BOOK NOTES of the RESEARCH LIBRARY 3041 Broadway, New York, New York 10027

FALL,1974 Compiled by M. O. Williams Vol. XXIV, No.7

I. CHRISTIAN MISSION-HISTORICAL AND PRESENT INVOLVEMENTS

CHINA: CHRISTIAN STUDENTS FACE THE REVOLUTION. David H. Adeney. Downers Grove, II/inois: Inter Varsity Press. 1973.130 pp. Paper. $1.50. A well written account of the growth of InterVarsity Fellowship among students in during the late 1940's, their struggles through the early days of Communist rule, with vivid reports of efforts to maintain faithful Christian witness during the early 1950's in the face of serious pressures. Developments in the churches-the compromises of the "Three-Self Movement" and the uncompromising stand of Wang Ming-tao and Nee To-sheng+-are described together with their impact on Christian students. The closing section on the cost of Christian witness in a Communist society adds to the depth and perceptiveness of this book. The author was in China, 1934-51 and is now Dean of the Discipleship Training Center of the OMF in Singapore.

DEUS DESTROYED: THE IMAGE OF CHRISTIANITY IN EARLY MODERN JAPAN. George Elison. Cambridge: Harvard Univ, Press. 1973. xiv/542 pp. II/us. $18.00 A thoroughly researched and perceptive study of the Jesuit approach to Japan beginning in 1549, growth to 222,000 Christians under their care by 1609, Japanese resistance and finally torture of Christians and suppression of Christianity by 1647. Careful attention is given to (1) political, social, intellectual and religious factors in the Japanese response and (2) to the Jesuit approach, stressing religious orthodoxy in the conviction that they had absolute truth. There was no room for free discourse with Japanese, no use of philosophical dialogue that might have opened ways of understanding. 150 pages are given to notes and index, 130 to translations, with pictures, of four major polemical writings which constituted the intellectual counterattack. Edwin Reischauer terms this book "a major contribution, not just to this phase of history in Japan and history of the Christian Church but also to the broader and very up-to-date problems of the meeting of cultures."

A HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN JAPAN FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE EARLY MEIJI ERA, 1549- 1873. Joseph Jennes. Tokyo: Oriens Institute. J 973. xi/277 pp. II/us. Maps. Paper. n.p. A revision of the 1959 edition which was intended for newly arrived in Japan; because of favorable reception it is now made available in this form. It deals with the "century of free intercourse" beginning 1549, including the edict of persecution 1614 (with Christianity num- bering 200,000 to 300,000) and the "virtual extinction of the hierarchical church" by 1640; then the "period of seclusion" 1639- 1873. A large amount of material has been much compressed, and the account moves rapidly, with many footnotes as documentation, much of it from material written close to the time of events described. Attention is given to the task of translation of Biblical and theological materials, to cultural adaptation and to the efforts to develop an indigenous priesthood. Major focus, however, is on the repressive actions of government, the torture and martyrdom of many Christians, the desperate struggle to maintain the life of the Church, and the small group of Christians discovered in 1865 who had maintained their faith without clerical help for two centuries. Note: For vivid personal experiences on persecution, refer to Shusaku Endo's Silence, English translation from Charles Tuttle, Rutland, Vt., "Book Notes," September 1970.

THE EVANGELICAL RESPONSE TO BANGKOK. Edited by Ralph Winter. South Pasadena: Wm. Carey Library. 1973. ix/153 pp. Paper n.p. Eleven Evangelicals review, interpret and evaluate the WCC Conference on "Salvation Today," held in Bangkok, December 29, 1972 to January 21, 1973. Treatment is generally sympathetic, with a reaching out for un- derstanding, but all express regret at the lack of evangelistic concern-preaching and teaching with the goal of conversion and the establishing of churches. Manuel Gaxiola of Mexico speaks of the "obsession with political and social structures and action." Peter Wagner declares that Evangelicals could agree on the need for social change, but were not willing to let it stand as the central objective of "Christ's Mission and Ours." Statements addressed to the Conference by Peter Beyerhaus and Arthur Glasser in the heat of discussion are included. Strong feeling is recorded that the evangelical emphases had few channels for coming before the whole body, and when they did surface they were not recorded as significant findings. The expressed purpose of the book is "to foster understanding, not forstall it." It is commented for serious study, especially by those in conciliar churches. MEMOIRS: LEST WE FORGET. Jay Charles Oliver, Private printing. 1974. Author now living at Claremont Manor, Claremont, Calif. 303 pp. typed, offset. The author, a YMCA Secretary in China, 191&-1950, with assignments in Hangchow and in Shanghai, sets down for the record an account of his life and work, and that of his wife and family. His service spans an important period in Chinese life, and he was careful to record impressions and to retain material from letters, reports, memoes. Consequently there is here much documentary material that should prove of value to the careful student of Chinese history. Here is also a picture of the day-by-day life of the overseas YMCA Secretary with all of his involvement in religious, social and civic affairs. A chapter on his assignment to Egypt 1951-52 and then to Claremont Manor 1952-55 before retirement adds another dimension, and the story is completed by describing activities at the Manor since retirement.

