DOCSLIB.ORG

The Female Reproductive System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Ovary Objective To learn the structure of the ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and vagina To learn how these organs contribute to the many functions of the female reproductive system To learn how hormones regulate and/or orchestrate the female reproductive processes Functions of the female reproductive system • Ova production • Ova and sperm transportation • Microenvironments for fertilization • Implantation and fetal-placental growth • Nourishment and support of offspring • Postnatal repetition Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Ovary General structure • Germinal epithelium • Tunica Albuginea • Medulla • Cortex Functional overview Origin of germ cells Germinal epithelium Cortex Ovary Primary Follicle Follicle Maturation Primordial follicles • Oocyte • Follicular (granulosa) cells Follicle Maturation Primary follicle • Zona pellucida • Stratum granulosum • Thecal folliculi • Call-Exner bodies Follicle Maturation • Secondary (antral) follicle: Follicular fluid Membrana granulosa Cumulus oophorus Corona radiata Theca interna Theca externa Follicles Follicle maturation Graafian follicle egg Graafian follicle Primordial Follicle Primordial Follicles Primary Follicle Zona Pellucida Primary Follicle Primary Follicles Primary follicle http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Call- Exner_bodies Secondary (antral) Follicle Secondary (antral) follicle Graafian follicle Graafian follicle Ovulation Ovulation Rupture of follicle – Mechanism unknown collagenase, protease, plasmins – Not pressure related Oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida & corona radiata – Lost at ovulation in cow – Lost after sperm penetration in most species After ovulation, the corpus luteum develops from remains of the follicular wall after ovulation. Corpus Luteum - yellow body Corpus hemorrhagicum – transitory structure caused by hemorrhage into ruptured follicle Corpus Luteum - yellow body Luteinization of granulosa and theca cells to luteal cells Corpus Luteum - yellow body Granulosa lutein cells - granulosa cells proliferate, hypertrophy, and transform – (Yellow lipid pigment - lutein marks transitory membrana granulosa cells into granulosa lutein cells) Corpus Luteum - yellow body (Invasion of stromal cells and vasculature removes clot, deposition of reticular fibers, highly vascularized) Theca lutein cells - lipid producing cells formed from theca folliculi interna Fate relates to pregnancy – If not pregnant: slow regression corpus albicans – If pregnant: active for all or to various time during pregnancy Ovary Atresia – Glassy membrane Ovary Corpus Luteum – Granulosa lutein cells – Theca lutein cells Corpus Luteum Corpus Luteum Corpus luteum – Corpus albicans Hormones orchestrate the process Ovarian Hormones Androgens – LH stimulation causes theca interna cells to produce androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) Estrogens – FSH stimulation causes membrana granulosa cells to produce estrogens (estradiol - 17b) • Granulosa cells aromatize androgens from theca interna cells to produce estrogens • Estrogens - induce further proliferation of granulosal cells Ovarian Hormones Inhibition of FSH – Folliculostatin - inhibitory substance has negative feedback on FSH – Steroidsthemselves work through negative feedback Progesterone - granulosa lutein cells of corpus luteum – Uterine gland development – Maintenance of pregnancy Relaxin - produced by corpus luteum – Causes relaxation of ligaments associated with pubic symphysis before partarition Oogenesis - formation and development of ova Mitosis (oocytogenesis) – oogonia – Prenatal development (ruminants, rodent, swine, human) – Postnatal development (carnivores) Oogenesis - formation and development of ova Meiosis – oocytes Early development Maturation arrest (dictyate step of meiotic prophase) Later development synchronized with development and maturation of follicles Division • First meiotic division – reduction division – first polar body • Second meiotic division – equational division – second polar body Fertilized 1n Meiosis Zygote Meiosis (only in spermatogenesis and oogenesis) Exchange of genetic material in homologous chromosomes (leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene steps of development) Produces haploid condition of gametes Meiosis (only in spermatogenesis and oogenesis) Produces haploid condition of gametes Species difference in time of polar body formation Polar body extrusion many mammals horse and dog First preovulation postovulation Second zona penetration zona penetration of sperm of sperm First polar body Birth Follicular development - synchronized with gamete development Type Description Germ cell type Primordial flattened follicular primary oocyte cells Primary low cuboidal primary oocyte follicular cells Secondary yolk formation primary oocyte zona pellucida theca interna theca folliculi externa Follicular development - synchronized with gamete development (cont’d) Type Description Germ Cell type Vesicular follicle - Call-Exner bodies primary oocyte (tertiary follicle) (precursors of liquor folliculi) - Formation of follicular antrum - Cumulus oophorus- mound of cells - Corona