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Home , Adoxa moschatellina, Alnus alnobetula, Asperula arvensis, Campanula lasiocarpa, Campanula uniflora, Claytonia lanceolata

ILLUSTRATED KEY TO MISC. SMALL DICOT FAMILIES ANACARDIACEAE HALORAGACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARALIACEAE LENTIBULARIACEAE BALSAMINACEAE LINACEAE BERBERIDACEAE MALVACEAE CACTACEAE CANNABACEAE OLEACEAE CISTACEAE CLEOMACEAE RHAMNACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE CORNACEAE SANTALACEAE SAPINDACEAE DROSERACEAE ELAEAGNACEAE ULMACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen April 2019 These keys were compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1999-2000) and provisional treatments on the Flora website. follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). Please let us know if there are ways in which the key can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen ADOXACEAE Moschatel [Caprifoliaceae, in part] Key to Genera 01a herbaceous, delicate, musk-scented herbs, 6-18 cm tall; fowers 5, in cube-shaped clusters (1/side + on top); green, dry 1a ‘berries’ (drupes) with 3-5 nutlets ...... moschatellina 01b Plants woody ; fowers numerous, in branched clusters; fruits juicy, red or black ‘berries’ (drupes) with 1 nutlet ...... 02 02a pinnately divided into 5-7 leafets ...... Sambucus racemosa 2a 02b Leaves undivided (simple), maple-like ......

------...... → VIBURNUM Bush-cranberry 01a clusters 5-15 cm across, borne on branches with 2 pairs of leaves, 2 types of fowers, 15-20 mm wide sterile (→) outer fowers and 3-4 mm wide fertile central fowers; shrubs, (1)2-4(5) m tall; leaves without glands, deeply 3-lobed (mostly) . . 01b Flower clusters 1-3 cm across, borne on 1a branches with 1 pair of leaves, all fowers 4-7 mm wide and fertile; shrubs 0.5-1.5(2) m tall; leaves with sparse, tiny glands beneath, 1b shallowly 3-lobe ...... Viburnum edule

2 ANACARDIACEAE Sumac Family 1a Key to Genera 01a Plants herbaceous (woody at the base), 10- 40 cm tall, with single stems from creeping rootstocks; leafets 3-15 cm long; fruits white, hairless ...... Toxicodendron radicans* ...... [Rhus radicans var. rydbergii] 01b Plants woody shrubs, 100-200 cm tall, much branched, not toxic; leafets 1-3(4) cm long; fruits red, glandular-hairy ...... Rhus aromatica [Rhus trilobata] * Caution! This causes severe skin reactions in most people. If you think a plant is poison-ivy 1b (T. radicans) avoid contact with exposed skin.

3 APOCYNACEAE Milkweed Family [includes Asclepiadaceae] Key to Genera 01a unusual, with 5 down-turned lobes below a 5-lobed crown (corona), in umbrella- shaped clusters (umbels) ...... Asclepias 01b Flowers bell-shaped, 5-lobed, in fat-topped, 1a repeatedly branched clusters (cymes) ...... 1b ...... Apocynum ------APOCYNUM Dogbane 1a 01a Stem leaves drooping or spreading, with stalks often >5 mm long; pinkish, (4)6-10 mm long, usually 2X as long as the , with tips spreading to down-curved; 2.5-4 mm long ... Apocynum androsaemifolium 01b Stem leaves angled upwards, with stalks 0-5 mm long; petals greenish-white, 2-5(6) mm long, usually <2X as long as the sepals, with tips pointing upwards; seeds 4-6 mm long ... 1b ...... Apocynum cannabinum ------...... [Apocynum sibiricum]

ASCLEPIAS Milkweed 01a Flowers purplish or pinkish, with petals 7-12 mm long and hoods 8-15 mm long; leaves oblong or oval, rounded to notched at the base; pods with soft, conical outgrowths (→) (tubercles) ...... Asclepias speciosa → → 01b Flowers green or greenish white (sometimes 1a purplish at the centre), with petals 4-5 mm long and hoods 2-5 mm long; leaves lance- to egg- shaped, rounded to tapered at the base; pods without tubercles ...... 02 2a 02a Corona hoods without visible horns; fower clusters stalkless; plants usually sprawling; 2b southern prairie, near the US border ...... Asclepias viridifora S1 02b Corona hoods with visible, incurved horns; fower clusters stalked; plants erect; cAB to nwAB ...... Asclepias ovalifolia

4 ARALIACEAE Ginseng Family Key to Genera 01a Plants herbaceous, without spines, 30-60 cm tall; leaves single, 2X divided, frst into 3 and then into (3)5 leafets; mature fruits purplish- black ...... Aralia nudicaulis 01b Plants woody shrubs, spiny throughout 1a (including leaves), 100-300 cm tall; leaves several, undivided, 5- to 7-lobed; mature fruits 1b scarlet ...... Oplopanax horridus

5 BALSAMINACEAE Balsam Family

IMPATIENS Jewelweed 01a Leaves in rings (whorls) or pairs; fowers purple or blue to almost white ...... Impatiens glandulifera XXX 01b Leaves alternate; fowers yellow to orange 02

1a 02a Lower (sac) abruptly, convexly tapered to a spur, 15-18 mm long, ≥2/3 as wide as long; fowers ≤20(25) mm long, deep orange to yellow, unspotted or with coarse, red to orange (brown) spots or mottles mainly on the lower side of the sac...... Impatiens capensis ...... [Impatiens bifora] 02b Lower sepal (sac) gradually, concavely tapered 2b to a spur, ±20 mm long, usually <1/2 as wide as long; fowers 20-30 mm long, yellow, fecked with small, sparse, dark red (brownish purple) dots mainly on the upper side of the sac ...... Impatiens noli-tangere 2a

6 BERBERIDACEAE Barberry Family 1a Key to Genera 01a Leaves evergreen, pinnately divided into 1b leafets; a native of mountain in swAB ...Mahonia repens [Berberis repens] 01b Leaves shed in autumn (), simple; an invasive garden escape ...... Berberis vulgaris XXX

