Rivoluzione Digitale E Public Diplomacy La Politica Estera Americana in Iraq E in Afghanistan

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Rivoluzione Digitale E Public Diplomacy La Politica Estera Americana in Iraq E in Afghanistan Dipartimento di: Scienze Politiche Cattedra: Diplomazia RIVOLUZIONE DIGITALE E PUBLIC DIPLOMACY LA POLITICA ESTERA AMERICANA IN IRAQ E IN AFGHANISTAN RELATORE Prof. Miodrag Lekic CANDIDATO: Alessandra Ripa Matr. 618782 CORRELATORE Prof. Sergio Fabbrini ANNO ACCADEMICO 2012 - 2013 1 Indice Introduzione CAPITOLO I – Dalla comunicazione diplomatica tradizionale alla Public Diplomacy I. 1. Breve evoluzione della diplomazia: dalla diplomazia segreta alla diplomazia aperta I. 1. 1. La negoziazione diplomatica tra tradizione del segreto e modernità della trasparenza I. 2. L’open diplomacy da Lenin a Wilson I. 2. 1. La politica estera di Lenin, il “precursore” di Wikileaks I. 2. 2. Wilson, il nuovo ordine mondiale e la New Diplomacy I. 3. Glasnot: l’openess e la trasparenza di Gorbačëv I. 4. Tra diplomazia tradizionale e Public Diplomacy I. 5. Il nuovo volto della propaganda “Bianca”: la Public Diplomacy I. 5. 1. L’importanza della Public Diplomacy I. 5. 2. Dalla vecchia alla nuova Public Diplomacy: la diffusione del Soft Power nelle relazioni internazionali I. 5. 3. La Public Diplomacy come arma ideologica durante la Guerra Fredda I. 6. Public Diplomacy Americana I. 6. 1. La Public Diplomacy come strumento contro il terrorismo dopo l’11 settembre I. 6. 2. La Public Diplomacy dal Vietnam all’Iraq CAPITOLO II – Gli effetti della Rivoluzione digitale sulla Public Diplomacy II.1. Rivoluzione della comunicazione e dell’informazione: la terza rivoluzione tecnologica II.1.1. Gli impatti tecnologici sulla diplomazia 2 II.1.2. Tra Media Diplomacy e Public Diplomacy II.1.3. La Telediplomacy: la CNN nella guerra del Golfo ed Al Jazeera nel mondo arabo II.2. L’utilizzo di Internet e dei Social Media nella Public Diplomacy: la nascita della diplomazia digitale II.2.1. Twitter in diplomazia: la “Twiplomacy” II.3. La Public Diplomacy 2.0 negli Usa II.3.1. Obama alla prova del web 2.0 CAPITOLO III - “Fenomeno Wikileaks”: la fine della diplomazia <americana>? III. 1. Premessa III.2. Segreto e trasparenza nell’Età digitale III. 3. Il caso Wikileaks III. 3.1.Afghan War Diary: i file segreti sulle “verità” dell’occupazione III.3.2. Iraq War Logs: le “verità” sul conflitto III.3.3. Il Cablegate: la diplomazia statunitense “allo scoperto” III. 4. “Fenomeno Wikileaks”: fine della diplomazia <americana>? CAPITOLO IV - Public Diplomacy americana in Iraq e in Afghanistan IV.1 Premessa: la Public Diplomacy nel nuovo contesto internazionale IV. 2. Gli Stati Uniti in Afghanistan dalle origini all’occupazione sovietica del 1979 IV. 3. Gli Usa in Afghanistan dopo l’11 settembre IV. 4 Gli Usa in Iraq dalle origini alla guerra tra Iran e Iraq V. 5. Il coinvolgimento degli USA nella Prima Guerra del Golfo IV. 6. Gli Stati Uniti in Iraq dopo l’11 settembre IV. 7. Public Diplomacy ed “eccezione americana” di Bush senior e di Clinton 3 IV. 8. Public Diplomacy statunitense dopo l’11 settembre in Iraq e in Afghanistan IV. 8.1. La PD dell’amministrazione G.W. Bush IV. 8. 2. La Public Diplomacy statunitense in Afghanistan nel XX secolo IV. 8. 3. La Public Diplomacy statunitense in Afghanistan dinanzi al pericolo “terrorismo” IV. 8. 3. 1.Public Diplomacy americana come strumento di Counter-insurgency e Counter-terrorism in Afghanistan IV. 8. 4. Public Security e Public Diplomacy in Afghanistan dopo il 2014: un contesto in evoluzione nell’era dei social e di Internet IV. 8. 5. La PD statunitense dopo l’11 settembre in Iraq: le nuove funzioni affidate all’esercito IV. 9. Il futuro della Public Diplomacy statunitense: favorire il “dialogo delle idee” IV. 9. 1. Che ne sarà dell’Afghanistan dopo il 2014? Conclusione Bibliografia 4 Introduzione La comunicazione istantanea, la rivoluzione delle comunicazioni e delle tecnologie dell’informazione, la capacità di trasmettere e diffondere una notizia, la nascita e l’espansione sempre più rapida di Internet hanno alterato il concetto stesso di diplomazia, rimpiazzando le forme tradizionali del potere e alimentando il Soft Power, inteso come abilità di raggiungere il risultato desiderato negli affari internazionali attraverso l’attrazione piuttosto che attraverso la coercizione. La diplomazia come strumento di comunicazione tra entità politiche è vecchia migliaia di anni. Tra le funzioni che spettano al diplomatico, quella che ha subito nel corso della storia e con il processo di globalizzazione e l’avvento dei nuovi mezzi di comunicazione, un’evoluzione maggiore e delle trasformazioni concrete consiste proprio nella funzione comunicativa, nella capacità di informare e trovare il supporto dell’audience. “Comprendere, informare e influenzare i pubblici stranieri ampliando il dialogo tra cittadini ed istituzioni e le loro controparti all'estero” è la funzione dell’attività