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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Beil & Howell Iniormation Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313,761-4700 800,521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9200945 China as depicted by Western novels York, Virginia Sumerford, D.A. Middle Tennessee State University, 1991 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHINA AS DEPICTED BY WESTERN NOVELS Virginia Sumerford York A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Middle Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Arts August 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHINA AS DEPICTED BY WESTERN NOVELS APPROVED : Graduate Committee: i£ Majdç Professor - 7 ^ tc /C 6 » Committee Member Committee Member ■ /-J H e M of ^ e Department of History Dean of the Graduate School Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT CHINA AS DEPICTED BY WESTERN NOVELS Virginia S. York The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the use of novels to supplement reading lists for American undergraduates studying the history of China. This study advocates that professors should seriously consider inter­ spersing scholarly nonfictional works with fiction. An evaluation of the nine historical novels analyzed in this dissertation demonstrate that students can obtain a more realistic and accurate view of China by reading prudently- selected novels. The representative novels are: Manchu by Robert S. Elegant, Mandarin by Robert S. Elegant, The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck, Jade by Patricia M. Barr, The Warlord by Malcolm Bosse, From A Far Land by Robert S. Elegant, The Three Daughters of Madame Liang by Pearl S. Buck, Dynasty by Robert S. Elegant, and Spring Moon by Bette Boa Lord. This study is organized into four chapters. In the first chapter, information on the five authors is provided and the novels are described. The novelists are considered individually, and the examination of their backgrounds reveals that each of the writers spent considerable time in East Asia. The authors' first-hand knowledge of China gives credibility to their narratives. The nine novels are critiqued in chronological order. These book reviews Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Virginia Sumerford York substantiate, as well as, point out deficiencies in the novels. Specific examples of how students' knowledge of China can be strengthened and enhanced by reading these works are provided in Chapters II and III. In Chapter II the way a reader can vicariously learn about Chinese customs and culture through a story is discussed. The narratives introduce the reader to daily routines, family relation­ ships, religions, vocations, and avocations, which instill a greater understanding of China. In Chapter III the nine novels are considered in greater detail, as each pertains to a specific period of history. In this chapter, a novel is shown to offer an extra dimension to an event in history that a scholarly text cannot. The novels place characters in historical settings to voice bias, goals, or aspirations of the people living in a particular time frame. The argument for the use of novels by college professors is the topic of the final chapter. The fundamental premise of these professors is that historical novels stimulate the students' interest in history. The description of methods and techniques used on several college campuses illustrates that novels add vitality to history. These professors supplement reading requirements with selected novels because the genre can provide a surprisingly accurate portrayal of history. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest appreciation is expressed to Dr. Newell S. Moore, who headed my dissertation committee, for his encouragement, his willingness to assist me at any time, and his interest in my success. I also am grateful for the comments, valuable suggestions and long hours that the other members of my committee. Dr. Fred Colvin and Dr. Charles Babb, devoted to my study. I am indebted to all of my professors of history at Middle Tennessee State University. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Fred Colvin, my ever-supportive graduate advisor; Dr. Newell Moore, who stimulated my interest in China; Dr. Bart McCash, who supervised me as a teaching assistant; and to Dr. William Windham, who as head of the History Department, expressed confidence in my teaching abilities. These historians are more than mentors; they are my friends. Further acknowledgments are extended to Debi Revell and Shirley Reed for the long and tedious hours they spent typing this dissertation. I appreciate their patience and sense of humor. My special gratitude to my family, who accepted a kitchen table covered with my materials and provided the love and support that I needed. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................... ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................... V INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 Chapter Page I. THE AUTHORS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE NOVELS . 12 The Authors Patricia Miriam Barr Malcolm Bosse Pearl Sydenstricker Buck Robert Sampson Elegant Bette Boa Lord Description of the novels Manchu Mandarin The Good Earth Jade The Warlord From A Far Land The Three Daughters of Madame Liang Dynasty Spring Moon II. CHINESE CUSTOMS AS DEPICTED BY WESTERN NOVELS ............................................. 68 The Family Philosophies Confucianism Taoism Buddhism Occupations and class structure Holidays Mannerisms III. EVENTS IN CHINESE HISTORY AS DEPICTED BY WESTERN NOVELS .................................... 147 Early Encounters with Westerners The Opium War iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rebellion Tientsin Massacre Boxer Rebellion Fall of the Dynastic Rule War Lord Era Conflict Between Kuomintang and Communism China Under Mao Tse-tung IV. STIMULATING HISTORY CLASSES BY USING HISTORICAL NOVELS ............................................. 256 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 293 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. Page 1. Sample Contract for the Purchase of a C o n c u b i n e........................................... 78 2. The Forbidden C i t y ................................ 114 3. Symbol for Yin-yang ................................ 138 4. Eight Trigrams .................................... 139 5. Classroom Handouts ................................ 289 6. Dynastic C h a r t .................................... 292 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION Western novels seldom appear on the reading list for American college students studying the history of China. The probable reason is that most professors prefer that their students read scholarly works. This poses a problem of the language barrier if the student is to seek original materials, for most American students are unacquainted with the Chinese language. Chinese characters are difficult to learn and few American universities offer courses in languages of the East Asian countries. Usually a graduate student concentrating in Chinese studies learns Chinese, but an undergraduate who is only taking an introductory course in the history of China does not. The undergraduate is limited to secondary sources written in English.
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