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Fish from Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica

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Fish from Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica Copeia,2006(4), pp. 752-759 A New Species of Nototheniid (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) Fish from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica PAULA. CZIKO AND C.-H. CHRISTINA CHENG A new species of nototheniid fish, Cryotheniaamphitreta, is described from a single gravid female collected in mid-November 2004 by divers in McMurdo Sound in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. The new species closely resembles the only known congener, C. peninsulae, collected off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, but differs substantially in pelvic-fin length (13.4 vs. 19.3-24.4% SL), total vertebrae (57 vs. 50-53), body size at maturity (261 vs. 100-144 mm), and interorbital-pit morphology. The neutrally-buoyant C. amphitretais characterized by a wide, well-defined interorbital pit divided by a raised medial ridge, scales anterior to this depression in the interorbital region, and a dark pigmentation of the mouth, gill, and body cavity linings. This species is protected against freezing by high levels of antifreeze proteins in its body fluids. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (mtND2) suggests that C. amphitreta falls within the current designation of the nototheniid subfamily Trematominae. N mid-November 2004, divers conducting tionary relationships of both species of Cryothenia routine surveys at a heavily-sampled site in to other species within the nototheniid radiation. McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica happened The accessibility of ice-free land, open water, upon a fish of unknown identity. A single gravid and annual sea ice in the western Ross Sea, female was collected, resembling the nototheniid Antarctica has allowed investigations of the fish Cryotheniapeninsulae, which has been collected fauna for over a century, despite its extreme only near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula southern latitude. Nevertheless, even well-sam- (Daniels, 1981; DeWitt et al., 1990). Investiga- pled areas of the Southern Ocean continue to tions revealed several distinct differences be- yield new species of fishes (Eakin and Eastman, tween C. peninsulae and the unidentified speci- 1998), and it seems that McMurdo Sound is no men, which is described here as Cryothenia exception. amphitreta,representing the second species of the and the first to be collected genus Cryothenia MATERIALS AND METHODS in the Ross Sea region. Previous morphological examinations of A single specimen of unknown identity was Cryotheniapeninsulae, the type species for this returned to the McMurdo Station aquarium and genus, have led to the placement of Cryothenia held in a tank with other fishes for approximately within the nototheniid subfamily Pleuragrammi- one week for observation, buoyancy measure- nae (Andersen, 1984; DeWitt et al., 1990) with ments, and photographs. The fish was anesthe- Pleuragrammaand Aethotaxis.This conclusion was tized with 0.2% (w/v) tricaine methanesulfonate based primarily on the elements of the cephalic (MS-222, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) lateral-line canal pores and the placement of the and sacrificed, tissues were sampled and frozen, pectoral foramen within the scapula. However, and the fish was preserved in a 10% formalin also citing features of the laterosensory system, solution. Prior to preservation, the visceral Balushkin (1984, 2000) placed Cryotheniawithin organs were removed and frozen for later DNA the subfamily Trematominae along with the and RNA analyses, but a portion of the intestine, genera Pagotheniaand Trematomus,as designated the pyloric caeca, and a few eggs were left intact by DeWitt et al. (1990). Buoyancy measurements and preserved along with the fish. The stomach by Eastman (1985) also led to the conclusion that was empty. C. peninsulae is more similar to the Trematomi- To determine the antifreeze protein content of nae than to Pleuragrammaor Aethotaxis.Although the serum, blood was obtained from the caudal recovery of DNA from C. peninsulae is not vein of the anesthetized fish with a 23-G needle possible due to the use of a formalin-based and 3-ml syringe. The blood was allowed to clot at fixative for all known specimens (Daniels, 1981), 4 C for several hours and the serum was re- phylogenetic studies using DNA sequences ob- covered after centrifugation (10,000 X g). Native tained from the holotype of C. amphitretamay and heated (10 min, 100 C) serum freezing help to resolve questions concerning the evolu- points (FP) were determined using the capillary ? 