7 BETULACEAE Birch Family Key to Genera 01a Fruits nuts, enclosed in stiff-hairy/bristly bracts (involucre) fused, forming a long beak; ♀ fowers with bright red stigmas, few, in tiny, bud-like ; ♂ fowers in elongated catkins, 1 per bract ...... Corylus cornuta 01b Fruits tiny nutlets, often winged, in the axils of (and covered by) bracts; ♂ and ♀ fowers numerous, in catkins; ♂ fowers usually 3 per bract...... 02 1a 1b 02a Bracts of ♀ catkins thin, 3-lobed, soon shed; 2 ...... Betula 02b Bracts of ♀ catkins thick and woody, persistent; stamens 4 ...... Alnus

2a 2b ------ALNUS 01a Nutlet wings >1/2 as wide as the nutlet body; -buds stalkless, covered by unequal, overlapping scales; fowers appearing with the leaves on this-year’s twigs; leaves shining; shrubs 1-3 m tall ...... Alnus alnobetula ...... [Alnus viridis; Alnus crispa] 1a 01b Nutlet wings absent or very narrow; leaf-buds stalked, covered by 2-3 ± equal scales; fowers appearing before the leaves; leaves dull; tall shrubs or small 2-8 m tall...... Alnus incana [Alnus tenuifolia]

1b ------

BETULA Birch 01a Trees; mature bark peeling, white to reddish (rarely brown); nutlet wings wider than the 1b body ...... 02 01b Small trees or tall shrubs; mature bark tight (not 1a peeling), dark reddish brown to brown; nutlet wings narrower than the body...... 03

8 02a Twigs with few to dense long hairs, rarely a few small resinous glands; leaves egg-shaped, 2a rounded to squared at base, broadly pointed or abruptly tapered at the tip, hairy beneath (especially along veins) and often with tufts of hairs in vein axils; catkin scales with side lobes ≤ the tip lobe; mosty well-drained, mesic to dry habitats, throughout AB . . Betula papyrifera 02b Twigs hairless, with conspicuous resinous glands; leaves broadly egg-shaped to almost triangular, squared to wedge-shaped at base, tipped with a slender, tapered point, hairless or sparsely hairy beneath (without tufts of hairs in vein axils); catkin scales with side lobes longer than the tip lobe; usually in moist to wet 2b habitats, c to ne AB .... Betula neoalaskana 03a Tall shrubs or small trees, 3-6(10) m tall; bark shiny dark reddish brown to bronze; leaf blades edged with sharply to broadly pointed teeth; catkin scales edged with hairs, the central lobe much shorter than the side lobes ...... Betula occidentalis 03b Small to medium shrubs, 0.5-3(4) m tall; bark dull reddish brown to brown; leaf blades edged with blunt to rounded teeth; catkin scales 3a usually hairless, variously lobed ...... 04* 04a Leaf blades 0.5-1(1.2) cm long, round to kidney-shaped, rounded to slightly notched at the base, rounded at the tip, edged with simple scalloped teeth, hairless beneath, sometimes with a few small resinous glands; catkins 0.5- 1.2 x 0.5-0.7 cm; shrubs sprawling to low upright (<1 m tall); northernmost AB ...... Betula nana SU 4a 04b Leaf blades 1--5(7) cm long, elliptic to broadly egg-shaped or nearly round, wedge-shaped to rounded at the base, broadly acute to rounded at the tip, edged with distinctly to obscurely double, sharp to rounded teeth, hairless to densely hairy beneath; catkins 0.8-2.5 x (0.5)0.8-1.2 cm; shrubs usually 1-2 m tall; 5a throughout AB (except prairies) ...... 05 05a Twig densely warty glandular, essentially hairless; leaves round to egg-shaped, 1-2 mm long, with 2-3 (6) lateral veins and ≤10 teeth per side; nutlet wings ≈1/4 as wide as the body ...... Betula glandulosa 05b Twig usually hairy, somewhat glandular but no large, resinous glands; leaves egg-shaped, (1)2.5-5(7) cm long, (2)4-5(6) lateral veins and ≥10 teeth per side; nutlet wings >1/2 as wide as the body; leaf blades ..... Betula pumila *Note- The identifcation of shrub birches (B. nana, B. glandulosa and B. pumila) can be challenging. When grown in isolation, these species are reasonably distinct, but when their ranges 5b overlap they can form bewildering hybrid swarms with intermediate characteristics.

9 CACTACEAE Cactus Family Key to Genera 01a Plants cushion-like to spherical; spines 11-55 per cluster (areole); barbed, detachable spines (glochids) absent; fowers red or purple ..... Escobaria vivipara [Coryphantha vivipara] 01b Plants with thick, ± fattened, branched and jointed stems; spines 1-10(18) per cluster; barbed, detachable spines present; fowers yellow ...... Opuntia

OPUNTIA Pricklypear 01a Stem segments slightly fattened to almost cylindrical, (1.5)2-5.5 x 1.5-3 cm, easily detached ...... Opuntia fragilis 1a 01b Stem segments much fattened, always wider than thick, 4-27 x 2-18 cm, not easily detached ------...... Opuntia polyacantha

1a 1b

10 CAMPANULACEAE 1a Bellflower Family [includes Lobeliaceae] Key to Genera 01a Flowers regular (radially symmetrical), bell- shaped; stamens separate ..... 01b Flowers irregular, at least somewhat 2-lipped;

stamens fused into a tube...... 02 → 02a Plants annual; fowers stalkless (appearing 2b stalked due to a linear, much-elongated base [→] [hypanthium]), in the axils of large bracts 2a (larger than most of the leaves); corolla-tubes not split; capsules 1-cavitied, ≥10 mm long, opening by long slits on the sides ...... laeta ------02b Plants perennial; fowers stalked, in the axils of small bracts (smaller than most leaves); corolla-tubes split on the upper side to near the base; capsules 2-cavitied, <8 mm long, opening at the tip ...... Lobelia 2b

