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AP3302-2(Communications).Pdf This document was generated by me, Colin Hinson, from a Crown copyright document held at R.A.F. Henlow Signals Museum. It is presented here (for free) under the Open Government Licence (O.G.L.) and this version of the document is my copyright (along with the Crown Copyright) in much the same way as a photograph would be. The document should have been downloaded from my website https://blunham.com/Radar, if you downloaded it from elsewhere, please let me know (particularly if you were charged for it). You can contact me via my Genuki email page: https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/various?recipient=colin You may not copy the file for onward transmission of the data nor attempt to make monetary gain by the use of these files. If you want someone else to have a copy of the file, point them at the website. It should be noted that most of the pages are identifiable as having been processed my me. _______________________________________ I put a lot of time into producing these files which is why you are met with the above when you open the file. In order to generate this file, I need to: 1. Scan the pages (Epson 15000 A3 scanner) 2. Split the photographs out from the text only pages 3. Run my own software to split double pages and remove any edge marks such as punch holes 4. Run my own software to clean up the pages 5. Run my own software to set the pages to a given size and align the text correctly. 6. Run Omnipage (Ulitimate) on all the pages to OCR them. 7. Generate a searchable Acrobat pdf file. Hopefully after all that, I end up with a presentable file, though I can’t guarantee there aren’t errors in the OCR. If you find missing pages, pages in the wrong order, anything else wrong with the file or simply want to make a comment, please drop me a line (see above). It is my hope that you find the file of use to you personally – I know that I would have liked to have found some of these files years ago – they would have saved me a lot of time ! Colin Hinson In the village of Blunham, Bedfordshire. (Riki e 3) RESTRICTED A.P. 3302 ei 5 t • 4-sq q1•0 444 STANDARD TECHNICAL TRAINING NOTES FOR THE RADIO ENGINEERING TRADE GROUP (FITTERS) PART 2 COMMUNICATIONS MINISTRY OF DEFENCE FOR USE IN THE ROYAL AIR FORCE MAY 1964 RESTRICTED A.P. 3302 FOREWORD 'hese notes are issued to assist airmen and apprentices under training as Fitters in the 3 Engineering Trade Group. Fitters in this trade group 'require a thorough knowledge of lectrical and radio principles, and the elementary mathematics, appropriate to the theory specified equipment' (see A.P. 3282A, Vol. 2). It is with the intention of helping to attain tandard that these notes are written. They are not intended to form a complete text-book, re to be used as required in conjunction with lessons and demonstrations given at the radio )1s. They may also be used to assist airmen on continuation training at other RAF stations. 'he notes, which are based on appropriate syllabuses of training are subdivided as follows :— Part 1A: Electrical and Radio Fundamentals. This deals with the principles of electricity, electronics and radio at a level suitable for the upper technician ranks and for technician apprentices. Because of its bulk Part 1A has been split into three separate books: Book 1 covers basic electricity; Book 2, basic electronics; and Book 3, basic radio. Part 1B: Basic Electricity and Radio. This deals with the principles of electricity, electronics and radio at a level suitable for the lower technician ranks and for craft apprentices. Part 2: Communications. This deals with the applications of the principles covered in Parts 1A and 1B to communication systems and is intended to be used as required by all fitters in the Radio Engineering Trade Group. Part 3: Radar. This deals with the applications of the principles covered in Parts 1A and 1B to radar and is intended to be used as required by all fitters in the Radio Engineering Trade Group. n general, fitters employed on communications equipment will be interested mainly in 1A or 1B and Part 2 of these notes. Similarly, radar fitters will be concerned mainly with IA or 1B and Part 3. However, it is difficult to draw a firm dividing line between the (ledge required by fitters engaged in communications and that required by radar fitters. e is considerable overlapping; much of what was once regarded as being exclusively in the ince of the radar fitter is now a requirement for the communications fitter also, and vice versa. efore those under training in the radar trades may find much that is useful in Part 2, whilst under training in the communications field may find much of interest in