Chapter 1 Frequency Sources
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Time and Frequency Users' Manual
,>'.)*• r>rJfl HKra mitt* >\ « i If I * I IT I . Ip I * .aference nbs Publi- cations / % ^m \ NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 695 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Time and Frequency Users' Manual 100 .U5753 No. 695 1977 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, a technical (3) basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics -
Maintenance of Remote Communication Facility (Rcf)
ORDER rlll,, J MAINTENANCE OF REMOTE commucf~TIoN FACILITY (RCF) EQUIPMENTS OCTOBER 16, 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION AbMINISTRATION Distribution: Selected Airway Facilities Field Initiated By: ASM- 156 and Regional Offices, ZAF-600 10/16/89 6580.5 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE. direction authorized by the Systems Maintenance Service. This handbook provides guidance and prescribes techni- Referenceslocated in the chapters of this handbook entitled cal standardsand tolerances,and proceduresapplicable to the Standardsand Tolerances,Periodic Maintenance, and Main- maintenance and inspection of remote communication tenance Procedures shall indicate to the user whether this facility (RCF) equipment. It also provides information on handbook and/or the equipment instruction books shall be special methodsand techniquesthat will enablemaintenance consulted for a particular standard,key inspection element or personnel to achieve optimum performancefrom the equip- performance parameter, performance check, maintenance ment. This information augmentsinformation available in in- task, or maintenanceprocedure. struction books and other handbooks, and complements b. Order 6032.1A, Modifications to Ground Facilities, Order 6000.15A, General Maintenance Handbook for Air- Systems,and Equipment in the National Airspace System, way Facilities. contains comprehensivepolicy and direction concerning the development, authorization, implementation, and recording 2. DISTRIBUTION. of modifications to facilities, systems,andequipment in com- This directive is distributed to selectedoffices and services missioned status. It supersedesall instructions published in within Washington headquarters,the FAA Technical Center, earlier editions of maintenance technical handbooksand re- the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, regional Airway lated directives . Facilities divisions, and Airway Facilities field offices having the following facilities/equipment: AFSS, ARTCC, ATCT, 6. FORMS LISTING. EARTS, FSS, MAPS, RAPCO, TRACO, IFST, RCAG, RCO, RTR, and SSO. -
Model PRS10 Rubidium Frequency Standard
Model PRS10 Rubidium Frequency Standard Operation and Service Manual 1290-D Reamwood Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94089 Phone: (408) 744-9040 • Fax: (408) 744-9049 email: [email protected] • www.thinkSRS.com Copyright © 2002, 2013, 2015 by Stanford Research Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Version 1.5 (Dec. 21, 2015) PRS10 Rubidium Frequency Standard Table of Contents 1 Introduction 3 Crystal Oscillator 42 Crystal Heater 44 Specifications 4 Schematic RB_F2 (Sheet 2 of 6) 44 Temperature Control Servos 44 Abridged Command List 5 Conversion to 10MHz TTL 45 Photocell Amplifier 46 Theoretical Overview 8 Signal Filters for Oscillator Control 47 Rubidium Frequency Standards 8 Analog Multiplexers 47 Schematic RB_F3 (Sheet 3 of 6) 48 PRS10 Overview 11 Microcontroller 48 Block Diagram 11 RS-232 50 Ovenized Oscillator 11 12 Bit A/D Conversion 50 Frequency Synthesizer 11 12-Bit Digital to Analog Converters 50 Physics Package 13 Magnetic Field Control 50 Control Algorithm 13 Phase Modulation 51 Initial Locking 14 1PPS Output 51 Locking to External 1pps 14 1PPS Input Time-Tag 51 CPU Tasks 18 Schematic RB_F4. (Sheet 4 of 6) 52 High Resolution, Low Phase Noise, Applications 19 RF Synthesizer 52 Interface Connector 19 RF Output Amplifier 53 Configuration Notes 19 Step Recovery Diode Matching 53 Hardware Notes 20 Analog Control 54 Operating Temperature 21 Schematic RB_F5 (Sheet 5 of 6) 54 Frequency Adjustment 21 Power Supply, Lamp Control and 1PPS Timing PCB 54 RS-232 Instruction Set 22 Linear Power Supplies 54 Syntax 22 Lamp Regulator 55 Initialization -
Frequency Standards and Clocks: >ARTMENT of 0MMERC
NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 616 U.S. Frequency Standards and Clocks: >ARTMENT OF 0MMERC. A Tutorial Introduction National of 00 Js snss £2 a NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measure- ment system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scien- tific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radia- tion Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Heat—Mechanics—Optical Physics—Linac Radiation 2—Nuclear Radiation 2—Applied Radiation 2—Quantum Electronics3— Electromagnetics 3—Time and Frequency 3—Laboratory Astrophysics3—Cryo- 3 genics . THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research lead- ing to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. -
Time and Frequency Users' Manual
,>'.)*• r>rJfl HKra mitt* >\ « i If I * I IT I . Ip I * .aference nbs Publi- cations / % ^m \ NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 695 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Time and Frequency Users' Manual 100 .U5753 No. 695 1977 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, a technical (3) basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics -
Variable Capacitors in RF Circuits
