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Getting Ready for Year 7 English

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Getting Ready for Year 7 English 1 Destinations: Antarctica: Page 4 Honduras: Page 6 China: Page 8 America: Page 10 Ukraine: Page 12 Pakistan: Page 14 North Pole: Page 16 Russia: Page 18 The Netherlands: Page 20 2 Antarctica: Lake Vostok Research and Discoveries: Antarctica is the Earth’s southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. Around 98 % of the continent is covered by ice and it is the fifth largest continent (twice the size of Australia). Russian scientist Peter Kropotkin first proposed the idea of fresh water under Antarctic ice sheets at the end of the 19th century. He theorised that the considerable pressure exerted by the mass of thousands of vertical metres of ice could increase the temperature at the lowest points of the ice sheet and therefore cause the ice at the very bottom to melt. But it was not until Russian geographer Andrey Kapitsa recorded seismic soundings in the region of Vostok Station (“East Station”) – while he was on a Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1964 – that the existence of a ‘subglacial lake’ in the region was suggested. When British scientists in Antarctica performed airborne ice-penetrating radar surveys in the early 1970s, they detected unusual radar readings at the site, which suggested the presence of a liquid, freshwater lake below the ice. Surveys and research since this point have revealed around 140 freshwater lakes beneath the ice; Lake Vostok was found to be one of the largest lakes in the world. Geological History: Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 million years ago. Around 66 million years ago, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical climate, complete with a vast array of species and an extensive temperate rainforest. Lake Vostok is believed to be cradled on a bed of ancient sediments 70 metres thick; there is a possibility that they will contain a unique record of the climate and life in Antarctica before the ice cap formed. A recent breakthrough in January 2015 revealed, quite remarkably, that the water below the ice was an average of -3°c. The water below the surface does not freeze due to the extreme pressure; this discovery hailed as one of the biggest geological discoveries on Earth. Scientists, however, have been experiencing difficulties in collecting life-form samples that are not contaminated due to previous unsterilized drills and their own anti-freezing agents (needed to drill through the ice). For the last three years, Russian scientists have been carefully drilling the last 500 metres of the surface in an attempt to collect pure samples. Who knows what will be discovered? 3 1. What exactly is Lake Vostok? 2. Who was the lake identified by, and how was it identified? 3. you earn ou Antarctica’s story? 1. What are some of the difficulties that have scientists faced over the years when trying to learn about the lake? 2. What was remarkable about the water in Lake Vostok? 3. Why might this discovery be important and valuable to science? 4 Honduras: The Lost City of the Monkey God In a dense jungle in a remote part of the Mosquitia region of eastern Honduras, a place so untouched that native animals do not fear humans, a team of scientists and archaeologists say they have discovered evidence of a mysterious lost city. La Cuidad Blanca (Spanish for ‘The White City’) is a legendary settlement said to be located in eastern Honduras. Due to conflicting stories, and a lack of trustworthy information, most professional archeologists doubted that it referred to any one actual settlement, never mind one representing an ancient city of the Pre-Columbian era. Nonetheless, the first real modern sighting of this mysterious region, which was claimed by indidgenous people to be an area of extreme wealth, was in 1927: aviator Charles Lindbergh reported seeing a ‘white city’ while flying over eastern Honduras. Later, Eduard Conzemius, an ethnographer from Luxembourg, claimed that it had been dubbed ‘The White City’ bec ause its buildings and a wall around it were formed from white stone. In 1939, adventurer Theodore Morde claimed to have found a ‘Lost City of the Monkey God’; however, he ne ver revealed the precise location for fear that it would be looted; Morde later died, rather mysteriously, before being able to continue his exploration. Several expeditions have been led since Morde’s time in an attempt to rediscover the elusive ancient metropolis. In 2013, an expedition team announced further analysis of an area (the exact location of which they did not reveal), which was reported as analysis of a ‘lost city’ by the media. Indeed, many have been quick to criticise any announcements: Rosemary Joyce, an expert on Honduran archaeology from UC Berkeley, called it: ‘big hype’ and ‘bad ar cheaology’. There have been, however, recent discoveries which suggest otherwise: In February 2015, archaeologists surveyed and mapped extensive plazas, earthworks, mounds, and an earthen pyramid belonging to a culture that thrived a thousand years ago, and then vanished. The team, which recently returned from the site, also discovered a remarkable cache of stone sculptures that had lain untouched since the city was abandoned… 5 1. What the ngli slation o L udad anca’ d where exactly is it situated (give detail!)