CAMPANULA Bellflower 01a Sepals hairy; fowers solitary ...... 02 01b Sepals hairless; fowers usually several ...03 02a Leaves smooth-edged or with tiny gland-tipped teeth; fowers funnel-shaped, 1 cm long ..... 2a ...... Campanula unifora 02b Leaves sharply toothed; fowers bell-shaped, 1.5-3 cm long ...... Campanula lasiocarpa 03a Flowers in crowded heads (at least in part) . . 3a ...... Campanula glomerata X 03b Flowers in loose clusters, not crowded ....04 04a Flowers 2-3 cm long, numerous, short-stalked, curved to one side in elongated clusters; stem- leaves ± egg-shaped, ≥1 cm wide, toothed ...... Campanula rapunculoides XX 04b Flowers 1-2.5 cm long, few, on slender stalks in loose clusters; stem-leaves linear to thread- 5a like, <1 cm wide, smooth edged ...... 05 4a 05a Stems cylindrical to obscurely angled, ± erect; basal leaves egg- to heart-shaped, soon withering; fowers 15-25 mm long ...... Campanula alaskana ...... [Campanula rotundifolia] 05b Stems very slender, 3-angled, weak and sprawling; basal leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped, persistent; fowers 10-12 mm long; Athabasca Plains, neAB...... Campanula aparinoides S1

5b

11 LOBELIA Lobelia 2b 01a Plants aquatic; stems leafess; leaves linear, 1a cylindrical, in submerged basal rosettes, plus 2a a few tiny, thread-like leaves on the fowering stem; Athabasca Plains, neAB ...... Lobelia dortmanna S1 01b Plants terrestrial; stems leafy; leaves linear to lance-shaped, fat, similar on the stem and at the base ...... 02 02a Flowers numerous, in narrow, spike-like clusters; stem leaves egg- to lance-shaped (sometimes widest above the middle), >4 mm wide; largest leaves usually >10 mm wide; dry, sandy sites in the Dry Mixedgrass, s of Wainwright ...... Lobelia spicata S1 02b Flowers few, on lax stalks in loose, branched clusters; stem leaves linear, ≤3 mm wide; largest leaves <10 mm wide; wetland sites across AB ...... Lobelia kalmii

12 CANNABACEAE Hemp Family [Cannabinaceae] 1a Key to Genera 01a Stems twining, with backward pointing prickles; leaves simple, usually palmately lobed...... Humulus lupulus X 01b Stems erect, not prickly; leaves palmately compound ...... Cannabis sativa X

1b

13 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Family → [incl. Dipsacaceae & Valerianaceae] Key to Genera 01a Flowers lilac to pink, in a few, long-stalked, compact heads 1.5-4 cm wide, resembling 1a an Asteraceae fowerhead and with a ring of bracts (→) (involucre) at the base ...... Knautia arvensis XX 01b Flowers not as above, ± stalkless and in leaf axils or paired on short stalks ...... 02 02a Woody shrubs or vines; fruits juicy ‘berries’ 03 02b Herbs or small (3-10 cm tall) subshrubs; fruits 3a dry, -like achenes ...... 04 03a Flowers bell-shaped, ± regular (radially symmetric), 5-7(8) mm long, in small clusters; fruits white or greenish (sometimes purple tinged), with 2 → nutlets (drupes) ...... Symphoricarpos 03b Flowers funnel-shaped or tubular, mostly → irregular (bilaterally symmetric) with a swelling on one side at the base (→) (gibbous), ≥9 mm long, mostly in pairs; fruits red, yellow or black, with several seeds (berries) ...... Lonicera 3b 4a 04a Plants slender to robust herbs, 30-70 cm tall with erect stems; leaves shed each year, pinnately divided (at least some), >3 cm long; fowers 5-lobed, erect, numerous in rounded, repeatedly branched clusters, white or pink- 4b tinged; stamens 3; tipped with 9-20 feathery sepal tips (→) ...... 04b Plants small subshrubs, 3-10 cm tall, with → slender, trailing stems (vines); leaves evergreen, simple, oval, 1-2 cm long; fowers funnel-shaped, nodding, in pairs, pinkish or lilac; stamens 4; fruits enclosed in glandular- hairy bractlets (→) ...... Linnaea borealis ------LONICERA Honeysuckle 01a Vines with twining or sprawling stems; fowers conspicuous, yellow to reddish, in clusters cupped by 2 fused leaves at stem tips ...... 1a ...... Lonicera dioica 01b Erect shrubs; fowers relatively inconspicuous, white to yellow, in pairs in leaf axils; leaves all separate ...... 02

02a Bracts (below fowers/fruits) 4, purplish, showy, oval, 1-2 cm long; berries shiny black, not fused together; leaf tips tapered to a slender point ...... Lonicera involucrata 2a 02b Bracts 2, green, inconspicuous, slender, <1 cm long; berries blue, yellow or red, those of paired fowers ± fused together; leaf tips rounded to broadly pointed ...... 03

14 03a Leaves widest above the middle; berries single (2 berries entirely fused into 1), blue with a pale waxy coating; eastern boreal forest ...... Lonicera villosa [Lonicera caerulea] 03b Leaves widest below the middle; berries in pairs, red or yellow ...... 04 4a 04a Flowers pink or white; berries red to yellow, 5-6 mm long; twig pith brown, not flling the 3a entire core; garden escape ...... Lonicera tartarica X 04b Flowers yellow; berries red, 8-10 mm long; 4b twig pith white, flling the entire core; native, Waterton region ......

