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Army Service Forces Manual M 35

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Army Service Forces Manual M 35 ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M 35 CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK JAPAN SECTION 11: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS erson nownl to be in the o ntained in restricted documents and o undoubted loyalty and of restricted mUnite States and to persons work, butrized milnot arye discretion who are cooperating in Government dcommunicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military uic ation aen (ee also par. 23b, R 380-5, ar1944 agencies. public relations HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES 2 2 AUGUST 1944C ARMY SERVICE F RCESM NU A L M 354-11 Civil Affairs CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK JAPAN SECTION 11: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Headquarters, Army Service Forces, 22 August 1944 Headquarters, Army Service Forces, 22 August 1944 - DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER.-The Infor- mation contained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 23b, AR 380-5,15 Mar 1944.) United States Government Printing Office, Washington : 1944 - ii )MBRING SYSTEM 037 ARMY SERVICE TORCES MANUALS' The. main eubject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indi- cated by consecutive numbering within the following categories: Ml 199 Basic and Advanced Training M100 = 1199 Army Specialised Training Program and Pre- Induction Training M200 M299 Personnel and Morale M300 1399 Civil Affairs M400 M499 Supply and Transportation M500. 1599 Pi scal 1600 1699 Procurement and Production M700 1799 Administration .1800 M899 Miscellaneous 1900 up Equipment., Materiel, Housing and Construction a * * a UEADQ,UARTRS, ARMY SERYICI 7ORCES Washington, D. C. Army Service lorces Manual 1 354 - 11, Civil Affairs Handbook, Transportation in Japan, has' been prepared under the supervision of the Provost Marshal General, and is published for tie info - guidance of all concerned. EspX 461 (21 Sep 43)1 By command of Lieutenant General :SOKRVILL: W. D. STTRR, Major General, General Staff Corps, Chief of Staff. 0771 CIAL1 J. A. ULIO, Major General, Adjutant General. - iii - This study on Transportation Systems in Japan was prepared for the MITI TARY GOV-'rNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF TH PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL OFFI CERS T'TSllG THIS MATFP1AL ARE R(ZJTSTED TO MAE SUGGESTI ONS ANTD CRITICISM4S IFTICATIIG m'E~ REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS W~HICH W~OULD MA THIS MATYFRIAL: "FOR, UTSTFFL FOR "FEIR PURPOSES. TH'_SE CFIT'I CI SM1S SHOULD BE SEITT TO TE, CHIEF OF T " IAI SON AND S1T DIFS, ?RAYTCH,. MILITARY GOV7,PN'M7NT DIVISION, PMMGO, 2807 MU1NITIONS BTTILDI TG, WASHING'ON 25, D). C. - iv - INTRODUCTION Pnrooses of the Civil Affairs Handbook The basic objectives of civil affairs officers are (i) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder, and (3) to create the conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. !he Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understood that they 4g o iR lY ~ official programof action. They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making. C IV IL A F FAI RS H A ND B OOK S O PI C AL O U TL INI 1. Geographical. and Social Background 2. Government and Administration 3. Legal Affairs 4. Government Finance 5. Money and Banking 6. Natural Resources 7. Agriculture 8. Industry and Commerce 9. Labor 10. Public Works and tGtilities 11.- Transportation Systems 12. Communications 13. Public.Health and Sanitation 14. Public Safety 15. Education 16. Public Welfare 1?. Cultural Institutions This study on Transportation Systems in' Japan was -prepared for the MILITARY GOVERN~MENT DIVISION ,OFFI CE OF TEF PROVOST MARSHAL GGEBAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. HIGHWAYS 1 A. Roads 1 1. General Description of Roads 1 2. Classification of Roads 2 3. Length of Roads 2 4. Maintenance of Roads 3 5. Methods of Construction 3 6. Surfacing 5 7. Road Building Machinery 7 8. Express Highways 7 9, The Tokyo..Kyoto Highway 9 10. The Tokyo--Yokohama Highway 9 11. The Osaka.Kobe Highway 9 12. The Osaka..Nagoya Highway 10 13. Road Budgets 10 B. Bridge. 11 1. General 11 2, Specifications 12 3. Method of Construction 13 4. Detailed Description of Bridges 13 C. Motor Truck Transport 15 I. RAI IIODS 17 A. Extent of Railroad Development 1? B, Administration 22 1. Organization and Personnel 22 2. Railroad operation 27 3. Railroad Finance 34 C. Railway Lines and Equipment 35 1. Rolling Stock and Workshops 35 2. Tokaido Sanyo Lines 36 3, The Jo-etsu Line 38 4. Electrification 39 5. Local Railways 41 D, Traffic and Freight 44 III. GE1RAL DESCRIPTION OWATERWAY 49 IV. COMMRCIAL AVIATION 53 vii V. TABLS 1. Road Budgets for the National Government 10 2. Local Budget for Roads and Streets 11 3. Railroad Mileage 19 4. Receipts and Expenditure 34 5. Railway Equipment 36 6. 