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Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications

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Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 43, 741-754, 1991 Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications Yasukuni OKUBO, Keiko MIZUGAKI, and Hiroshi KANAYA Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba 305, Japan (Received April 9, 1991; Revised June 10, 1991) The Tanna fault is a left lateral fault extending in the middle of the Izu Peninsula. We carried out a detailed ground magnetic survey at a grid spacing of 50 to 150 m along the Tanna fault and constructed a magnetic model based on the ground survey with the help of drilling data in the Tanna basin and measurement of rock magnetism. Total intensity distribution obtained by the ground magnetic survey represents a distinguished contrast forming relative magnetic highs in the west to the fault and lows in the east. The Tanna fault is a remarkable border terminating magnetic highs. Drillings revealed that formations filling the Tanna basin are mainly the middle Pleistocene Taga volcanics which possess high susceptibility as a whole. A recent work suggests that the Taga volcanics were produced in normal polarity and had strong remanent magnetization. Therefore, remanent magnetization is inferred to be dominant in the total magnetization. The magnetic contrast forms almost a north-south trend throughout the study area. The magnetic modeling using E-W profiles delineated strong normally magnetized sources of 6 A/ m confined to the west to the fault. Three drillings indicated that the east formations to the fault were wholly disintegrated and the west formations, by contrast, included fresh lavas. These evidences suggest that the major cause of magnetic contrast is not the difference of geologic unit but instead the weakened remanent magnetization in the east adjacent area to the fault. Seismic reflection and shallow drillings indicate the possibility of existence of shallow wrench fault. Bending usuallly appears along a strike slip and actually several basins such as Tanna basin and the Tashiro basin exist along the fault, and some magnetic lows are supposed to be caused by sinking of volcanic layer or pull-apart movements. The striking magnetic discontinuity, on the other hand, implies that the fault surface been displaced ever since Pleistocene has always been the known Tanna fault. In conclusion, the cause of relative magnetic lows in the east to the fault is responsible for effects of, either remanent magnetization reduced, and sinking and truncating of magnetic sources deformed, by the fault activities. 1. Introduction The N-S trending Tanna fault extends in the middle of the Izu Peninsula (Fig. 1). The Tanna fault is a north fault of the Kita-Izu Fault system which extends for as much as 35 km (MATSUDA,1972). The Izu Peninsula is in the north margin of the Philippine Sea plate which has been subdutced under the Honshu Island (Fig. 1). The subduction of the Philippine Sea plate is thought to be deforming the Kita-Izu fault system at present as an active strike slip fault. The Kita-Izu Earthquake of magnitude 7.3 occurred in 1930 and several parts of the Kita-Izu fault system were displaced. Major displacements caused by the earthquake 741 742 Y. OKUBO et al. Fig. 1. Location map and geologic map (KUNO, 1972) of the study area. Location of faults was taken from THE RESEARCHGROUP FOR ACTIVE FAULTS (1980). Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications 743 emerged along the Tanna fault and the lateral movement of the fault was 1-2 m (GEOLOGICALSURVEY OF JAPAN, 1932). The Tanna fault is about 1 km left lateral fault displaced since middle Pleistocene (KUNO, 1936b). The rate of movement was estimated to be 2 m/1000 year (MATSUDA, 1975). The Tanna fault is surrounded by the young volcanics produced by Quaternary activities of the Fuji volcanic zone (Fig. 1). Two tunnels in east-west direction penetrate the subsurface beneath the Tanna basin which the Tanna fault crosses. One is for usual train and the other is for Shinkansen. The drillings of the tunnel for usual train revealed that the Tanna basin was filled by the volcanics of Taga volcano unconformably covering the Hata basalt (KUNO, 1936a). In the southern San Francisco Bay region, aeromagnetic anomaly map was used to find relation of linear anomalies to the active faults (BRABBand HANNA, 1981). Several elongate magnetic anomalies define steeply dipping ribbons of supentinite within fault zone. However, BRABBand HANNA(1981) noted that low level survey was required to map overall distribution of linear anomalies throughout the study area. The ground magnetic survey along the North Anatolian fault defined a number of coherent magnetic anomalies supposed to be caused by sheet-shaped sources (ISIKARAet al., 1985). A detail and low level or ground magnetic survey has a high possibility to define fault structure which can not be identified by other approaches. In this paper, we show the ground magnetic map along the Tanna fault and discuss a Tanna fault structure inferred from the ground magnetic survey with the help of drilling data and rock magnetism. 