2006 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists CZIKO AND CHENG-NEW ANTARCTIC NOTOTHENIID 753 method as described by DeVries (1971, 1986) et al., 1990) Nototheniinae, Pleuragramminae, and Jin and DeVries (2006). The serum melting and Trematominae were included in the analysis. point (MP, in C) was calculated from the osmotic The basal nototheniid Dissostichus mawsoni was concentration (OC, in Osm) determined with used as the outgroup (Balushkin, 2000). Maxi- a Vapro 5520 vapor pressure osmometer (Wescor mum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree recon- Inc., Logan, UT) using -1.858 X OC = MP. struction was implemented in PAUP (vers. Serum thermal hysteresis (TH) was calculated 4.0b10, D. L. Swofford, PAUP*: phylogenetic using TH = MP - FP. analysis using parsimony [*and other methods], Measurements and counts, excluding those of Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 2003) using the the cephalic lateral line, were taken according to heuristic search option and a sequence evolution Hubbs and Lagler (1958). Pectoral- and pelvic-fin model (GTR + I + F) for nucleotide substitution lengths were measured from the extreme base of rates and invariant sites, and a F-distribution for the uppermost or anteriormost ray to the farthest among-site rate variation (J. Nylander, 2004, tip of the fin. All measurements were taken with MrModeltest vers. 2.2, program distributed by digital measuring calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm the author, Uppsala University, Sweden; Waddell and are reported as % SL unless otherwise noted. and Steel, 1997; Posada and Crandall, 1998). Fin-ray and other counts were carried out under Maximum parsimony (MP) tree reconstruction a stereomicroscope at appropriate magnifica- was implemented in Mega v3.1 (Kumar et al., tions. The cephalic lateral-line pore counts and 2004) using the max-mini branch-and-bound examinations follow Illick (1956). Film radio- routine with all nucleotides equally weighted graphs were obtained for vertebrae counts and for 2000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. pectoral and caudal skeleton morphology using standard veterinary equipment, scanned into Cryothenia new a computer, and examined using digital imaging amphitreta, species 1, 2A software. The description of the caudal skeleton Figures follows Andersen (1984). Due to the loss of scales while in the aquarium, only general observations Holotype.-USNM 385901, female, 261 mm SL, of lateral-line morphology are presented here; 405 g (303 mm fresh TL; weight 1.8 g in seawa- pored-scale counts were estimated by counting ter), Antarctica, Ross Sea, eastern McMurdo McMurdo lateral-scale series in the vicinity of the lateral Sound, Station saltwater intake jetty, line. The weight of the live, anesthetized fish was 77051.033'S, 166039.759'E, collected using a hand net at 20 m under 5 m sea measured in air and local seawater according to approx. ice, 15 Nov. Eastman and DeVries (1982), and observations of 2004. egg buoyancy were taken from re-hydrated (3 hrs in standard seawater at 4 C) formalin-fixed eggs. Diagnosis.-A species of Cryotheniawith an outline DNA was obtained from previously frozen similar to that of C. peninsulaebut with pelvic fins (-80 C) liver tissue by phenol-chloroform ex- reaching only about halfway from pelvic-fin base traction and ethanol precipitation (Sambrook to anal origin, and second dorsal-fin insertion and Russell, 2001) for use in polymerase chain notably advanced with respect to the anal-fin reaction (PCR) amplification and direct DNA origin (Fig. 1). Cephalic lateral-line pores large, sequencing of the mitochondrial NADH dehy- the fourth supraorbital canal pores open into drogenase subunit 2 (mtND2) gene. PCR and a median, well-defined, depressed interorbital sequencing of the 1047-nucleotide (nt) mtND2 pit, divided medially by a slightly raised ridge gene used the primers described by Cziko et al. (Fig. 2A). Width of depressed interorbital region (2006), with PCR reaction conditions described greater than the length, does not extend by Cheng et al. (2003). Direct sequencing of the anteriorly beyond the third supraorbital canal amplified genes was accomplished using BigDye pore, and with a few uniserial cycloid scales v3.0 (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA) immediately anterior to it. Lining of the mouth, chemistry with the manufacturer's recom- gill cavities, and peritoneum coal-black. mended reaction conditions and an ABI 3730xl capillary sequencer. Description.-Gravid female, 261 mm SL: Body Phylogenetic analysis of the entire mtND2 fusiform and slightly compressed caudally, head gene sequences from the holotype of C. amphi- depressed. Maximum body depth at origin of treta and seven other members of the Notothe- second dorsal fin 25.6; width at this point 14.6; niidae was used to gain insight into the phyloge- depth at anal origin 22.7. Preanal length 52.2; netic relationships of C. amphitretawithin the predorsal length 29.9. Mouth large, the lower jaw Nototheniidae. Representatives of six of the 13 projecting slightly. Head length 27.4; depth at genera from the nototheniid subfamilies (DeWitt occiput 18.3; width at vertical edge of preopercles 754 COPEIA, 2006, NO. 4 Fig. 1. Cryotheniaamphitreta, holotype, USNM 385901, gravid female, 261 mm SL, collected by divers at approx. 20 m depth in McMurdoSound, Antarctica (77'51.033'S, 166039.759'E). 17.0; cheek length 14.6. Eyes lateral, but with the interorbital region 2.6; length 1.5; length at ventralmost margin of the orbit at the midline. midline 1.2. Four gill arches, pseudobranch well Orbit diameter 8.3, notably larger than both developed. Gill rakers short, roughly conical, bony 4.7, and fleshy 5.8, interorbital widths.
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