3lectrified Sections of the State Railroads 41 7. Tramway Mileage According to Motive Power, 1938 43 8. Tramway Mileage According to Motive Power, 193? 43 9. Tramway Mileage in Cities 44 10. Traffic Carried, 1936-3? 46 11. Important Goods Hauled 48 12. Representative Express Train Service 48 VI. ILLUSTBATI ONS 1, Motor Road leading South from Odawara on Sagami Bay 4 2. Juelokutoge Driveway, Mt. Hakone 6 3. Motor Road in Mt. Aso National Park on the Island 8 of Kyushu 4. The Osaka Station 16 5. The Central Railway Station, Tokyo 18 6. Japanese Government Railways Workshops, Kokura 20 7. Osaka Railroad Yards 23 8. Wakamatsu Railroad Yards and Harbor 26 9. Substation for Tokaido Railroad 30 10. Railroad between Kyoto and Osaka 33 11. Railroad Station and Regional Office, Nagoya 3? 12. Sannomiya Station, Kobe 40 13. Elevated Railroad, Kobe 42 14. Osaka Railroad Station Platform 45 15. Osaka Subway Station 47 16. Yodo River Transportation 50 VII. MAPS 1. Motor Road Network ix 2. Railroad Network xi ix 140° JAPAN MOTOR ROAD NETWORK MAIN CONNECTING MOTOR ROADS 25 0 50 0IE10 MILES rATEYAMA KUSHIMO" 32" 136" COMPILED AND DRAWN IN THE GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION , C.O.I. MAP NO. 357 MARCH 6, 1942 xi JAPAN RAILROAD NETWORK DOUBLE TRACK SINGLE TRACK ... CAR FERRY 25 0 50 100 MILES TO HUSAN, KOREA A C .COMPILED AND DRAWN IN THE GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION,C.O.I. MAP NO 338 FEB 28,1942 I. HIGHWAYS A. ROADS 1. Gmnal. f eerition g Cl A Though in the last two decades road construction on a com- paratively large scale has been undertaken, much of it for strategic purposes, Japan lags far behind other important nations in the dev- elopment of a good road system. The development of roads in Japan is hampered by the mount- ainous nature of its interior, while the densely populated seacoast, abounding in good harbors, facilitates coastal shipping and invites its use for passenger and freight transportation. It is, therefore, only natural that prior to the introduction of the motor car in Japan, the few existing roads were used only for the transportation of freight by ox-carts, and by horsemen and pedestrians. The construction of rail- roads, the first of which was opened to traffic in 1872, absorbed public attention to an extent which resulted in the complete neglect even of existing roads. The demands of motor traffic at last compelled the government to take action. In 1919 a road law was passed for the regulation and control of roads and road traffic. Simultaneously a program of road im- provement and construction was worked out. Nevertheless, action was ser- iously delayed, owing to the influence of the State Railroad Administration and private railroad interests which began to feel the competition of the motorbus and truck, especially in local and suburban areas. Progress was made after the great earthquake of 1923, which required among many other reconstruction activities the rebuilding of highways, destroyed during the disaster, and the building of additional roads to accomodate the rapidly growing highway traffic. It might, however, be mentioned that as recently as 1934 only one person in 720 owned a motorcar. The occupation of,Manchuria by the Japanese demonstrated con- vincingly the importance of motorized military units. As a result mil- itary authorities demanded a comprehensive program of promotion of motor vehicle transportation and of road building, both in Manchuria and in Japan Proper. In additon to the antagonistic attitude of the railroads, the physical obstacles to road building in the hilly and densely populated main islands had to be overcome. -2- In general the roads in Japan follow the course of rivers, or run along the coast. Some important roads, however, cross the country in various directions despite the difficulties offered by the mountainous terrain. In 1939, 114 road tunnels were reported to be in use or under construction. The varying climatic conditions in different parts of the country also presented difficulties. The roads in the north, with its cold winters and heavy snowfall and very hot suemmers, must be con- structed differently than those in the south, with its steaidy, damp heat. 2. Classification g kaca Under the law of 1919 all roads were to be divided into four classes: Koku-do or national roads Fuken-do or prefectural roads Shi-do or municipal roads Choson-do or town and village roads The national roads are supervised by the Highways Section of the Civil Engineering Bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
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