radiata- adjacent to oocyte nutrients - Stratum granulosum Mature follicle - preovulatory primary/ (graafian follicle) largest, extend secondary from cortex to surface of ovary oocyte Fallopian tube (oviduct or uterine tube) Segments • Infundibulum with fimbriae • Ampulla • Isthmus • Intramural segment Fallopian tube (oviduct or uterine tube) Wall structure and Variation Epithelium • Ciliated cells • Secretory cells Oviduct Oviduct Oviduct Oviduct Normal Lack of estrogen Oviduct Oviduct Acrosome reacted Intact Uterus General structure: Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium • Zona basalis • Zona functionalis - spiral arteries Zona Functionalis Spiral arteries Proliferative Phase Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Overview Menstrual phase: days 1-4 Proliferative phase – Early: days 4-7 – Late: days 7-14 Secretory phase: – Early: days 15-21 – Late: days 21-28 Menstruation Decidual reaction Hormones Orchestrate the Process Menstruation Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Implantation and Fetal-Placental Growth Implantation and Fetal-Placental Growth Slide 272 Implantation and Fetal-Placental Growth Decidual Reaction Cervix Vagina Endocervix – Cervical mucus External os Ectocervix Vagina Structural components Epithelium Endocervix Cervical Mucus Endocervix ends in the vagina which has no mucus glands http://women.webmd.com/vaginal- discharge-whats-abnormal Vagina Nourishment and protection of offspring Nourishment and protection of offspring Other glands of epidermal origin – mammary gland Gland for which our class, mammalia, was named. Mammals are characterized by hair on skin, special ear bones, and in females, milk-producing mammary glands for nourishment of young. • Http://www.Youtube.C om/watch?V=_44uagj ogyk&feature=fvwrel Leiomyoma Ovary Ovary Primordial follicles Primary follicle Corpus luteum Female Reproductive System Next time Eye .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System Visual
    Biology 202: Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System 1) Label the diagram below. Some terms may be used more than once. Spermatozoa (N) Mitosis Spermatogonium (2N) Spermatids (N) Primary Oocyte (2N) Polar bodies (N) Ootid (N) Second polar body (N) Meiosis I Primary spermatocyte (2N) Oogonium (2N) Secondary oocyte (2N) Ovum (N) Secondary spermatocytes (2N) First polar body Meiosis II Source Lesson: Gametogenesis & Meiosis: Process & Differences 2) Label the diagram of the male reproductive system below. Seminal vesicle Testis Scrotum Pubic bone Penis Prostate gland Urethra Epididymis Vas deferens Bladder Source Lesson: Male Reproductive System: Structures, Functions & Regulation 3) Label the image below. Rectum Testis Ureter Bulbourethral gland Urethra Urinary bladder Pubic bone Penis Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens Epididymis Prostate gland Anus Source Lesson: Semen: Composition & Production 4) Label the structures below. Inner and outer lips of the vagina Mons pubis Vaginal opening Clitoris Anus Urethral opening Perineum Vulva Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 5) Label the diagram below. Some terms may be used more than once. Clitoris Vulva Labia majora Labia minora Perineum Clitoral hood Vaginal opening Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 6) Label the internal organs that make up the female reproductive system. Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries Cervix Vagina Endometrium Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 7) Label the diagram below. LH Follicular
    [Show full text]
  • Cryopreservation of Intact Human Ovary with Its Vascular Pedicle
    del227.fm Page 1 Tuesday, May 30, 2006 12:23 PM ARTICLE IN PRESS Human Reproduction Page 1 of 12 doi:10.1093/humrep/del227 Cryopreservation of intact human ovary with its vascular pedicle Mohamed A.Bedaiwy1,2, Mahmoud R.Hussein3, Charles Biscotti4 and Tommaso Falcone1,5 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, 5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3Department of Pathology, Assiut University Hospitals and School of Medicine, Assiut, Egypt and 4Anatomic Pathology Department, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA 5To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, A81, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 10 BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the immediate post-thawing injury to the human ovary that was cryopreserved either as a whole with its vascular pedicle or as ovarian cortical strips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bilateral oophorectomy was performed in two women (46 and 44 years old) undergoing vaginal hysterectomy and laparoscopic hysterectomy, respectively. Both women agreed to donate their ovaries for experimental research. In both patients, one of the harvested ovaries was sectioned and cryopreserved (by slow freezing) as ovarian cortical 15 strips of 1.0 ´ 1.0 ´ 5.0 mm3 each. The other ovary was cryopreserved intact with its vascular pedicle. After thawing 7 days later, follicular viability, histology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay (to detect apoptosis) and immunoperoxidase staining (to define Bcl-2 and p53 pro- tein expression profiles) of the ovarian tissue were performed.