2. Ground Magnetic Survey Ground magnetic measurements were carried out at a grid spacing of 50 to 150 m. The study area extends about 1.5 km from east to west and about 5 km from north to south and the Tanna fault runs through the middle of the study area. Number of measured point is 780 (Fig. 2). Figures 2 and 3 show the total intensity distribution map. We divided these points into several profile lines and observed total magnetic intensity with a proton magnetometer by walking point by point. We walked a profile line and walked back again on the same profile line on the same day so that we measured twice at one measured point. A difference of total intensity between forward and backward going measurements was mainly caused by time dependent variation. The differences resulted in less than 100 nT except for the data above the Tanna tunnels. Above the tunnels the differences often exceed 100 nT, which are probably due to superimposed artificial noise such as tunnels, moving trains, and so on (Fig. 4). Since total intensity distribution in the study area exhibits high amplitude variation of over 500 nT as shown on Figs. 2 and 3, it is eventually not necessary to remove such relatively small differences of less than 100 nT. Then, the average value of two measurements was regarded as a final observed data. The survey was divided into two blocks. The first survey in the Tanna basin was performed on March, 1990 and the remaining survey was performed on August, 1990. The diurnal differences between profile lines were checked at cross points with tie lines in the Tanna basin and with the main profile line where all profile lines of the remaining area started and ended. All differences of final observed data at the cross points were 744 Y. OKUBO et al. Fig. 2. Total intensity magnetic map of the ground survey in nT and location of measured point . Location of Tanna fault was drawn from GEOLOGICALSURVEY OF JAPAN (1932) , OTUKA(1933), and THE TANNAFAULT TRENCHINGRESEARCH GROUP (1983). Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications 745 Fig. 3. Colored map of the total intensity obtained from the ground survey overlain by the geologic map shown in Fig. 1. 746 Y. OKUBO et al. Fig. 4. Examples of the measured magnetic profiles. (a) Ordinary profile of double measurement. (b) Profile superimposed artificial noise. Location of profiles is shown in Fig. 2. within 100 nT. Consequently, we did not correct diurnal variations in as much as they were relatively small in comparison with the high amplitude total intensity distribution. As illustrated in Fig. 3, a distinguished difference of more than 1000 nT in magnetic intensity between the west and the east to the Tanna fault can be found. The fault terminates the relative magnetic highs, therefore, the fault is a remarkable border of magnetic distribution. A typical example can be found in the Tanna basin. Ground surface in the Tanna basin is almost flat (Fig. 5), but a magnetic high occurs just in the west basin to the fault line. 3. Rock Magnetism of Drilling Cores and Cuttings The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) drilled three holes in the Tanna basins. The one named TN-lS (500 m in drilled depth) was located at a distance of 70 m east of the Tanna fault and the remaining two drillings named TN-2S (500 m in depth) and TN-3 (600 m in depth), respectively, were at a distance of 100 m west of the fault (Fig. 2). TN-1S was drilled partially by core boring from 120 m to 290 m. Cores of TN-2S were sampled at two levels of 200 m and 500 m. Cores of TN-3 were sampled at 7 levels of 56 m, 101 m, 216 m, 263 m, 471 m, 510 m, and 602 m. All of their drillings provided cuttings. Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications 747 Fig. 5. Shaded relief map of topography. Brighter tone represents relatively higher elevation. Digital data of topography used was created by NAKAZAWA and YAMAGUCHI(1983). 748 Y. OKUBO et al. Ground Magnetic Anomalies in the Tanna Fault and Their Implications 749 Figure 6 represents geologic columns of three drillholes. Volcanic sand, gravel, and mudstone which form the top layer in the geologic column probably correspond to the Quaternary lake deposits. Drilling of Tanna tunnel for usual train at a depth of about 170 m below the surface revealed that the Tanna basin was filled by lavas and tuffs of the Taga volcano unconformably covering the Hata basalt of Tertiary Usami volcano (KuNO, 1936a).
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