PETER PARKER AND THE OPENING OF CHINA. Edward V. Gulick. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 1973. xi/282 pp. llIus. Maps. $12.00. A stimulating biography which describes Parker as the "inventor of the new profession of medical missionary, pioneer in contacts east and west." The work shows result of much research and careful attempt to understand the man and his times. He was in Canton, a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners 193447; he established a hospital, performed eye and general surgery, began the training of Chinese physicians, and did much to interpret such work as a valid form of Christian witness. Then came his termination of relations with his Board, entering employment as Secretary to the American Legation, and his career as a diplomat through a very difficult period of Chinese-Western relationships. He returned to the US in 1957, lived in Washington tried to continue to facilitate East-West contacts. Parker was a controversial figure, and there were a wide range of views about him. The closing chapter provides a careful evaluation.

WHY IS THE THIRD WORLD POOR? Piero Gheddo, translated by Kathryn Sullivan. Maryknoll, N. Y. Orbis Books, 1973. xv/143 pp. Paper. $3.95. A valuable book on development, written from the Christian perspective and setting forth the complexities of the problems involved. Internal, or cultural causes of undevelopment are examined: faulty understanding of man's relation to nature and work, static concepts of history, fatalism and acceptance of status quo. External causes focus on the domination of these nations by the more powerful, many through colonialism, all through neo-colonialism-the economic domination and control through investments and trade. This reader feels that over-population and family planning are not adequately treated. The writer sees the Christian understanding of man and society and the Christian emphasis on changing man's awareness and conscience as key factors in the integral development our day demands. He is critical of both capitalism and Marxism and insists that developing nations can be assisted, but must have freedom to develop in their own way. Christian involvement by the West is made specific, with sacrificial action and massive efforts to influence public opinion called for. Many quotes are provided from papal encyclicals and discourses.

II. JAPAN, CIDNA, KOREA-IDSTORY AND INTERPRETATION

ABOUT OUR ANCESTORS: THE JAPANESE FAMILY SYSTEM. Yanagita Kunia. Trans. by Fanny Hagin Mayer and Ishiwara Yasuyo. Tokyo: Japanese National Commission for UNESCO. 1970. 193 pp. ¥ 3,000 (about $10). This book was written in 1945, when the author was seventy, in an effort to communicate. with the youth of Japan as they faced the post-war period, about who they were by describing "the history of the Japanese family and the faith founded upon it." This is a v~ry intimate picture with much emphasis on history and tradition and on the underlying folk beliefs in souls after death, especially the ancestral spirits. Knowledge of Japanese culture and language is almost a prerequisite for full understanding. The author is regarded as the founder of folklore studies in Japan; his works have been collected into 35 volumes, and this is the first to be translated into English.

ASIA: A SELECTED AND ANNOTATED GUIDE TO REFERENCE WORKS. G. Raymond Nunn. Cambridge, Mass.:M.l.T. Press. 1971. xiii/223 pp. $12.50. A helpful listing of reference works on that part of Asia within the arc from Pakistan to Japan and excluding Soviet Asia. 965 books and periodicals are cited, two-thirds of them in English. Here will be found bibliographies, encyclopedias, yearbooks, biographical dictionaries, atlases, gazetteers and sources of statistical information.

AUTHORITY, PARTICIPATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE IN CHINA. Ed. by Stuart R. Schram. Cambridge: The University Press. 1973. viii/350 pp. Paper. $4.75. An attempt by eight prominent European China scholars to grasp and set forth the dynamics of change, especially over the past ten years in China. Preliminary and revised drafts were discussed by a larger group of scholars, and the result bears the mark of research in depth with careful efforts to maintain objectivity. The lOB-page opening chapter by Dr. Schram on "Historical Perspective" provides solid material and interpretation of the issues that came to focus in the Cultural Revolution and of Mao's interaction with supporters and opponents during this long process; e.g., central control and local initiative, the dialectical relation between changing structures of power and trans- forming patterns of thought and behavior in the people, the role of the peasant, the urban worker and of the Party and of PLA in continuing revolution. Other chapters deal with economic decision making, rural industry, incentives in industry, the revolution in education, in the family and in interpersonal relations. Liu Shao-chi and Lin Piao figure prominently in the book, but Chou En-lai shows only two minor notations in the Index.