    [Show full text]
  • GROSS and HISTOMORPHOLOGY of the OVARY of BLACK BENGAL GOAT (Capra Hircus)
    VOLUME 7 NO. 1 JANUARY 2016 • pages 37-42 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH RE# MJVR – 0006-2015 GROSS AND HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF THE OVARY OF BLACK BENGAL GOAT (Capra hircus) HAQUE Z.1*, HAQUE A.2, PARVEZ M.N.H.3 AND QUASEM M.A.1 1 Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 2 Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 3 Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Basherhat, Dinajpur * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Ovary plays a vital 130.07 ± 12.53 µm and the oocyte diameter role in the reproductive biology and was 109.8 ± 5.75 µm. These results will be biotechnology of female animals. In this helpful to manipulate ovarian functions in study, both the right and left ovaries of small ruminants. the Black Bengal goat were collected from Keywords: Morphometry, ovarian the slaughter houses of different Thanas follicles, cortex, medulla, oocyte. in the Mymensingh district. For each of the specimens, gross parameters such as INTRODUCTION weight, length and width were recorded. Then they were processed and stained with Black Bengal goat is the national pride of H&E for histomorphometry. This study Bangladesh. The most promising prospect revealed that the right ovary (0.53 ± 0.02 of Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh is g) was heavier than the left (0.52 ± 0.02 g). that this dwarf breed is a prolific breed, The length of the right ovary (1.26 ± 0.04 requiring only a small area to breed and cm) was lower than the left (1.28 ± 0.02 with the advantage of their selective cm) but the width of the right (0.94 ± 0.02 feeding habit with a broader feed range.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Uterus – Dilation
    Uterus – Dilation Figure Legend: Figure 1 Uterus - Dilation of the uterine lumen in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study. There is dilation of the uterine horn. Figure 2 Uterus - Dilation in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 1). The endometrial epithelium is cuboidal. Figure 3 Uterus - Dilation in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study. There is dilation of the uterine lumen, which contains flocculent, eosinophilic material. Figure 4 Uterus - Dilation in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 3). There is flattened epithelium and eosinophilic material in the uterine lumen. Comment: Dilation of uterine horns (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4) is commonly observed at necropsy, and frequently these uteri have accumulations of excessive amounts of fluid within the 1 Uterus – Dilation lumen. Uterine dilation is relatively commonly seen in both rats and mice and may be segmental. Luminal dilation may be associated with stromal polyps or occur secondarily to hormonal imbalances from ovarian cysts or to a prolonged estrus state after cessation of the estrus cycle in aged rodents. Administration of progestins, estrogens, and tamoxifen in rats has been associated with uterine dilation. Luminal dilation is normally observed at proestrus and estrus in cycling rodents and should not be diagnosed. Increased serous fluid production is part of the proestrus phase of the cycle judged by the vaginal epithelium (which shows early keratinization covered by a layer of mucified cells) and should not be diagnosed. With uterine dilation, the endometrial lining is usually attenuated or atrophic and the wall of the uterus thinned due to the increasing pressure, but in less severe cases the endometrium can be normal (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • The Functions of Uterine Secretions R