------SYMPHORICARPOS Snowberry

1a 01a Stamens and style usually included within the fower; styles 2-3 mm long, hairless; fowers/ fruits mostly in clusters of ≤6; fruits white, drying white; twigs usually hairless ...... Symphoricarpos albus 1b 01b Stamens and style usually projecting from the fower; styles 4-7(8) mm long, usually hairy; fowers/fruits mostly in clusters of >6; fruits greenish-white, drying purplish; twigs usually ------minutely hairy ...... Symphoricarpos occidentalis 1a VALERIANA Valerian 01a Basal leaves simple, undivided; stem-leaves with 9-15 leafets/lobes; petals 1-3 mm long, the tube ≈ the lobes ...... Valeriana dioica 01b Basal leaves mostly divided into leafets; stem- leaves with 3-5(7) leafets; petals 5-8 mm long, the tube much > the lobes ...... Valeriana sitchensis

1b

15 CELASTRACEAE Bittersweet Family [includes Parnassiaceae]

Key to Genera → 01a Plants woody shrubs; with 4 fertile stamens alternating with the petals; swAB in subalpine S2 1b forest ...... myrsinites ...... [Pachistima myrsinites] 1a 01b Plants herbaceous; with 5 fertile stamens alternating with the petals and 5 sterile stamens ( scales) (→) opposite the petals ...... ------PARNASSIA Grass-of-parnassus 1a 2a 01a Petals fringed on the edges (at least near the base); stem leaf usually at or above mid-stem, rarely absent; basal leaves kidney-shaped to broadly heart-shaped ..Parnassia fmbriata 01b Petals not fringed; stem leaf usually below mid-stem or absent; basal leaves egg- to heart-shaped...... 02 02a Petals usually 3-veined, 0.8-1(1.3)X as long as the sepals; sterile stamens () 0- to 5-lobed; stem leaf absent or sometimes near the base; anthers 0.7-1 mm long ...... Parnassia kotzebuei 02b Petals 5-9-veined, 1.1-2X as long as the sepals; staminodes 5- to 27-lobed; stem usually with a leaf at or below the middle; anthers ≥1 mm long ...... 03 03a Petals 1.1-1.5X as long as the sepals; staminodes 5- to 7(9)-lobed; anthers 1-1.6 mm long; leaf-blades tapered to the base or shallowly notched; stem leaf small, tapered to the base ...... Parnassia parvifora ...... [ var. parvifora] 3a 3b 03b Petals 1.5-2X as long as the sepals; staminodes (7)9- to 15(27)-lobed; anthers 1.5-2.8 mm long; leaf-blades deeply notched at the base; stem leaf relatively large, often notched and clasping the stem ...... Parnassia palustris

16 CISTACEAE 1a Rockrose Family Key to Genera 01a Plants low shrubs, 6-12(20) cm tall; petals 5, yellow (sometimes white) ...... Hudsonia tomentosa 1b 01b Plants erect herbs or subshrubs, 15-90 cm tall; petals 3, usually red (sometimes green) ...... Lechea intermedia S1

17 CLEOMACEAE Spiderflower Family

1a [Capparidaceae] Key to Genera 01a Plants sticky-hairy; stamens 10-20, with flaments and anthers purple; petals white, sometimes tinged pink; capsules with a 0-2 mm stalk above the fower base, splitting open on the upper half ....Polanisia dodecandra 01b Plants hairless or nearly so; stamens usually 6, with purple flaments and green anthers; petals pink to purple; capsules with a (1)8- 15(20) mm stalk above the fower base, splitting open along ± the entire length ...... Peritoma serrulata [Cleome serrulata] 1b

18 CONVOLVULACEAE Bindweed Family Key to Genera 2a 01a Plants yellow or reddish, parasitic; leaves 1a few, tiny, scale-like; fowers 1-5 mm wide, numerous, in dense clusters ...... Cuscuta 2b 01b Plants green; leaves well-developed; fowers 20-60 mm wide, 1-4 in leaf axils and at stem tips ...... 02 02a Sepals not covered by leafy bracts; petals ±2 cm long ...... Convolvulus arvensis XX ------02b Sepals covered by 2 large leafy bracts; petals 3-8 cm long ...... Calystegia

CALYSTEGIA False-bindweed 01a Stems erect, sometimes ± twisted near the 1a tip, <50 cm long; fowers white, only on lower stalks (≤10-15 cm from the ground), below the twisted part; plants usually hairy on all vegetative parts ... Calystegia macounii SH 01b Stem twining throughout, 200-300 cm long; fowers pink or white, all along the stems; plants hairless or with a few hairs on the leaf stalks ...... Calystegia sepium ...... [Convolvulus sepium]

1b CUSCUTA Dodder ------01a Scales between the stamens oblong, usually rounded at the tip (not 2-lobed, rarely squared), ± reaching the flament bases, covering <1/3 of the corolla tube; styles (0.6)1.2-2.2 mm long; capsules 2.5-4.5(5.2) x 2-4(5) mm; seeds 1.35-1.7(2.4) x 1.2-1.5(1.6) mm; seAB ...... S1 1a ...... 01b Scales between the stamens broadly-oblong, squared to slightly 2-lobed at the tip, covering (1/3)1/2 of the corolla tube; styles 0.3-0.7(0.9) mm long; capsules 3.5-6.5(7) x 3-5(6) mm; seeds (1.8)2-2.5(2.8) x 1.5-1.65 mm; cAB ...... Cuscuta umbrosa S1

1b

19 CORNACEAE Dogwood Family

CORNUS Dogwood; Bunchberry 01a Plants woody shrubs, 1-3(4) m tall; fowers in branched, fat-topped clusters (cymes) 3-6 cm across; petals 2.5-4 mm long; fruits white; leaves paired ...... Cornus sericea

1a ...... [Cornus stolonifera] → 01b Plants herbaceous forbs, 5-20(25) cm tall; fowers tiny, in compact clusters at the centre of 4 showy, whitish, -like bracts (→); petals 1-2 mm long; fruits red; leaves in rings (whorls) 6 (rarely 4) near the stem tip .....02 02a Petals (on tiny fowers clustered at the centre of 4 showy, petal-like bracts) cream-colored; sepals cream-colored and membranous, with rounded tips; stem leaves at the frst joint below the upper whorl, scale-like and pale (without 1b; 2a ); widespread and common ...... Cornus canadensis 02b Petals purple-tipped; sepals mottled purple 2b and cream, thick, with pointed or rounded tips; stem leaves at the frst joint below the upper whorl, relatively well-developed and green (with chlorophyll); n Rockies, near BC ...... Cornus unalaschkensis S1

20 CRASSULACEAE Stonecrop Family Key to Genera 01a Flowers red or purple, with ♂ or ♀ or ♂+♀ parts, petals/sepals in 4s or 5s; leaves fat, (5)15-55 × 5-15(20) mm ...... Rhodiola integrifolia ...... [Tolmachevia integrifolia] 01b Flowers yellow, with ♂+♀ parts, petals/sepals in 5s; leaves ± cylindrical to fattened, 4-14 × 1-4(6) mm ......

