G.Dominguez Thesis

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G.Dominguez Thesis Universidade de Lisboa Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território ! Housing Financialization in Lisbon’s Historical Center Gloria Aguilar Dominguez Dissertação de Mestrado orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Agustín Cocola-Gant e pelo Prof. Doutor Jorge Da Silva Macaísta Malheiros Mestrado em População, Sociedade e Território 2019 Universidade de Lisboa Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território ! Housing Financialization in Lisbon’s Historical Center Gloria Aguilar Dominguez Dissertação de Mestrado orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Agustín Cocola-Gant e pelo Prof. Doutor Jorge Da Silva Macaísta Malheiros Júri: Presidente: Professor Doutor Eduardo Manuel Dias Brito Henriques do Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território da Universidade de Lisboa; Vogais: - Doutor António Eduardo Alves Martins Ascensão do Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território da Universidade de Lisboa - Doutor Agustín Cocola-Gant do Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território da Universidade de Lisboa (2019) Acknowledgements A special cheer of appreciation to my advisors, Agustín Cocola Gant for your generosity of time and abundance of support throughout this entire process; Jorge Malheiros for your guidance and advice in developing a research topic. Gracias a mis padres por su infinito amor y aliento. A mi abuela quien inspiro en mi el entendimiento de que una vida rica es una en la que siempre se busca aprender. Francisco, your fortitude and companionship has meant the world to me. Thank you to Jaime Jover for your help throughout the interview process. And a heartfelt thanks to all who agreed to be interviewed and in doing so contributed to my research. This thesis lies within the scope of the SMARTOUR project (Ref: PTDC/GESURB/30551/2017) and appreciates the support from the Portuguese Science and TechnologyResearch Council (FCT) Abstract This dissertation explores the phenomenon of the financialization of housing in the historic city center of Lisbon during the last years, between the years of 2012 and the present. By housing financialization what is meant is residential properties being primarily utilized as vehicles of investment, at the expense of their social use of being homes. This study looks at whether signs of housing financialization are present in the country’s capital, and focuses on what is believed to be one of its particular manifestations: the rise of short-term rentals, commonly referred to as vacation rentals. A growing incidence of homes are placed on the short-term rental market through online platforms such as Airbnb. Finally, this study aims at examining if short-term rentals are a new frontier of housing financialization in Lisbon, and to further understand the means through which investment is channeled into this sector. This dissertation first addresses the topic of housing financialization as a global phenomenon, and analyzes its distinct mechanisms being employed in diverse geographies. Upon this framework attention is directed towards the context of Portugal, and more specifically Lisbon, and how past politics and economic policies of the country shaped the development of the housing market The analysis grants specific emphasis to the period post crisis, in which a series of neoliberal policies, the growing touristification of the city and a push for urban rehabilitation greatly reconfigured the city’s residential real estate market. Paving the path for the rise of short-term rentals and the entrance of a deluge of capital investment. This study followed a qualitative interview model and began with a series of exploratory in-depth interviews with key experts in the real estate market. Upon analyzing the content of the initial interviews there was a narrowing of the scope of the study and a lens was placed upon the subject of short-term rentals. A number of interviews were carried out with key actors in the short-term rental market, which have been the core of the findings of this study lie. The mode in which this sector directs investment into residential real estate is addressed, and insight was gained into the facets of the sector that attract investors. Key words: housing financialization; short-term rentals; Alojamento Local; investment; residential real estate Page !2 Resumo O ponto de partida central desta dissertação é examinar o fenómeno da financeirização da habitação no centro histórico da cidade de Lisboa. O termo financeirização da habitação, entende-se como o processo de utilização de uma propriedade residencial como veículo de investimento, tirando partido do seu uso social como lar. O velho ditado inglês “o lar é onde se encontra o coração” assumiu um novo significado no atual clima económico, pois tendo em conta o seu