    Printed in Great Britain J. Reprod. Fert. (1988) 82,875-892 @ 1988 Journals of Reproduction & Fertility Ltd The functions of uterine secretions R. M. Roberts and F. W. Bazer Departments of Biochemistry and Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A. Summary. The likely functions of uterine secretions, often termed histotroph, in the nurture of the early conceptus are reviewed. Particular emphasis has been placed on the pig in which the uterus synthesizes and secretes large amounts of protein in response to progesterone. In this species, which possesses a non-invasive, diffuse type of epithelio- chorial placentation, the secretions provide a sustained embryotrophic environment which is distinct from that of serum. A group of basic proteins dominates these uterine secretions after Day 1 1 of pregnancy and its best characterized member is uteroferrin, an iron-containing acid phosphatase with a deep purple colour. Evidence has accumulated to suggest that uteroferrin, rather than functioning as an acid phosphatase, is involved in transporting iron to the conceptus. Three basic polypeptides which are found non- covalently associated with uteroferrin have been shown to be antigenically closely related to one another and to have arisen by post-translational processing from a common precursor molecule. Their function is unknown. A group of basic protease inhibitors has been identified which bear considerable sequence homology to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin) and may control intrauterine proteolytic events initiated by the conceptuses. The last basic protein so far characterized is lysozyme which is presumed to have an antibacterial role.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Reproductive System
    Female Reproductive System By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to describe: 1. The Histological Structure And Fate Of Ovarian Follicles. 2. The Histological Structure Of: • Ovary. • Oviducts (Fallopian tubes). • Uterus. • Vagina. • Placenta. • Resting and lactating mammary gland. Color index: Slides.. Important ..Notes ..Extra.. Female Reproductive System Adult Ovary Ovarian Cycle: Overview Primary sex organs: 1. Germinal Epithelium: outer layer of - 2 ovaries. flat cells. Secondary sex organs: 2. Tunica Albuginea: dense C.T layer. - 2 Fallopian tubes. Thick capsule covering the ovaries - Uterus. 3. Outer Cortex: ovarian follicles and - Vagina. interstitial cells. - External genitalia. 4. Inner Medulla: highly vascular - 2 mammary glands. loose C.T. Its thickness depends on age (pre or post menopausal) and does NOT contain follicles All the changes happening in the follicle are in: 1) size of oocytes 2) cells surrounding the oocytes Ovarian Follicles The cortex of the ovary in adults contains the following types (stages) of follicles: 2. PRIMARY Follicles: 1. PRIMORDIAL follicles. • They develop from the primordial follicles, 2. PRIMARY follicles: at puberty under the effect of FSH. A. Unilaminar A. Unilaminar primary follicles: B. Multilaminar Are similar to primordial follicles, but: 3. SECONDARY (ANTRAL) follicles. o The primary oocyte is larger (40 µm). 4. MATURE Graafian follicles. o The follicular cells are cuboidal in shape. one layer of cuboidal cells surrounding the oocytes nuclei here are becoming round, representing that in the cuboidal cells 1. Primordial Follicles: B. Multilaminar primary follicles: • The only follicles present before puberty. • 1ry oocyte larger • The earliest and most numerous stage. • Corona radiate • Located superficially under the tunica albuginea.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial 3D Structure During Folliculogenesis
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dynamic changes in mitochondrial 3D structure during folliculogenesis and luteal formation in the goat large luteal cell lineage Yi‑Fan Jiang1*, Pin‑Huan Yu2, Yovita Permata Budi1, Chih‑Hsien Chiu3 & Chi‑Yu Fu4 In mammalian ovaries, mitochondria are integral sites of energy production and steroidogenesis. While shifts in cellular activities and steroidogenesis are well characterized during the diferentiation of large luteal cells in folliculogenesis and luteal formation, mitochondrial dynamics during this process have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we collected ovaries containing primordial follicles, mature follicles, corpus hemorrhagicum, or corpus luteum from goats at specifc times in the estrous cycle. Enzyme histochemistry, ultrastructural observations, and 3D structural analysis of serial sections of mitochondria revealed that branched mitochondrial networks were predominant in follicles, while spherical and tubular mitochondria were typical in large luteal cells. Furthermore, the average mitochondrial diameter and volume