1a SEDUM Stonecrop ------01a Stem leaves mostly paired (opposite), broadly oval to spherical ..... Sedum divergens S2 01b Stem leaves alternate, linear to narrowly lance-shaped ...... 02 02a Plants without basal leaf clusters (rosettes) 3a 1a and without daughter plants (offsets); stem leaves <5 mm long, persistent when dried ...... Sedum acre X 02b Plants with basal leaf clusters (rosettes) and producing daughter plants (offsets); stem leaves ± 10 mm long, shed when dried ...03 03a Flower clusters with bulblets replacing some fowers; leaves somewhat fattened, becoming thin and papery or brown; capsules widely spreading ...... Sedum stenopetalum 2a 03b Flower clusters without bulblets; leaves cylindrical, green or reddish; capsules erect...... Sedum lanceolatum 3b

21 DROSERACEAE 1a Sundew Family

DROSERA Sundew 01a Leaf-blades ± round to wider than long; seeds with fne, lengthwise ridges ...... rotundifolia 01b Leaf-blades much longer than wide; seeds with a network of bumps and depressions .02 02a Leaves linear; fowers 1-4; seeds diamond- to egg-shaped, 0.5-0.8 mm long ...... Drosera linearis 2a 2b 02b Leaves spatula-shaped, broadest towards the tip; fowers 1-9; seeds spindle-shaped, 1.0-1.5 mm long ...... Drosera anglica

22 ELAEAGNACEAE Oleaster Family

1a Key to Genera 01a Leaves and branches paired; stamens 8; fowers either ♂ or ♀, sexes on separate plants ...... Shepherdia 01b Leaves and branches alternate; stamens 2 or 4; fowers with ♂ and/or ♀ parts, both sexes on a plant ...... 02 02a Sepals and stamens 4; fowers (at least some) with ♂ and ♀ parts; berries silvery, dry and mealy ...... Elaeagnus 02b Sepals and stamens 2; fowers ♂ or ♀; berries orange, juicy .... rhamnoides X 2a 2b ------ELAEAGNUS Wolfwillow 01a Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, 3-8X as long as wide; branches spiny; twigs covered with white, star-shaped hairs; style base enclosed in a tubular disc. . .Elaeagnus angustifolia X 01b Leaves elliptic to lance-shaped, 1.5-3X as long as wide; branches not spiny; twigs covered with brown, star-shaped hairs; style base not enclosed in a tubular disc ...... 1a 1b ...... Elaeagnus commutata ------SHEPHERDIA Buffaloberry 01a Branches thorny; leaves oblong, silvery scaly on both sides ...... Shepherdia argentea 01b Branches not thorny; leaves oval, green and 1b ± hairless above, silvery and brown-mealy below ...... Shepherdia canadensis

1a

23 EUPHORBIACEAE Spurge Family EUPHORBIA Spurge 01a Plants usually sprawling, prostrate; leaves all paired; leaf blades usually asymmetric at the base; stipules on the stem between leaf stalks and formed from the fusion of two stipules (one from each leaf) ...... 02 01b Plants usually erect or ascending; leaves alternate on the lower stem, paired or in rings (whorls) on the upper stem; leaf blades symmetric at the base; stipules at the base of the leaf stalk or absent ...... 03 2a 02a Leaves narrowly-oblong to oblong-egg- 2b shaped, often with a few, tiny, scattered teeth near the tip and on the longer side; seeds with prominent, transverse ridges crossing (interrupting) the outer edge (keel) ...... Euphorbia glyptosperma ...... [Chamaesyce glyptosperma] 02b Leaves egg-shaped to broadly oblong, sharp- toothed (at least on the upper half); seeds pitted and faintly ridged but without prominent ridges crossing the keel ...... 4a ...... Euphorbia serpillifolia ...... [Chamaesyce serpyllifolia] 03a Plants perennial, with woody, spreading 4b rootstocks ...... 04 03b Plants annual, with taproots ...... 05 04a Leaves deeply notched at the base and often clasping the stem, oblong to egg-shaped, with distinct side veins ..... Euphorbia agraria X 04b Leaves not notched or clasping, linear, with indistinct side veins ...Euphorbia virgata XX ...... [Euphorbia esula, in error] 05a Leaf edges smooth; seeds regularly large- pitted; involucral glands usually with horns...... Euphorbia peplus X 5a 05b Leaf edges sharply toothed; seeds net-veined; involucral glands without horns...... X 5b ...... Euphorbia helioscopia

24 GENTIANACEAE Gentian Family → Key to Genera 01a Petals 4, each with a backward-pointing spur (→) at the base (at least in larger fowers) ...... defexa 01b Petals 4-5, not spurred at the base...... 02 02a Flowers ± wheel-shaped (rotate), with widely spreading lobes separated >1/2 way to the base; stamens attached at the base of the 1a fower ...... Lomatogonium rotatum 02b Flowers cylindrical to funnel- or cup-shaped, 2a with lobes shorter than the tube; stamens attached to the corolla tube ...... 03

