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Sistemática De Croton Sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae S.S.)

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Sistemática De Croton Sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae S.S.) Maria Beatriz Rossi Caruzo Sistemática de Croton sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) São Paulo 2010 Universidade de São Paulo Maria Beatriz Rossi Caruzo Sistemática de Croton sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Botânica. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Inês Cordeiro. São Paulo 2010 Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi Sistemática de Croton sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) 273 páginas. Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Botânica. 1. Euphorbiaceae 2. Croton 3. Sistemática Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Botânica. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ________________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Profa. Dra. Inês Cordeiro Orientadora À MINHA FAMÍLIA, MEUS AMIGOS E MEUS MESTRES DEDICO It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho somente seria possível com o apoio, auxílio e estímulo de todos que estiveram presentes em minha vida nos últimos anos. Assim, agradeço: Primeiramente a Deus, pela permissão de desenvolver este trabalho e concretizar mais um sonho. À minha querida orientadora, Inês, por me ensinar a amar a botânica, pelos valiosos ensinamentos, pela paciência, amizade e carinho com que me conduziu durante todos esses anos. Ao meu orientador no exterior, Paul Berry, por gentilmente me receber em seu laboratório e por fornecer toda estrutura necessária ao desenvolvimento do meu trabalho na Universidade de Michigan. Ao Pirani, pelo apoio, incentivo e idéias referentes ao trabalho. Aos que auxiliaram, de maneira muito especial, no desenvolvimento de partes do trabalho: Ricarda Riina e Benjamin Van Ee, pelo auxílio com a Filogenia; Silvana Amaral, Luciana Arasato e Cristina Bestetti Costa pelo auxílio com a Modelagem. Às instituições que disponibilizaram toda estrutura para o desenvolvimento do trabalho: Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências (USP) e Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (UMICH). Ao CNPq pelas bolsas concedidas, ao International Association of Plant Taxonomists (IAPT) e ao Smithsonian Institute pelos auxílios financeiros. Aos curadores e demais funcionários dos herbários ALCB, BHCB, CEN, CEPEC, CESJ, ESA, GUA, HB, HEPH, HRB, HRCB, HUEFS, IAC, IBGE, MAC, MBM, MG, MICH, MYF, PMSP, PORT, R, RB, SP, SPF, SPSF, TFAV, UB, UEC, US, VEN, pela receptividade e apoio durante minhas visitas. Aos pesquisadores e funcionários da Seção de Curadoria do Herbário do Instituto de Botânica: Gerleni Lopes Esteves, Maria Margarida R.F. de Melo, Lúcia Rossi, Maria das Graças L. Wanderley, Marie Sugiyama, Maria Cândida Henrique Mamede, Rosangela Simão-Bianchini, Sergio Romaniuc-Neto, Sonia Aragaki, Cintia Kameyama, Jefferson Prado, Fábio de Barros, Suzana E. Martins, Ana Célia de Almeida Calado e Claudinéia, pelo apoio, incentivo, amizade e por estarem sempre prontos a auxiliar. Aos funcionários do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo: Norberto do departamento de Botânica, Abel da Curadoria do Herbário, Helder e Erika da secretaria de pós-graduação. À Hope Draheim e ao Jeffery Morawetz, pelo auxílio no laboratório, e a todos os outros colegas do laboratório do Paul Berry (e de outros laboratórios), na Universidade de Michigan, por me receberem muito bem e tornarem meu trabalho por lá mais prazeroso. Ao Paulo R. Moreno, coordenador de projetos em que me envolvi durante a realização do trabalho, pelo apoio, incentivo e financiamentos. Às minhas companheiras crotonólogas Ricarda Riina, Leticia Ribes de Lima e Daniela Carneiro-Torres, pela companhia em viagens de coleta, longas conversas e trocas de experiências sobre o fascinante e complexo (e, conhecendo melhor as Cleodoras, pode-se dizer também colorido!) mundo dos Crotons!!! À todos que, gentilmente, me acompanharam em expedições de coleta: Anderson Santos (IBt), Carlos Reyes (Caracas, Venezuela), Efigênia (HUEFS), Flávio França (HUEFS), Gisele Silva (IBt), Joice Savietto (USP), Juan Carlos Fermin (MYF, Venezuela), Lucimar Barbosa Motta (USP), Luiz Alvarez (MYF, Venezuela), Marilia Cristina Duarte (IBt), Nataly Camps, Paulo Moreno (USP), Renata Sebastiani (IBt), Suzana E. Martins (IBt). Em especial ao meu marido Daniel, que me acompanhou em coleta até mesmo durante nossa lua-de-mel! À todos os amigos do Instituto de Botânica com quem tive o prazer imensurável de conviver durante esse período: Alexandre Indriunas, Anderson Santos, André Gaglioti, Berta Villagra, Cátia Takeuchi, Fábio Pinheiro, Gisele de O. Silva, Juliana Santos, Klei Souza, Leonardo Versieux, Luciana Fiorato, Rafael Louzada, Regina Hirai, Renata Sebastiani, Victor Martins Gonçalez, entre outros... Em especial aos meus “irmãos” de orientação: Marcos E. Leite e Allan Carlos Pscheidt, e às minhas grandes amigas (que, assim como eu, também são “patrimoniadas” pelo IBt!), Marília C. Duarte e Fátima O. de Souza Buturi, pelo companheirismo, incentivo, discussões, favores... Aos colegas do laboratório de Sistemática do IB-USP, em especial as amigas Juliana Lovo e Maria Fernanda Calió. Ao desenhista Klei Rodrigo Souza pelas belas ilustrações. Ao meu amigo Carlos Eduardo Nickel (Cadu), pela confecção da capa e por dar um toque especial aos mapas. Aos meus amigos não-biólogos, que muito colaboraram para o meu bem estar e que, mesmo que indiretamente, auxiliaram no desenvolvimento do meu trabalho. Finalmente, agradeço, com a minha mais profunda gratidão, toda minha família, em especial aos meus pais Hélio e Sonia, minhas irmãs Letícia e Clara, e ao meu marido Daniel, pois sem o apoio, incentivo e amor de vocês, não seria possível concluir este trabalho. ÍNDICE Resumo ............................................................................................................................. xxi Abstract .......................................................................................................................... xxiii Introdução Geral .............................................................................................................. 01 A Família Euphorbiaceae ............................................................................................... 03 O Gênero Croton L. ....................................................................................................... 05 Referências bibliográficas. ............................................................................................. 12 Capítulo 1. Molecular phylogenetics, character evolution, and pharmacological potential of the "sacaca" clade: novel relationships of Croton section Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae) ............................................................................................................... 17 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 21 Materials and methods ................................................................................................... 24 Taxon sampling and DNA sequencing ....................................................................... 24 Phylogenetic analyses ................................................................................................. 26 Character state mapping ............................................................................................. 27 Results ........................................................................................................................ 27 Molecular data sets and congruence ........................................................................... 27 Analysis of ITS ........................................................................................................... 28 Analysis of chloroplast trnL-F and trnH-psbA ........................................................... 29 Combined nuclear and chloroplast analysis ............................................................... 29 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 30 Phylogenetic relationships .......................................................................................... 30 Character evolution .................................................................................................... 35 A new circumscription for the section ........................................................................ 38 References ...................................................................................................................... 43 Tables ............................................................................................................................. 51 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 52 Figures ...........................................................................................................................
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