increased from folliculogenesis to luteal formation. In primordial follicles, the signals of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase were undetectable in most cells, and the large luteal cells from the corpus hemorrhagicum also showed low enzyme signals and content when compared with granulosa cells in mature follicles or large luteal cells from the corpus luteum. Our fndings suggest that the mitochondrial enlargement could be an event during folliculogenesis and luteal formation, while the modulation of mitochondrial morphology and respiratory enzyme expressions may be related to tissue remodeling during luteal formation. Te development of follicles and formation of corpus luteum (CL) are the major processes that defne the two phases of the ovarian cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Ans 214 SI Multiple Choice Set 4 Weeks 10/14 - 10/23
    AnS 214 SI Multiple Choice Set 4 Weeks 10/14 - 10/23 The following multiple choice questions pertain to material covered in the last two weeks' lecture sets. Answering the following questions will aid your exam preparation. These questions are meant as a gauge of your content knowledge - use them to pinpoint areas where you need more preparation. 1. A heifer begins ovarian activity at A. 6-8 months B. 8-10 months C.10-12 months D. 12-14 months E. 24 months 2. The gestation length of a cow is A. 82 days C. 166 days D. 283 days E. 311 days 3. All of the following produce hormones vital to ovarian cyclicity EXCEPT A. hypothalamus B. ovary C. posterior pituitary D. uterus E. all of the above are correct 4. Which of the following structures is INCORRECTLY matched to the hormones it produces? A. uterus: PGF2a B. ovary: testosterone, activin, estrogen, oxytocin C. placenta: progesterone, testosterone, estrogen D. anterior pituitary: ACTH, FSH, LH E. hypothalamus: GnRH, CRH 5. In the female reproductive system of all species A. the ovaries are supported by the mesometrium B. urine can only exit via the urethra via the suburethral diverticulum C. the uterus produces progesterone D. the oviduct is supported by the mesosalpinx E. the ovary is directly connected to the oviduct 6. Which of the following is FALSE about the mare? A. Ovulates from the medulla because of an inverted ovarian structure B. Ovulates a 2n oocyte C. Does not have a suburethral diverticulum D. Ovulates at only one site on the ovary, called the ovulation fossa E.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Cycles in Females
    MOJ Women’s Health Review Article Open Access Reproductive cycles in females Abstract Volume 2 Issue 2 - 2016 The reproductive system in females consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, Heshmat SW Haroun vagina and external genitalia. Periodic changes occur, nearly every one month, in Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt the ovary and uterus of a fertile female. The ovarian cycle consists of three phases: follicular (preovulatory) phase, ovulation, and luteal (postovulatory) phase, whereas Correspondence: Heshmat SW Haroun, Professor of the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative (postmenstrual) phase Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, and secretory (premenstrual) phase. The secretory phase of the endometrium shows Egypt, Email [email protected] thick columnar epithelium, corkscrew endometrial glands and long spiral arteries; it is under the influence of progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovary, and is Received: June 30, 2016 | Published: July 21, 2016 an indicator that ovulation has occurred. Keywords: ovarian cycle, ovulation, menstrual cycle, menstruation, endometrial secretory phase Introduction lining and it contains the uterine glands. The myometrium is formed of many smooth muscle fibres arranged in different directions. The The fertile period of a female extends from the age of puberty perimetrium is the peritoneal covering of the uterus. (11-14years) to the age of menopause (40-45years). A fertile female exhibits two periodic cycles: the ovarian cycle, which occurs in The vagina the cortex of the ovary and the menstrual cycle that happens in the It is the birth and copulatory canal. Its anterior wall measures endometrium of the uterus.
    [Show full text]