Source: Secrets of RF Circuit Design 1 CHAPTER Introduction to RF electronics Radio-frequency (RF) electronics differ from other electronics because the higher frequencies make some circuit operation a little hard to understand. Stray capacitance and stray inductance afflict these circuits. Stray capacitance is the capacitance that exists between conductors of the circuit, between conductors or components and ground, or between components. Stray inductance is the normal in- ductance of the conductors that connect components, as well as internal component inductances. These stray parameters are not usually important at dc and low ac frequencies, but as the frequency increases, they become a much larger proportion of the total. In some older very high frequency (VHF) TV tuners and VHF communi- cations receiver front ends, the stray capacitances were sufficiently large to tune the circuits, so no actual discrete tuning capacitors were needed. Also, skin effect exists at RF. The term skin effect refers to the fact that ac flows only on the outside portion of the conductor, while dc flows through the entire con- ductor. As frequency increases, skin effect produces a smaller zone of conduction and a correspondingly higher value of ac resistance compared with dc resistance. Another problem with RF circuits is that the signals find it easier to radiate both from the circuit and within the circuit. Thus, coupling effects between elements of the circuit, between the circuit and its environment, and from the environment to the circuit become a lot more critical at RF. Interference and other strange effects are found at RF that are missing in dc circuits and are negligible in most low- frequency ac circuits. -
EURO QUARTZ TECHNICAL NOTES Crystal Theory Page 1 of 8
EURO QUARTZ TECHNICAL NOTES Crystal Theory Page 1 of 8 Introduction The Crystal Equivalent Circuit If you are an engineer mainly working with digital devices these notes In the crystal equivalent circuit above, L1, C1 and R1 are the crystal should reacquaint you with a little analogue theory. The treatment is motional parameters and C0 is the capacitance between the crystal non-mathematical, concentrating on practical aspects of circuit design. electrodes, together with capacitances due to its mounting and lead- out arrangement. The current flowing into a load at B as a result of a Various oscillator designs are illustrated that with a little constant-voltage source of variable frequency applied at A is plotted experimentation may be easily modified to suit your requirements. If below. you prefer a more ‘in-depth’ treatment of the subject, the appendix contains formulae and a list of further reading. At low frequencies, the impedance of the motional arm of the crystal is extremely high and current rises with increasing frequency due solely to Series or Parallel? the decreasing reactance of C0. A frequency fr is reached where L1 is resonant with C1, and at which the current rises dramatically, being It can often be confusing as to whether a particular circuit arrangement limited only by RL and crystal motional resistance R1 in series. At only requires a parallel or series resonant crystal. To help clarify this point, it slightly higher frequencies the motional arm exhibits an increasing net is useful to consider both the crystal equivalent circuit and the method inductive reactance, which resonates with C0 at fa, causing the current by which crystal manufacturers calibrate crystal products. -
Operating Manual Model 4065C Cesium Time And
OPERATING MANUAL MODEL 4065C CESIUM TIME AND FREQUENCY STANDARD Option 013, Rack Slides (FTS 6013) Option 063, DS1 Frequency Synthesizer (see Section 4) Option 064, CEPT Frequency Synthesizer (see Section 4) FTS Part Number: 11846-001 Revision: J Printed: 17 August 2000 Copyright 2000 DATUM INC. OPERATING MANUAL ADDENDUM Applicable to the following: MODEL MANUAL PART NUMBERS PRS50 N/A 11271 DCD N/A 08949 DCD N/A 08950 3310 N/A 11227 5045A N/A 08499 4065A 08518 08490 4040A/RS 11846 08832 Rev. - June 23, 1999 The serial number label applied at the factory to the units above contains more information that is necessary for the electronic identification of the unit. The unit identification (electronically stored within the unit) will be the last five digits of the serial number, which is physically marked on the unit’s label. The serial number label is a 10 digit, unique number YYWWXXXXXX Where: Y = Year W = Week of Year X = Sequential numbers Example: 9923000105 Serial number was assigned on the 23’rd week of 1999 (AKA Lot Date Code, LDC) and have a sequential number of 000105. When communicating with the unit the serial number in the example above is 00105. FTS 4065C Cesium Frequency Standard SECTION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1. GENERAL INFORMATION.....................................................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................................................1-1 -
Frequency Standards and Clocks : a Tutorial Introduction
,.*" NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 616 (2d Revision) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND CLOCKS: A TUTORIAL INTRODUCTION c,2 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research — Lab- oratory Astrophysics 2 — Cryogenics 2 — Electromagnetics 2 — Time and Frequency*. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measure- ment, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational insti- tutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. -
Contents 1 66