Part 3. [le notes deal with the basic theory and the applied principles of electricity, electronics -adio in a general way. They do not cover specific details of equipment in use in the Service. details are to be found in the official Air Publication for the equipment and this should ys be consulted during the servicing of the equipment. Jo alteration to these notes may be made without the authority of official Amendment Lists. [leaders of this publication are asked to report any unsatisfactory features which they may Such unsatisfactory features may include factual errors in words or illustrations ; guous, obscure or conflicting instructions ; and omissions. All such unsatisfactory res should be reported to Headquarters Technical Training Command (Trg 4c) in the form ut in A.P. 113A, Section 1, Chapter 1, Paragraph 8. fISTRY OF DEFENCE (AIR) , 1964 A.P. 3302, PART 2 SECTION 1 COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES Chapter Page 1 Outline of Communication Systems 1 2 Communication by Radio 5 Chapter 2 COMMUNICATION BY RADIO Radio Communication Communication by radio implies the use of radio waves as a 'carrier' between transmitter and receiver. As previously mentioned in these notes, radio waves are electromagnetic and travel with the velocity of light. In fact they are of the same nature as light but are of a very much longer wavelength, i.e. they are of a lower frequency. They radiate from a transmitting aerial in much the same way that a ripple radiates from the point where a pebble is dropped into a pond (Fig. 1). Fig. I. RADIATION The main difference between the pond ripples and radio waves is that radio waves are not a movement of a substance whereas water ripples are. In fact radio waves are merely combined electric and magnetic fields which travel through space. They are weakened (or attenuated) by all forms of matter and so they travel best in a vacuum. Thus the basic requirement for an effective radiator of electromagnetic waves (an aerial) is that it should be remote from any large objects which may affect the radiated waves, i.e. it should be high up in open space. Fig. 2 shows the basic layout of a radio communication station. s TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER AERIAL INPUT CONTROL SEVERAL CONTROL HUNDREDS CENTRE OF YARDS CONTROL RECEIVER OUTPUT. RECEIVER RECEIVER AERIALS Fig. 2. TYPICAL RADIO STATION LAYOUT 5 A.P. 3302, PART 2, SECT. 1, CHAP. 1 AE AE I AERIAL GROUND TRANSMITTER LP MICROPHONE Fig. 2. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION BY TELEPHONY AERIAL RADIO WAVES OR HAND OPERATED TRANSMITTER LAND LINES KEY MORSE CODE A HIGH SPEED OR TAPE OPERATED MACHINE. AERIAL AERIAL RADIO WAVES TRANSMITTER RECEIVER OR 4 TELEPRINTER TRANSMITTER TELEPRINTER HAND OPERATED LAND LINES RECEIVER OR TAPE OPERATED FIVE-UNIT CODE Fig. 3. METHODS OF TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION 2 OUTLINE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS can be acted upon immediately. For this reason communication between the pilot of a fighter aircraft and ground controllers is by means of radio telephony (r/t), i.e. telephony using radio waves (see Fig. 2). Telegraphy Telegraphy is a means of communication using a series of pulses to form a code in which information is contained. The codes most used in telegraphy are the morse code, the five unit code and the seven unit code. Transmissions using the morse code can be made either by a hand-operated key or by a high speed tape-operated machine. In the five unit code each character is represented by a particular combination of five electrical impulses each of the same duration but in one of two signalling conditions, namely, mark or space. In the seven unit code each character is made up of three mark pulses and four space pulses. The advantage of the seven unit code over the five unit code is that errors due to interference are self-detecting. These two codes are used with a teleprinter the transmitter of which is connected by landline or radio to the receiver. The transmitter can be manually operated like a typewriter or it can be automatically operated by punched tape. The transmitted message can be received on tape or it can be printed on paper (Fig. 3). Pulse modulation is widely used in telegraphy. A simple c.w. transmitter is pulse modulated by the operator's key to form the dots and dashes of the morse code; automatic teleprinter systems are pulse modulated to form the five unit or seven unit code. Pulse modulation is also used in data transmission systems. AERIAL RADIO WAVES IAERIAL OR TRANSMITTER LANDLINES SCANNING 1 RECEIVER DEVICE OR OR SCANNING DEVICE DOCUMENT OR OR I MAPS MESSAGES PICTURES Fig.
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