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Distribution and Characteristics of Sediment-Related Disasters Induced by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923

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Distribution and Characteristics of Sediment-Related Disasters Induced by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 Distribution and Characteristics of Sediment-related Disasters Induced by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 1 Kimio Inoue 1 Sabo Frontier Foundation (Sabo-Kaikan Annex 6F, 2-7-4 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0093, Japan) The Great Kanto Earthquake (M7.9), which occurred in the Kanto Region on September 1, 1923, cost the lives of 105,000 people, including the dead and missing, as a result of the direct seismic impact and ensuing fires. Among the earthquake damage, sediment-related disasters alone occurred at 167 locations and produced at least 1,056 victims, including the dead and missing, though this fact is less known among the general public. The characteristics of the distribution of sediment-related disasters caused by the Kanto Earthquake was the subject of a report that focused mainly on the survey results of the most devastating sediment disaster. It was a deep-seated landslide that presumably started on a mountain slope named Obora and struck a hamlet called Nebukawa in Kataura village, which is the southern part of today's Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, and went down the Shiraito River as debris flow. In Yokohama City, 27,000 people were killed due to the collapse of buildings and the ensuring fires. I trailed the escape route in Yokohama taken by O.M. Poole, the Japan regional manager of a British trading company. Key words: Kanto Earthquake, sediment-related disasters, deep-seated landslide, Shiraito River, debris flow 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT- RELATED DISASTERS The authors researched the large sediment-related disasters in the historical age and reported on them in Figure 1 is a distribution diagram of the total Interpraevent 2004, 2008, 2010 and 2012 (Mizuyama housing destruction ratio (the number of totally et al., 2004, Inoue et al., 2008, 2010 and Inoue, 2012). destroyed houses/the total number of houses) of the The Great Kanto Earthquake (M7.9), which Great Kanto Earthquake damage by a district unit. occurred in the Kanto Region on September 1, 1923, Since the total housing destruction ratio is closely caused unprecedented damage, leaving 105,000 related to the seismic intensity scale of Japan people dead or missing due to its severe shaking and Meteorology Agency (JMA), this diagram may be ensuring fires. Another fact not commonly known is read as a seismic intensity distribution diagram of that the earthquake triggered sediment-related the Kanto Earthquake. The fault plane location of disasters at 167 locations and produced at least the epicenter zone of the Kanto Earthquake is shown 1,056 victims, including the dead and missing in this figure. (Inoue, 2013a, b, 2014). The deadliest sediment- The area immediately above the fault plane of the related disasters occurred in Odawara City (former epicenter zone, shown with a broken line, records Kataura Village), Kanagawa Prefecture. over 1% in total destruction ratio in almost the We conducted a survey of the disaster site, entire area. This suggests that strong motions, which, focusing on the deep-seated landslide and the at a minimum jolted at 6 or greater on the JMA scale, ensuring debris flow that started at Obora and ran occurred in those areas. In particular, a total down the Shiraito River, engulfing the Nebukawa destruction ratio of over 30% was observed in the community. Sagami Plain and the Ashigara Plain in Kanagawa This paper describes the characteristics regarding Prefecture as well as the Tateyama Plain at the front the distribution of sediment disasters induced by the end of the Boso Peninsula. These plains were hit by Great Kanto Earthquake. strong motions measuring 7 in seismic intensity. The total destruction ratio is generally low in the 292 Fig. 1 Distributions of the total housing destruction ratio and seismic intensity of the Kanto Earthquake (Moroi and Takemura, 2002, and Moroi, 2008) d. Diluvial strata areas away from the fault plane. A seismic intensity e. Alluvial strata of 6 plus or 7 was recorded sporadically from the f. Volcanic rock eastern part of Saitama Prefecture to the waterfront g. Granite of Tokyo Bay, with a total destruction ratio of over h. Diorite 10%. i. Serpentine These shaky areas correspond to the areas referred j. Diabase to as alluvial lowlands and almost agree with the k. Mesozoic strata former watercourses of the ancient Tone River or the Arakawa River, which were located in different positions from where they are presently. The facts The landslide zone in the damaged wooded area surrounding the total housing destruction ratio of the is divided into three types. Kanto Earthquake demonstrate that the intensity of A: devastating landslide zone seismic motion is greatly affected not only by the B: frequent landslide zone distance from the epicenter, but also by the ground C: minor landslide zone conditions. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the landslide This figure additionally indicates 167 locations of zones in the wooded areas damaged by the Kanto sediment disasters caused by the Kanto Earthquake, Earthquake and it was attached to the back of the including 66 in the eastern part and 35 in in the Taisho Earthquake Report (Social Bureau of the Home eastern part of Kanagawa Prefecture, 7 in the eastern Ministry, 1926). part of Shizuoka Prefecture, 12 in Yamanashi The background of the diagram is a geologic map Prefecture, 5 in Tokyo Metropolis, and 42 in the of the Kanto Region. southern part of Chiba Prefecture. The schematic a. Paleozoic strata landslide diagram is in good agreement with the b. Misaka strata distribution of sediment-related disasters. c. Neogene strata There was heavy rainfall that began on the day 293 Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the landslide zones in the wooded areas damaged by the Kanto Earthquake (Modified from Social Bureau of the Home Ministry, 1926) and the landslide disaster locations by the same earthquake (Inoue, 2013a, b). before the Earthquake and lasted until the morning of Table 1 Sediment disasters caused by the Great the Earthquake (Inoue and Ito, 2006), and the severe Kanto Earthquake (Inoue, 2013a, b) No. of Dead or No. of No. of closed shaking of the Earthquake caused sediment-related Area Locations Missing Damaged houses River Channels disasters in various areas (marked with a “○”). Western part of 644 amd 74 Kanagawa Prefecture 35 respectively 264 5 Sediment-related disasters frequently occurred because Eastern part of 295 and 65 Kanagawa Prefecture 66 respectively 203 0 of torrential rainfalls brought by a typhoon that passed 68 and 60 Inside the city of Yokohama 27 respectively 83 0 through the area from Sept. 13 to 15, about two 220 and 5 weeks after the Earthquake (marked with a “”). Inside the city of Yokosuka 20 respectively 111 0 Inside the town of Kamakura 19 7 9 0 Table 1 shows the fatalities, the number of Eastern part of Shizuoka Prefecture 7 64 8 1 damaged houses, and the number of river channel Yamanashi Prefecture 12 4 0 0 Tokyo Metroporis 5 12 2 0 closures resulting from the sediment-related disasters Southern part of caused by the Kanto Earthquake. Chiba Prefecture 42 37 16 6 1056 and 139 The eastern part of the Tanzawa Mountains in the Total 167 respectively 493 12 western area of Kanagawa Prefecture falls under A: devastating landslide zone, while the area around the lished in those days (made up of 63 topographic maps). Tanzawa Mountains and the Hakone volcanic area Figure 3 is an original emergency survey map of the fall under B: frequent landslide zone. Sediment damaged area in the southern part of Odawara City -related disasters was frequently caused by the direct based on a 1:50,000 scale map "Odawara" corrected impact of the Earthquake and the heavy rainfall two in 1916. The status of sediment-related disasters and weeks thereafter. the conditions of earthquake damage are written on the From September 6 through 15, 1923, immediately map in detail. after the Earthquake, the Japanese Imperial Land In the Nebukawa area in the former Kataura Survey in the General Staff Office of the Imperial Village, which is currently part of the present Army conducted a detailed site survey and added the Odawara City facing Sagami Bay, the somma of the survey results in red onto the topographic maps pub- Hakone volcano, 64 houses were buried, 420 people 294 Fig. 3 Earthquake damage emergency survey map (1:50,000) of Odawara (Society of Historical Earthquake Studies, 2008) died, and 68 went missing as a result of large-scale returning to their homes in Tokyo or Yokohama. debris flow in the Shiraito River and the landslide Slope failures and landslides occurred at various near Nebukawa Station. Immediately north of places in urban areas in the eastern part of Nebukawa was an area called Komekami, in which Kanagawa Prefecture, including Yokohama, a landslide started at a mandarin orange field and Kamakura and Yokosuka. In particular, the old rolled downward as debris flow, burying 21 houses urban area of Yokohama City, stood on soft ground, and killing 62 villagers. and the number of fatalities, including the dead and Many sediment-related disasters occurred inside the missing, went up to 27,000 people due to the Hakone volcano and the area along the coast. Back in destruction of houses and fires that spread from the days when the Earthquake occurred, one of the various places. Although Yokohama’s citizens tried main trunk roads connecting Tokyo and Osaka, the to run toward the hilltops around their residences to Tokaido Highway, crossed through the Hakone escape from housing destruction and fire, many of volcano, and many hot spas, collectively called them were burnt to death because they could not go Hakone's 12 Hot Spas, were located in Hakone.
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