CONTENTS DefinitionsOscillators Defined.and ParametersA Second Exampleof Oscillators which cannot be Classified as an Oscillator 1 .The Buzzer. Significance of Mechanical Motion. Weight and Spring System . Friction. Simple Harmonic Motion. Analogy between Certain Mechanical and Electrical Quantities. Concept of Energy Interchange. The Pendulum. Source of Restoring Force in Pendulum. Effect of Weight in Pendulum. Electrical Analogy of Pendulum Bob. The Balance Wheel. Repetitive Shock Excitation. Basic Parameters of Oscillators. Important Implications of Fourier Theorem. The D-C Component in an Oscillatory Wavetrain .Effects of Harmonics. Frequency and Phase Modulation .Resonance. Amplitude Build-up at Resonance. Performance Parameters of Oscillators. Questions and Problems 2. ComponentsParallel- Tuned andL-C Circuit.Characteristics Losses in a ofTank Oscillators Circuit. Characteristics of "Ideal" L-C 22 Resonant Circuit. Negative Power. Performance of Ideal Tank Circuit. Resonance in the Parallel- Tuned L-C Circuit. Inductance-Capacitance Relationships for Reson- ance .Practical Tank Circuits with Finite Losses. Figure of Merit, "Q" .Physical Interpretation of Ro .Phase Characteristics of Parallel- Tuned L-C Circuit. Series- Resonant Tank Circuits. Q in Series-Tank Circuits. Resonance in Series-Tuned L-C Circuit. L-C Ratio in Tank Circuits. Transmission Lines. The Delay Line . The Artificial Transmission Line. Delay-Line Stabilized Blocking Oscillator. Delay- Line Stabilized Tunnel Diode Oscillator. Distributed Parameters from "Lumped" L-C Circuit. Resonance in Transmission Lines. Concept of Field Propagation in Waveguides. Comparison of Lines and Guides. Resonant Cavities. Piezoelectric Property in Quartz Crystals. The Two Resonances in Quartz Crystals. The Relatively Small Tuning Effect of Holder Capacitance. Conditions for Optimum Stability . Magnetostrictive Element. Need for Bias. -
New Display Station Offers Multiple Screen Windows and Dual Data Communications Ports, Computer Gary C
MARCH 1981 HE! WL '-PACKARD JOURNAL © Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co. HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL Technical Information from the Laboratories of Hewlett-Packard Company MARCH 1981 Volume 32 • Number 3 Contents: New Display Station Offers Multiple Screen Windows and Dual Data Communications Ports, computer Gary C. Staas It's four terminals in one, bringing new flexibility to computer appli cation systems. Display Station's User Interface Is Designed for Increased Productivity, by Gordon C. Graham approach access to an extensive feature set requires a thorough, thoughtful approach to the user interface. Hardware and Firmware Support for Four Virtual Terminals in One Display Station, by Srinivas Sukumar and John D. Wiese The goals were 2645/4 compatibility, improved price/ performance and reliability, and ease of use, manufacturing, and service. A Silicon-on-Sapphire Integrated Video Controller, by Jean-Claude Roy Integration was considered mandatory to make the display system practical and reliable. SC-Cut Robert Oscillator Offers Improved Performance, by J. Robert Burgoon and Robert L. Wilson It's more stable and less noisy, warms up faster, and uses less power. The SC Cut, a Brief Summary, by Charles A. Adams and John A. Kusters First introduced in 1974, the stress compensated cut has many virtues. Flexible Circuit Packaging of a Crystal Oscillator, by James H. Steinmetz Selectively stiffened flexible circuitry is a radical approach that meets tough objectives. New Temperature Probe Locates Circuit Hot Spots, by Marvin F. Estes and Donald Zimmer, Jr. It provides fast, accurate temperature measurements for design, diagnostic, and testing applications. In this Issue: The shiny The on this month's cover is a piece of cultured (laboratory-grown) quartz. -
AC/RF Sources (Oscillators and Synthesizers) 14
AC/RF Sources (Oscillators and Synthesizers) 14 ust say in public that oscillators are one of the most important, fundamental building blocks in radio technology and you will immediately be interrupted by someone pointing out that tuned-RF (TRF) J receivers can be built without any form of oscillator at all. This is certainly true, but it shows how some things can be taken for granted. What use is any receiver without signals to receive? All intention- ally transmitted signals trace back to some sort of signal generator — an oscillator or frequency synthe- sizer. In contrast with the TRF receivers just mentioned, a modern, all-mode, feature-laden, MF/HF transceiver may contain in excess of a dozen RF oscillators and synthesizers, while a simple QRP CW transmitter may consist of nothing more than a single oscillator. (This chapter was written by David Stockton, GM4ZNX.) In the 1980s, the main area of progress in the performance of radio equipment was the recognition of receiver intermodulation as a major limit to our ability to communicate, with the consequent develop- ment of receiver front ends with improved ability to handle large signals. So successful was this cam- paign that other areas of transceiver performance now require similar attention. One indication of this is any equipment review receiver dynamic range measurement qualified by a phrase like “limited by oscillator phase noise.” A plot of a receiver’s effective selectivity can provide another indication of work to be done: An IF filter’s high-attenuation region may appear to be wider than the filter’s published specifications would suggest — almost as if the filter characteristic has grown sidebands! In fact, in a way, it has: This is the result of local-oscillator (LO) or synthesizer phase noise spoiling the receiver’s overall performance.