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Herodotus: Historian, Proto-Feminist, and Proto-Biographer

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Herodotus: Historian, Proto-Feminist, and Proto-Biographer Herodotus: Historian, Proto-Feminist, and Proto-Biographer by Oliver R. Baker Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Humanities Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Oliver R. Baker 2018 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2018 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Oliver Baker Degree: Master of Arts Title: Herodotus: Historian, Proto-Feminist, and Proto-Biographer Examining Committee: Chair: Paul Dutton Professor, Graduate Program Chair David Cyrus Mirhady Senior Supervisor Professor Eirini DIonysia Kotsovili Supervisor Lecturer Dimitris Krallis Internal Examiner Associate Professor Stavros Niarchos Foundation Centre for Hellenic Studies Date Defended/Approved: August 29th, 2018 ii Abstract Claims that Herodotus reveals himself as a proto-biographer are not yet widely accepted. To advance this claim, I have selected three women and four men from one side or the other of the Helleno-Persian Wars whose activities are recounted in his Histories. It is to a near contemporary, Heraclitus, to whom we attribute the maxim—character is human destiny. It is the truth of his maxim—which implies effective human agency—that makes Herodotus’ creation of historical narrative possible. Herodotus is often read for his off-topic vignettes, which colour-in the character of the individuals depicted without necessarily advancing his narrative. By hop scotching through the nine books of his Histories, we can assemble a largely continuous narrative for these seven remarkable individuals. This permits us to attribute both credit and moral responsibility for their actions. Arguably this implied causation demonstrates that Herodotus’ writings include much that amounts to proto-biography. Keywords: character; destiny; defining moment; proto-biographer; proto-feminist; agency iii Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Preface................................................................................................................................. v Herodotus: Proto-Biographer .......................................................................................... 1 Alexander of Macedon .................................................................................................... 26 Miltiades the Younger of Athens ................................................................................... 49 Cleomenes of Sparta ....................................................................................................... 83 Atossa, Queen of Persia ................................................................................................ 108 Artemisia of Halicarnassus .......................................................................................... 138 Gorgo of Sparta ............................................................................................................. 155 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 172 Appendix: Herodotus and Time .................................................................................. 180 iv Preface My interest in Herodotus as an historian and as a storyteller stems from a Humanities course I enrolled in several years ago. Entitled “The Golden Age of Greece” the foundational texts were Herodotus and Thucydides, and like many students who have studied these authors either in Greek or in translation my favourite is Herodotus. We all love story—it is part of the human condition—and it matters little what our age or in what age. 1 When we read Herodotus’ Histories where he begins: Herodotus of Halicarnassus here presents his research so that human events do not fade with time. May the great and wonderful deeds—some brought forth by the Hellenes, others by the Barbarians—not go unsung; as well as the causes that led them to make war on each other (Hdt. Proem). We, too, know that we are in for a story. But we are also aware that stories improve with the telling and if there is anything worse than a lost tale it is a story never set down in writing and subsequently mangled beyond recognition with creative but unskilled re- telling. Nonetheless, we still read Herodotus for story, even if we have to suspend disbelief from time to time. After all, truth is often stranger than fiction, and that potentially offers a credibility challenge to both historians and biographers. It is to Herodotus’ near-contemporary, Heraclitus, to whom we attribute the maxim (ἦθος ἀνθρώπῳ δαίμων) “êthos anthropôi daimôn” translations for which include the commonplace “character is destiny.” 2 However, neither êthos nor daimôn are easily 1 When young Jim Hawkins—for those who know, an echo of the distinguished Elizabethan adventurer, Admiral Sir John Hawkins—hears Cap’n Billy Bones singing: Fifteen men on the dead man’s chest— Yo–ho–ho, and a bottle of rum! Drink and the devil have done for the rest— Jim knows that he is in for a story; and of course, thanks to Robert Louis Stevenson, so do we. v translated, and, as above, anthropôi is often ignored. But the maxim is senseless if any part of it depends on powers outside of the individual. It is the truth of this maxim— which presupposes effective human agency—that makes the creation of historical narrative, rather than divine myth or heroic epic, even possible. Hesiod, Homer, and to a certain extent Plutarch many centuries later, want argue that it is primarily ancestry or pedigree that will determine destiny. Undeniably in the fifth century the well-born will often have greater autonomy, authority, and agency. Claims that Herodotus reveals himself as a proto-biographer let alone a proto- feminist are not yet widely accepted. 3 To advance both of these claims, and recognising that Herodotian scholars rarely study the contributions of exceptional women, I have selected three women and four men who participate on one side or the other of the Helleno-Persian Wars: none of whom are to be found among those notables recognised by Plutarch in his Parallel Lives. By hopscotching through seven of the nine books of Herodotus’ Histories, even if the entries fall short of a cradle to grave depiction, we can assemble a reasonably continuous narrative for these individuals, and thus through their exploits, gauge their character against the epic heroines and heroes described by Homer. In biographical writing we often look for that one character-defining moment—a literary device Plutarch will perfect some six hundred years later. Herodotus provides contemporary context to the character-defining vignettes he scatters throughout his Histories to bring these seven individuals more into life—and so demonstrates that during the mid-fifth century biography and history are not yet separate genres. Herodotus regards himself as a contemporary Homer, not just with the ability to identify what must remain myth, but also to assign credit and with it moral responsibility to women and men; and, arguably this endeavour amounts to proto-biography. 2 Sometimes misattributed as the originator, this English translation variant of the maxim (which also omits anthropôi) is found in book six, chapter six of George Eliot’s 1860 Victorian triple- decker The Mill on the Floss 3 By proto-feminist I am making the narrow observation that within these strictly patriarchal societies Herodotus recounts incidents in the lives of exceptional, albeit privileged and aristocratic, women who assume sufficient autonomy, authority, and autonomy to influence the outcomes of selected events⸻thereby attracting responsibility and with such proportionate credit or blame. vi Herodotus: Proto-Biographer INTRODUCTION Herodotus has long been recognised as the first Western historian, but his Histories are also read for his lively biographic anecdotes and character vignettes. He selects short, seemingly off-topic stories about the deeds and conduct of his heroines and heroes that eloquently reveal much about their character, but which seemingly without judgement often also provides what might become a defining moment for each individual. In this way his heroines and heroes become real individuals, not just long-dead Greek or Persian political or military leaders with now strange-sounding names. Just as Homer and Hesiod stand at a crossroads where oral myth is set down in writing, Herodotus stands at another crossroads a few hundred years later where selected stories about great heroines, heroes, and scurrilous hounds— together with their accomplishments and most notable failures—and one individual indeed may be both and have both—are taken out of the oral tradition and set down in writing. Albeit writing prose rather than epic poetry, Herodotus regards himself as a contemporary Homer, but a writer with the ability not only to identify what must and must not be myth, but also to assign credit and with it, moral responsibility. 1 But like Homer he is a storyteller. Whether fact or fiction— another way to describe the literary crossroads that
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