3a 03a Flowers stalkless or short-stalked, with 1-2 → bracts at the base; corolla lobes 3-veined, mostly pointing upwards, alternating with conspicuous folds (→) (plaits); nectary glands on the stalk; calyx tubes usually with inner, membranous rims; plants mostly perennial ...... 03b Flowers clearly stalked, without basal bracts; corolla lobes 5- to 9-veined, ± spreading, without folds between; nectary glands at the base of the corolla alternating with the stamens; 4b calyx tubes without inner, membranous rims; plants annual or biennial ...... 04 04a Petals 20-40 mm long, with fringed tips and/ 4a or sides; sepals with thin, semi-translucent edges ...... 04b Petals 10-15(20) mm long, smooth edged or sparsely toothed (sometimes fringed on the inner side); sepals with green edges ...... Gentianella ------

GENTIANA Gentian 01a Plants large, stout and showy, 50-150 cm tall; leaves 10-30 x 4-12 cm; fowers yellow, ±2.5 cm across, with 5-7(9) petals, in dense clusters in upper leaf axils and at stem tips ...... Gentiana lutea X 01b Plants small and slender; leaves ≤4 cm long; fowers blue/purplish to white, with 5 petals; fowers 1-several, variously clustered .....02 1a 2b 02a Plants annual or biennial (rarely perennial), 1-10 cm tall, from a slender taproot; leaves 3-5 mm long, with translucent or whitish edges; 2a fowers single at stem tips...... 03 02b Plants perennial, (3)5-30 cm tall, from a stout rootstock; leaves 5-40 mm long, with green edges; fowers 1-several, in leaf axils and at stem tips ...... 04

25 03a Leaves with white, 0.5 mm wide edges; upper stem leaves strongly upward pointed and much narrower than the basal leaves; fowers white to pale blue, sometimes dark blue on the lower/outer surface .....Gentiana fremontii . [Gentiana aquatica; G. prostrata, in part] 03b Leaf edges scarcely white; upper stem leaves spreading to down-curved and similar to the 3a basal leaves; fowers medium to deep blue ...... Gentiana prostrata 3b 04a Basal leaf rosettes present at fowering time; stem leaves 0.5-1 cm long; petals 12-18 mm long, greenish blue ...... Gentiana glauca 04b Basal leaf rosettes absent at fowering time; stem leaves 1-7 cm long; petals 20-40 mm 4a long, deep blue or purple ...... 05 05a Flowers/capsules few to many, stalked, in branched clusters with leafy bracts; calyx lobes linear to narrowly lance-shaped, mostly <1.5 mm wide; corollas 2-3 cm long, with lobes mostly <7 mm long; leaves egg- to lance- shaped, ≥2X as long as wide, 4-9 mm wide; sepals and leaves pointed, fringed with hairs (cilia); seeds broadly winged; c-sAB ...... Gentiana affnis 05b Flowers/capsules 1(3) at stem tips, stalkless; calyx lobes broadly egg-shaped to oval, mostly >2 mm wide; corollas 3-4 cm long, with lobes 5.5-13 mm long; leaves broadly egg-shaped, usually <2X as long as wide, 9-14 mm wide; 5a 5b sepals and leaves blunt tipped, edged with tiny teeth (not hairs); seeds wingless; Crowsnest ------Pass-Waterton, swAB . Gentiana calycosa S2 → GENTIANELLA Dwarf-gentian 01a Corolla fringed in the throat (→); petal tips broadly pointed to blunt, smooth-edged; lowland sites throughout AB ...... Gentianella amarella 01b Corolla not fringed in the throat; petals tipped with a slender point (usually) or blunt and edged with teeth; alpine sites in the cordillera 1a 1b ...... Gentianella propinqua

------GENTIANOPSIS Fringed-gentian 01a Calyx base and usually at least 1 pair of ribs/keels green or purple and covered with tiny bumps (papillae); upper leaves pointed; uncommon but widespread, s half of AB ...... Gentianopsis virgata ...... [Gentianella crinita; G. macounii] 01b Calyx base and ribs/keels glossy purple, smooth or wrinkled, without papillae; upper leaves usually blunt tipped; n AB, n of Ft. McMurray ...... Gentianopsis detonsa S1 ...... [Gentianella detonsa] 1a 1b

26 GERANIACEAE Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves much longer than wide, pinnately veined and divided into leafets; stamens 5; 1b mature capsules spindle shaped, tipped with spirally twisted tails (→) (style segments) ...... Erodium cicutarium X 01b Leaves ± as long as wide, palmately veined and lobed; stamens 10; mature capsules round, tipped with up-curved style segments ...... Geranium GERANIUM Geranium

→ 1a 01a Plants annual or biennial, from weak taproots; petals 2-8(10) mm long, shorter than to slightly ------longer than the sepals ...... 02 01b Plants perennial, from rootstocks and/or persistent, thickened bases; petals 10-20 mm long, much longer than the sepals ...... 03 02a Flowers/ in compact clusters, with stalks ± as long the calyx; sepals broadly egg- shaped; beak of the fruit (1)1.5-2(2.5) mm long ...... Geranium carolinianum S2 02b Flowers/capsules in loose clusters, with stalks >2X as long as the calyx; sepals lance-shaped 2a to oblong egg-shaped; beak of the fruit (style- column) (3)4-5 ...... Geranium bicknellii 03a Petals long, soft-hairy on the lower 1/5-1/2 or more of the inner surface; styles with free tips ≥3 mm long; mature fruit stalks curved 2b downwards and bent sharply up at the tips 04 03b Petal hairless on the inner surface except at the fringed base; styles with free tips <3 mm long; mature fruit stalks curved (not sharply 4b bent upward) upwards ...... 05 04a Petals white or pink-tinged with pink or purple 4a veins, hairy within on the lower ≥1/2; leaves sparsely stiff-hairy, not glandular; style column (1.5)2-2.5 cm long. . Geranium richardsonii 04b Petals rose-purple to pink (rarely white) with darker veins, hairy within on the lower 1/5-1/4 (rarely more); leaves densely soft hairy and glandular (usually); style column 2.5-3 cm long ...... Geranium viscosissimum 05a flaments with conspicuous, soft, ≤3 mm-long hairs; free tips of styles ≤1/4 as long as the beak of the style-column; native, in the Jasper area ...... Geranium erianthum SH 5a 05b Stamen flaments with sparse, <0.5 mm-long hairs; free tips of styles ≥1/3 as long as the beak of the style-column; a relatively recent garden escape ...... Geranium pratense X 5b