CHINA: A HANDBOOK. Edited by Yuan-li Wu. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1973. 915 pp. Maps. Tables. $35.00. This volume brings together a vast amount of information about China, with thirty-one experts writing on a wide variety of subjects about 150 pages are given to official documents and statistical studies. A range of viewpoints is expressed (see NY Times review, Sept. 23, 1973) with the editor, according to this Times review, taking something of a cold-war attitude in the In- troduction and presentation of other material. Used with care this can be a valuable sourcebook. CHINA: A WORLD SO CHANGED. C. P. Fitzgerald and Myra Roper. London: Heinemann Educational Books. 243 pp. (l0v, x 7V, "l lIIus. £4.00. A vividly written and illustrated (200 pictures) book, providing history since 1793, with major attention to the recent decades, especially since 1945. Much material is provided about life in China today with interpretation that is decidedly favorable. Examples of viewpoint: (1) The section on the Sino-Japanese confrontation, 1931-45 gives practically no importance to the Chinese military resistance to Japan; (2) The section on: the "Let-a-hundred-flowers-bloom" aftermath suggests that the flood of criticism from artists and scholars was met by a speech from Mao and a Party directive on the in- tellectual's need to undertake manual labor.

EVERY FIFTH CHILD: THE POPULATION OF CHINA. Leo A. Orleans. London: Eyre Methuen. 1972.191 pp. Maps. Tables. £2.95. A careful study by the author, a China specialist at the Library of Congress, about China's population, something of its history, but "mostly about what it is and what we know and don't know about it." On the basis of the 1953 census and other available data, he projects a total mainland population for 1970 of 753 millions, with an annual growth rate for the 70's of 1.7; for comparison he gives UN figures of 815 millions and 1.65 annual growth rate. On a world scale, he reaches two significant conclusions: (1) there is no evidence of likelihood of future expansionist moves because of population pressure; (2) "The proportion of Chinese to the total population of the world is slowly, but surely, decreasing."

THE FAILURE OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH KOREA. Sungjoo Han. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1974. xii/240 pp. $10.00. A careful examination of the Second Korea Republic, July 1960 to May, 1961 in the effort to discover why the Chang Myon liberal democratic government failed to take root and survive. The author, a Korean now teaching in the Department of Political Science at Brooklyn College, examines various factors, including the economic, and concludes that the main factor was the "social and ideological polarization between the conservative and radical political groups and that between the pro- and anti-Syngman Rhee groups." The Chang Myon government showed itself unable to deal with these cleavages and gained little support or loyalty for their regime; hence became easy prey for the coup d'etat which they were unable to detect and destroy as it developed in the army. This reader wonders if this study needs to be pushed further: Are there tendencies to factionalism and polarization in Korean society which need to be studied at a deeper level?

HALF THE WORLD: THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF CHINA AND JAPAN. Edited by Arnold Toynbee. London: Thames and Hudson. 1973.368 pp. lIIus. 9 x 12", £8.50. A remarkable and beautiful book, with 530 illustrations, 160 in color, integrated into text. Thirteen scholars provide significant material for the intelligent general reader on history, philosophy, literature, calligraphy, science and technology. The salient features of the grand traditions come through clearly; China is the center, yet there are four chapters on Japan, and other material on Japan, Korea and Vietnam. The closing chapter, dealing with the 19th and 20th centuries in China, Korea, Vietnam, provides a Marxist interpretation; other chapters seem less ideologically oriented. Reviewers agree that here is a "marvelous introduction to East Asian history and culture."

KOREA: AN ANALYTICAL GUIDE TO BmLIOGRAPHIES. Hesung Chun Kok, editor, New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press. 1971 xviii/334 pp. A comprehensive bibliography, prepared for the scholar working in Korean history and society. Records are here for SOObibliographies in eight languages, with entries appearing between 1896 and 1970. Material has been computerized with form and content coded to permit automatic ordering and organization of material with each entry coded for topic, area, time. This is a technical work that requires technical competence to use.

THE PATTERN OF THE CHINESE PAST. Mark Elvin. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press. 1972. Maps. 346 pp. $12.50. A probing study of Chinese history that asks difficult questions and come up with some original answers: What held a great empire together while other empires collapsed? What accounts for the great upsurge of technological inventions 800-1300 that made China the most advanced nation in the world? Why then did a change of outlook seem to take place, for one thing, restricting foreign trade, that resulted in a relative drying up of mechanical invention? He considers the lack of scientific outlook, comparable to the Galilean-Newtonian views of the West, not crucial, and does not press for other factors in basic outlook. Rather, he finds the key in the high level of advancement in agriculture and water transport within China, plus the vast scale on which food and textiles had to be provided for China's huge population, to provide such an equilibrium as to make profitable invention more difficult than in the West. A stimulating, insightful book, but one that this reader feels still leaves unanswered questions of outlook towards the physical world and incentives for mastering its problems.