foco na financeirização da habitação, o ditado deveria ser “o lar é onde se encontra a riqueza.” É nessa relação interdependente e de troca entre "lugar de habitação" e de "capitalização de um lugar" que reside a premissa desta tese. Enquanto as tendências económicas globais continuarem a avançar em direção a um modelo de crescimento e lucro a todo custo, e os fluxos de capital além-fronteiras determinarem o tecido social das nossas cidades e o ambiente construído, o papel da habitação continuará sempre a expandir-se. Igualmente, assistimos à iniciativa crescente dos governos em liberalizar os mercados imobiliários locais e o facilitar da entrada de fluxo de capital internacional. É por este motivo que a habitação se tem tornado cada vez mais, numa espécie de esponja que absorve o excesso de capital das elites transnacionais. Este estudo procura fazer uma leitura do índice da financeirização habitacional na cidade de Lisboa, e concentra-se naquilo que se acredita ser uma das suas manifestações específicas: a proliferação do aluguer de curto prazo, ou mais comummente chamado Alojamento Local (AL). Através do desenvolvimento das tecnologias digitais de comunicação, como o Airbnb, temos vindo a assistir a uma crescente incidência de residências a serem colocadas no mercado de aluguer de curto prazo. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar se o aluguer de curto prazo é a “nova fronteira” da financeirização habitacional em Lisboa, procurando entender melhor os meios pelos quais o investimento é canalizado para esse sector. Esta dissertação começa por abordar o tema da financeirização habitacional como um fenómeno global,analisando os distintos mecanismos, empregues em diferentes geografias. Esta revisão bibliográfica é assim construída a partir do quadro teórico marxista da mercantilização da habitação (Marx, 1990). É com base nesta premissa, que proponho o desdobramento pelo qual a habitação se tornou um veículo de investimento, tendo como referência as obras dos seguintes autores: David Harvey (1989, 2014, 2018) e o seu conceito de “capital switching”; a análise de Manuel Aalbers (2008, 2009, 2010) sobre a expansão e a globalização do mercado de hipotecas nos Estados Unidos da América; o estudo de David Ley (2017) sobre o aumento dos fluxos globais de capital no mercado imobiliário de Vancouver, entre muitos outros. Ao identificarmos a origem das várias facetas da financeirização da Page !3 habitação, podemos entender como esse problema se tornou sistémico, evidenciando até que ponto o nosso sistema financeiro global depende de que a habitação sirva como fonte de investimento. Seguindo esta estrutura, o foco desta dissertação é direcionada para o contexto de Portugal, mais especificamente, o contexto de Lisboa. Através da análise dos diferentes desenvolvimentos políticos, económicos e históricos do país, mostro como é que as implementações das suas políticas específicas moldaram e têm moldado o mercado imobiliário da cidade. Vários fatores foram considerados, como a existência de um edificado bastante degradado - concentrado principalmente no centro histórico da cidade -; valores de propriedades que eram substancialmente baixas, em comparação com outras capitais da Europa Ocidental; a liberalização do mercado de aluguer e o desenvolvimento das novas tecnologias digitais que ajudaram investidores de todo o mundo a conectarem-se com os agentes locais. Deu-se ênfase ao período específico da pós-crise, na qual a aplicação de uma série de políticas neoliberais, a par da crescente turistificação da cidade e o impulso à reabilitação urbana, reconfiguraram consideravelmente o mercado imobiliário residencial da cidade. Aqui vemos uma descrição clara dos múltiplos e simultâneos processos em jogo, que levaram Lisboa a enfrentar a atual onda de financeirização da habitação. Aqui, faz-se referência ao elevado número de investidores que compram-para-alugar (buy-to-let) (Leyshon & French, 2009), ou seja, ao caso específico de investidores que compram imóveis para os colocar no mercado de aluguer de curto prazo. Com a crescente incidência de alugueres de curto prazo, abriu-se caminho para a entrada de um “dilúvio” de investimento de capital. O alicerce desta dissertação foi construído com base numa série de quinze entrevistas em profundidade, realizadas com especialistas e profissionais nas áreas de investimento imobiliário e no mercado de aluguer de curto prazo. Tomou-se em consideração, o facto deste tópico não ser ainda amplamente estudado, e por essa razão procurou-se adotar uma abordagem exploratória. Não pretendendo ser um estudo de caso intensivo, mas sim mais uma exploração do tópico, onde vários peritos do mercado imobiliário ofereceram as suas perspectivas em torno do fenómeno. Tendo em mente, o objectivo de examinar o nível de investimento em propriedades residenciais, na primeira fase das entrevistas
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