27 HALORAGACEAE Watermilfoil Family

MYRIOPHYLLUM Watermilfoil 01a Leaf segments in 14-24 pairs, ascending; Eurasian, a noxious weed not yet found in AB, but in BC and MO, so anticipated ...... Myriophyllum spicatum XXX 01b Leaf segments in 4-14 pairs, mostly spreading; 1a native species, widespread in AB ...... 02 2a 02a Bracts (→) usually shorter than the fowers, egg-shaped, smooth-edged or minutely toothed; dried stems white ...... → ...... Myriophyllum sibiricum ...... [Myriophyllum exalbescens; Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens] 2b 02b Bracts (→) usually longer than the fowers, edged with long, slender lobes/teeth; dried

stems scarcely white...... → ...... Myriophyllum verticillatum

28 HYPERICACEAE St. John’s-wort Family [Clusiaceae]

HYPERICUM St. John’s-wort 01a Flowers purplish to fesh-colored, stamens 9, in 3 clusters, with flaments fused for 1/5-1/2 of their length; sterile stamens (staminodes) in 3 clusters, alternating with stamen clusters .... 1a ... Hypericum fraseri [Triadenum fraseri; ..... Hypericum virginianum var. fraseri] 01b Flowers yellow (sometimes red tinged or veined); stamens 12-100, in 3-5 clusters, with flaments fused slightly at the base; sterile stamens absent ...... 02 2a 02a Leaves not edged with black dots, lance- 3a shaped; petals 1-4 mm long, not black-dotted; stamens 12-21, not in clusters ...... Hypericum majus 02b Leaves edged with black dots, lance-shaped to ± round; petals 7-12 mm long, black-dotted on edges; stamens 75-100, in 3-5 clusters . 03 3b 03a Leaves oblong to rounded, with 4-5 pairs of branches on the midrib; stems without black glands; sepals oblong-elliptic to broadly egg- shaped, rounded at the tip; petals sometimes tinged red ...... Hypericum scouleri S1 ...... [Hypericum formosum] 03b Leaves lance-shaped, with 2-3 pairs of branches on the midrib; stems with lines of black glands; sepals lance-shaped to almost linear, pointed at the tip; petals not tinged red ...... Hypericum perforatum XXX

29 LENTIBULARIACEAE Bladderwort Family 1b Key to Genera 1a 01a Plants growing on , with leaves and fowers clearly visible; leaves undivided, smooth- edged, in a basal , with a buttery coating of sticky glands on the upper surface; fowers bluish violet; calyxes 5-lobed .... → 01b Plants mainly underwater or underground with only the fowers held above; leaves divided into slender segments, with specialized bladder- like leafets (→) for trapping invertebrates, alternate on the stem; fowers yellow; calyxes ------2-lobed ...... PINGUICULA Butterwort 01a Leaves 1-2, 4-10(15) mm long; fower stalks with dense, long, gland-tipped hairs; fowers 6-8 mm long ...... Pinguicula villosa 1a 1b 01b Leaves 5-7, 15-50 mm long; fower stalks hairless or with few, short, gland-tipped hairs; fowers 15-25 mm long . Pinguicula vulgaris UTRICULARIA Bladderwort 01a Plants semiaquatic, often growing on wet shores and appearing ± terrestrial; leaves ------obscure, mostly buried in wet substrates, simple, linear; bladders minute (0.3-0.8 mm long), on buried stems, rhizoids and leaves; fower stalks with 1 bract and 2 bractlets at the base; neAB ...... Utricularia cornuta S1 1a 01b Plants aquatic, growing in water; leaves evident, fnely branched or dissected; bladders usually well-developed and visible, borne on stems and/or leaves; fower stalks with 1 bract at the base ...... 02 02a Stems/branches of 2 types: whitish with several bladders and no leaves (→) and green with leaves and 0-few bladders (fewer than on whitish branches) on fattened leaf blades .03 02b Stems/branches all similar, green with leaves bearing bladders ...... 05

03a Flowers bright yellow, with a cylindrical spur parallel and ± equal to lower lip; smallest leaf 3a segments blunt-tipped, edged with (5)9-12(20) teeth; bladders on whitish, leafess stems only (rarely on leafy shoots), (1.5)2.5-5.5 mm; winter buds (turions) 7-11(15) mm long, densely white bristly . Utricularia intermedia 03b Flowers pale yellow, with a conical spur pointing down or ± forward and ≤1/2 as long as the lip; smallest leaf segments tapered to a

bristle-tipped point, edged with 0-7(10) teeth; → bladders on leafess whitish stems and on green leaves, 0.3-2.2(3.8) mm; winter buds round-egg-shaped, (1.5)2-3(3.5) mm long, green, with few bristles ...... 04

30 04a Bracts and scales (below fowers and on fower cluster stalks) purplish; leaf lobes smooth- edged; fowers 3.5-8 x 2-3 mm, the lower lip 4a; strongly down-curved on the sides and ± fat in 5b the centre, the spur ±2 mm long; capsules on wiry, down curved stalks; widespread in AB ...... Utricularia minor (in part) 04b Bracts and scales green; leaf lobes toothed; fowers 8-11 x 7-13 mm, the lower lip ± fat on the sides and conspicuously convex in the centre, the spur 1.5-3.2 mm long; capsules unknown; ecAB ...Utricularia ochroleuca S1 4b ...... [Utricularia stygia] 05a Plants coarse; stems ≥0.5 mm thick; leaves slightly fattened (± cylindrical), 15-90 mm long, pinnately divided; leafets thread-like, edged with bristles; bladders abundant; fowers bright yellow, 11-18 x 8-12 mm, with green, non-clasping bracts, in clusters of 3-15; lower lip petal spreading; spur red-veined, 4-9 mm long ...... Utricularia vulgaris ...... [Utricularia macroriza] 05b Plants delicate; stems <0.5 mm thick; leaves 5a fat, 2-8 mm long, (2)3-4(6) times palmately divided; leafets linear, sometimes very slender, smooth-edged; bladders few on leaves (more numerous on separate, whitish stems, when these are present); fowers pale yellow, tinged or striped purplish near the base, 3.5-8 x 2-3 mm, with purplish, clasping bracts, in clusters of 2-6(10); lower lip petal strongly down- curved; spur yellow, 1.5-3.2 mm long ...... Utricularia minor (in part)