POSTWAR JAPAN; 1945 TO THE PRESENT. The Japan Reader 2. Edited by Jon Livingston, Joe Moore, and Felicia Old- father. New York: Pantheon Books. xxi/600 pp. Paper. $3.45 (also in hardcover edition). A comprehensive collection of materials designed to bring together in an introductory and readable form information necessary to understanding Japan. The editors' purpose has been to assemble "materials that" illustrated the central issues of modern Japanese history." The editors' notes, placed appropriately throughout the volume, aid in understanding and in tying together. Aside from a JO-page section dealing with education, the book focuses on economics and politics, leaving this reader feeling more -is needed to help one truly understand life in Japan today. The editors are younger scholars, all related to the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars which had part in stimulating the development of this work.

QUOTATIONS FROM PREMIER CHOU EN-LA!. Collins Associates. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1973. xxii/' 107 pp. $4.95. A collection of statements that help the reader understand Chou's role as "international middleman"-how he ex- plains China to the West, how he views the US and the rest of the world. This material comes from conversations with foreigners rather than from his domestic speeches and writing, and while we wish for more of the latter, this brief book serves to introduce one to this remarkable man, described by one observer as a person of urbane sophistication and intellectual gentility. SMALL GROUPS AND POLITICAL RITUALS IN CHINA: Martin King Whyte. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. 1974. viii/ 271 pp.$12.50.A study of how the Chinese have used small-group political study and mutual criticism sessions to bring about social order and to implement mass political campaigns since 1949. The author, a sociologist with the University of Michigan with much understanding of how small groups operate, secured his data from publications, e.g., study manuals, from the People'sRepublic and from 700 hours of interviewing, aided by three Chinese associates, with 101 refugees who had recently come from China to Hong Kong. He recognizes the possibility of bias here and has been careful to allow for and try to correct it. These small groups, operating in the "strict political atmosphere" considered ideal, "combine vigorous peer- group pressure with tight hierarchical control" upon members who are isolated from social support for unorthodox views. They seem generally effective in (1) preventing deviance and maintaining social control, (2) getting people to work harder and volunteer for difficult tasks, (3) communicating ideas to the people. Yet the writer feels that under this "relatively high unity of action in pursuit of national goals," there is a more complex social reality-the elite have been "less successful in trans- forming and ,unifying various hop~s, fears, needs, aspirations and loyalties of their citizens."

THE TAIPING REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT. Jen Yu-wen. New Haven: Press. 1973. xxiii/616 pp. Illus. Maps. $19.50. A carefully researched and clearly written account of this titanic struggle, 1851-1866, providing a com- prehensive picture of the entire movement. In exploring its roots, the author recognized the place of nationalistic, social- political-economic factors, but insists that the "most apparent motivating element was the religious," and he describes "Taiping Christianity" as "in reality a new sect, manifesting orthodox and heterodox elements as well as indigenous in- fluences." John K. Fairbank describes this book as, "Absolutely invaluable" to scholars and to the general reader that "Mr. Jen has actually provided the first sympathetic understanding of the simple folk who conceived a new faith, organized a new society, and almost conquered the empire." The author, who often wrote his name Chien Yu-wan, had theological study at Union TS and at Chicago and was on the faculty of Yenching University during the 1920's; he is now related to the University of Hong Kong and to the Academie Sinica in . This book has been developed from his multi-volume work in Chinese on the Taipings.

WOMEN AND THE FAMILY IN RURAL TAIWAN. Margery Wolf, Stanford: Stanford Univ, Press. 1972. xxiii/235 pp. fllus. $8.50. A very insightful study of woman's place in the family and village society in this stream of Chinese culture. In the male-dominated, patrilinear society, the bride leaves her parental home and goes as a stranger into the home of her husband. to be subject to him and his parents, with her mother-in-law a key figure. The insecurity, loneliness and powerlessness of this situation is depicted and then the various ways of coping with it are described. She finds one source of strength in the village- so much is done together by women; as the new wife is accepted, these women become a source of strength, even bringing pressure in their own ways upon husband and mother-in-law when needed. Her focus becomes the "uterine family"-mother and children. "It has no ideology, no formal structure, no public existence." The wife has to make it what it becomes, but here she finds her significance, and as years pass and she is the mother of grown sons, her position is exalted. Separate chapters describe various experiences in the life of the girl, rounding out the cycle of life. The author did field studies for this work in two villages out from , aided by Chinese co-workers.