di Public Diplomacy. Essa include sia le comunicazioni dal governo a persone (G2P) che la comunicazione people- to-people (P2P) tra persone e comprende tutta una serie di attività, tra cui le comunicazioni tramite TV, radio, Internet e le nuove piattaforme, i social media per raggiungere il pubblico straniero; scambi educativi e culturali; comunicazione e dialogo; formazione linguistica. Nel caso specifico degli Stati Uniti sono cinque le agenzie responsabili nella conduzione della Public Diplomacy: il Boadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), che sovrintende tutte le trasmissioni non militari; il Dipartimento di Stato (DOS), l'Agenzia statunitense per lo Sviluppo Internazionale (USAID), la Casa Bianca (tramite il Consiglio di Sicurezza nazionale) e il Dipartimento della Difesa (DOD). L’obiettivo del seguente lavoro è quello di analizzare nello specifico il concetto di Public Diplomacy, soffermando l’attenzione sulle sue caratteristiche ed in particolare sul modello americano, per poi dimostrare l’influenza subita dalla 5 rivoluzione digitale che ha completamente rivoluzionato tale attività con l’utilizzo dei social media e la trasformazione dopo l’11 settembre come strumento efficace di “war on terror”; il legame tra diplomazia, rivoluzione digitale, Public Diplomacy e fenomeno “Wikileaks” ed infine l’analisi delle relazioni tra gli Stati Uniti e i due Paesi interessati in primo luogo alla “war on terror”, per poi documentare le attività condotte dalla grande potenza in materia di Public Diplomacy sino ai nostri giorni in Afghanistan e in Iraq. Nel Primo Capitolo del presente elaborato, analizzo il dilemma tra segretezza e pubblicità che caratterizza la storia della diplomazia sin dalle sue origini, anche se essa nasce come una pratica segreta. Di solito, gli studiosi, associano il concetto di “vecchia diplomazia” con “diplomazia segreta” e quello di “nuova diplomazia” con “diplomazia aperta”. I fattori che contribuirono furono in particolare il peso crescente dell’opinione pubblica e lo sviluppo delle comunicazioni. Tanto Wilson quanto Lenin diedero in modalità differenti un importante contributo alla “pubblicità” nei trattati internazionali. Wilson proclamando l’open diplomacy nel primo dei suoi Quattordici Punti come principio alla base del nuovo ordine mondiale, Lenin rendendo pubblici i trattati degli Zar tra cui il Trattato segreto che l’Italia aveva stipulato a Londra nel 1915 con le potenze alleate sui vantaggi territoriali che li sarebbero spettati dopo la vittoria. Gli Stati Uniti rappresentano la novità all’interno del sistema internazionale già durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale e non solo per i principi di apertura e trasparenza, ma anche per il ruolo messianico che tendono ad attribuirsi. Nel corso del capitolo si dimostra come, a partire dall’open diplomacy di Wilson, la storia fu caratterizzata dal ricorso alla trasparenza, molto spesso come necessità come nel caso dell’Unione Sovietica del 1985 quando Gorbačëv a capo del Partito comunista sovietico e Aleksander Yakovlev a capo della Segreteria del partito compresero la necessità di ottenere il sostegno popolare e la credibilità necessaria per la realizzazione della perestroika, il programma di ristrutturazione economica, attraverso la glasnot, ossia la trasparenza: negli affari pubblici, della stampa, dell’educazione e libertà di parola che tra i vari effetti portò al crollo del 6 comunismo. Apertura e trasparenza costituiscono da sempre i concetti basilari delle relazioni internazionali. Dopo un breve excursus inerente la storia della diplomazia, nel corso del capitolo darò una spiegazione del concetto di Public Diplomacy per molti assimilata al concetto di open diplomacy, teorizzato da Wilson. La Public Diplomacy, in realtà, ha una caratterizzazione più ampia e più complessa. In particolare, il Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy ne da una definizione concreta considerandola come la comunicazione di un attore internazionale nei confronti di un pubblico straniero, molto spesso assimilata alla propaganda, la quale assumendo una caratterizzazione negativa negli anni dei regimi totalitari, venne sostituita dal “lavoro di informazione”. Nel 1953 negli Stati Uniti, nacque l’USIA, United States Information Agency, in piena Guerra Fredda che come agenzia autonoma rispetto al Dipartimento di Stato, avrebbe dovuto svolgere proprio tale “attività di informazione”. Edmund Gullion, occupando il suo posto al Edward R. Murrow Center presso la Tuft’s University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy individuò una nuova terminologia adatta a questa attività. Public Diplomacy, appunto. Nel corso della trattazione sarà possibile vedere come essa ha varie interpretazioni. Si potrebbe pensare ad un nuovo modo di fare propaganda, alla “propaganda bianca”, alla comunicazione strategica. Secondo J. Cull, direttore del Corso
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