FORESTED PEATLAND MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA AND NORTHEAST NORTH CAROLINA, USA Frederic C. Wurster1, Sara Ward2, and Christine Pickens3 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Suffolk, VA, USA 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Field Office, Raleigh, NC, USA 3 The Nature Conservancy, Kill Devil Hills, NC, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] SUMMARY The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manage 130,000 ha of forested peatlands in southeast Virginia and northeast North Carolina, U.S.A. at three national wildlife refuges: Pocosin Lakes, Alligator River, and Great Dismal Swamp. The refuges contain extensive networks of roads and drainage canals; the legacy of past logging and farming activities. Canals have contributed to peat subsidence and facilitated the conversion of wetland forest communities to upland forest communities. During drought periods, drained peat is prone to wildfires that can burn for several months and pose health risks to neighboring communities. Refuge managers are working to restore historic forest communities and stop peat loss through hydrologic restoration, forest management, and fire management. Following four separate severe peat fires on refuges in 2008 and 2011, emphasis has been placed on improving water control capability to support habitat restoration and fire suppression activities. Keywords: Pocosin, forested peatland, peatland restoration, controlled drainage, national wildlife refuge INTRODUCTION The South Atlantic Coastal plain of the United States is home to extensive forested wetlands on peat soils known as pocosins (Richardson, 1991). Also described as evergreen (or southeastern) shrub bogs, the pocosin vegetation community consists of an open-pine canopy underlain by a dense shrub layer.
    [Show full text]