? 2. When was the first modern sighting of this area, and who saw it? 3. Why did Theodore Morde not wish to share the location of the city? 1. What evidence is there to suggest that the city has been fabricated? 2. “I i morall wrong o sturb en religiou reas” Do you ee r sagre wi thi atement? Why? 3. Why was Theodor Mord death regard mysterious’? Thi may quire xtra search. 6 China: The Tibetan Mastiff The Tibetan Mastiff is currently the world’s most ex pensive canine. Tibet – the mountainous region between India and China – still remains home to these enormous and sometimes ferocious dogs, which are often said to resemble lions due to their huge manes and impressive stature. They were originally bred, in ancient times, to protect temples and are still widely used today by local tribes of Himachal Pradesh to protect their sheep from leopards. Although they implement all of the usual livestock guardian tactics (e.g. barking, scent-marking perimeters), they are generally said to be capable of confronting predators the size of wolves and leopards. More recently, Tibetan Mastiffs have been traded and bred all across the world. In China, a country which borders Tibet, these particular canines have become a status symbol among the wealthy. A property developer from China is reported to have purchased a golden- haired Tibetan Mastiff at a luxury pet fair in Zhejiang for approximately 12 million yuan (£1.2 million). The dogs are extremely loyal and protective, but are a breed not recommended for novice dog owners: they are intelligent yet stubborn to a fault and require strict obedience training and an understanding of canine psychology. A lot of breeders use these dogs as guards of farms, homes or other buildings; they tend to sleep for the majority of the day in order to offer effective protection in the night. But there is a moral question about these dogs which now has to be answered. Due to the increase in demand, breeders have often used unscrupulous means to increase their ‘value’ to pot ential buyers. Photos of the animals are often photo-shopped to exaggerate desirable features, while some buyers have reported bringing new dogs home only to find that they lose their colour and much of their ‘hair’ after the first bath. It is clai med by many that some dog owners and inside- traders are keen to increase their dogs’ worth by m anipulating the prices, when no money actually changes hands. It is certainly viable that these rare dogs would sell for a lot of money – but is £1.2 million a bit excessive? Page | 1 7 1. Who around the world uses Tibetan Mastiffs, and for what purpose? 2. Why is this breed of dog particularly expensive? 3. Name some of the ways that dog owners may make the Tibetan Mastiffs appear better than they really are. 1. Give some evidence from the text which shows that Tibetan Mastiffs are hard to train. 2. Why ight h Masti b u a ymbol Chin ealthy pulation? 3 Ti Mastiff ould leav th Himalayan Mountains, which is where they were bred and where they belong” ow ou wi hi statement? 8 9 10 Ukraine: Free Running Free running – free yourself of fear! Parkour is so popular because it makes ugly things beautiful. In desolate urban environments, areas ravaged by conflict, or places consumed by gluttonous poverty, people use the sport as a way to reclaim their environments and find something beautiful in the spaces they inhabit. In the Gaza strip, traceurs do backflips while bombs fall; in Russia, they scale skyscrapers and dice with death on the edge of terrifying drops. In Iran, groups of women have taken to doing parkour in parks, despite the necessity of keeping their hair covered and wearing loose, covering clothing even in the intense, spine chilling, heat. Finding catharsis in the feeling that nothing can stand in their way. Here, in Ukraine, I’ve found the true meaning of making the ugly beautiful, indulging on the bitterswe et. Ukraine remains the piggy in the middle between Russia and Crimea, the people and civilians are scared and uncertain of their country’s future. Beneath that uncertainty, remains the beauty and indestructible spirit of parkour. I’m sitting on top of a 2.8 metre- high derelict and neglected home, and I’m terrified.
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