31 LINACEAE Flax Family LINUM Flax 01a Flowers yellow; inner sepals (and sometimes 2b outer) edged with glands; stigmas terminal, head-like; capsule stalks 0.5-1 cm long ...02 01b Flowers blue; sepals without glands; stigmas 2a facing inward; capsule stalks 1-4 cm long .03 02a Styles 2.5-4 mm long; petals 6-9(11) mm long ...... Linum compactum 02b Styles 3-11 mm long; petals 10-18 mm long ...... Linum rigidum 03a Plants annual; leaves lance-shaped, 10-40 x 1.5-5 mm; fower stalks erect, 20-25 mm; sepals tapered to a long, slender point, fringed → with hairs (→) ..... Linum usitatissimum X 03b Plants perennial; leaves linear, 5-30 x 0.5- 3(4.5) mm; fower stalks arching to spreading, 5-20 mm; sepals blunt to short-pointed, not 3a fringed ...... Linum lewisii ...... [Linum perenne var. lewisii] 3b

32 MALVACEAE Mallow Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves heart-shaped, 10-20 cm wide, smooth- or wavy-edged; calyx-bractlets absent; fowers yellow ...... Abutilon theophrasti X 01b Leaves variously lobed, toothed or divided, not as above; calyx-bractlets present; fowers not yellow ...... 02 2a 02a Stigmas extending along the inner surface of slender style branches ...... Malva 02b Stigmas head-like, at the style tips ...... 03 03a Stems erect, 50-200 cm tall; petals rose- purple, 2-2.5 cm long; leaves maple-leaf shaped, 3- to 7-lobed, 4-15 cm long ...... Iliamna rivularis S1 03b Stems sprawling or ascending, 10-30 cm tall; petals orange-red, 1-2 cm long; leaves palmately divided into 3-5 leafets, 2-6 cm 1a long ...... Sphaeralcea coccinea

MALVA Mallow 01a Petals (16)20-30 mm long, deep bluish-purple; bracts between sepals egg-shaped to oblong X 3b ...... Malva sylvestris 01b Petals mostly ≤10 mm long, white to pale purple; bracts between sepals linear .....02 3a ------02a Mature sepals papery, greatly enlarged and spreading to expose the fruit; petals 3-4.5(5) mm long, white to pale lilac; fruit segments 2a (mericarps) edged with a narrow, toothed wing ...... Malva parvifora X 02b Mature sepals green, barely enlarged, usually enclosing the fruit; petals (3)5-13 mm long, 1a pink, purplish or lilac to whitish; fruit segments not winged but sometimes toothed ...... 03 03a Stems erect, (50)100-200(250) cm tall; leaf 3a blades (3)4-10(25) cm long; fower stalks thick and stiff in fruit ...... Malva verticillata X 03b Stems sprawling to ascending, 20-50(60) cm tall; leaf blades 1-3.5(6) cm long; fower stalks slender and fexible in fruit ......

04a Petals 3-6 mm long, ≈ the calyx; fower stalks 4-5 mm long, 10-24 mm in fruit; fruit strongly net-veined, with or without hairs ...... 4b Malva pusilla X [Malva rotundifolia, in part] 04b Petals 6-13 mm long, 2X longer than the calyx; fower stalks 10-50 mm, mostly +100 mm in fruit; fruit smooth-slightly rough/veined, hairy . 4a Malva neglecta X [Malva rotundifolia, in part]

33 MONTIACEAE Water-chickweed Family [, in part]

2a Key to Genera 01a Plants annual or perennial, with fbrous or ; stem leaves several, alternate; basal leaf rosettes absent ...... 2b 01b Plants perennial, with taproots or tuber- like ; stem leaves usually 2, paired (opposite); basal leaf rosettes usually present (absent in lanceolata) ...... 02 02a Flowers/capsules 1(2-3) per stalk; stamens 1a 4-12; stigmas 3-6; capsules splitting open around the circumference (the lid sometimes splitting upwards) ...... ------02b Flowers/capsules (2)3-9(20) per stalk; stamens 5(6); stigmas 3; capsules splitting lengthwise ...... Claytonia

CLAYTONIA Springbeauty 01a Leaves paired, 2 per stem, elliptic to broadly 1a lance-shaped; stem bases slender, from a deep-seated, round ...... Claytonia lanceolata 1b 01b Leaves basal, numerous, spatula-shaped; stem bases stout, woody, from thick-branched ------roots ...... Claytonia megarrhiza

LEWISIA Lewisia 01a Sepals 2; petals 5-9, 4-10 mm long; lowermost 1a 1b fower bracts in 1 pair . .Lewisia pygmaea S2 01b Sepals (4)5-9; petals 10-19, 18-35 mm long; lowest fower bracts in a whorl of 4-7(8) ...... Lewisia rediviva S1

------

MONTIA Montia 01a Plants annual, with weak, fbrous roots; lower leaves thin, linear, 1-3 mm wide; fowers nodding ...... Montia linearis S2 01b Plants perennial, with thick woody bases and slender, creeping rootstocks; lower leaves 1a thick, broadly egg- to spatula-shaped, 4-12 mm wide; fowers turned upwards ...... Montia parvifolia S1

1b

34 NYCTAGINACEAE Four-o’clock Family Key to Genera 01a Flowers stalkless, in head-like clusters with broad, separate bracts; fruits conspicuously winged ...... Tripterocalyx micranthus S2 ...... [Abronia micrantha] 01b Flowers stalked, in branched clusters 1b (panicles) with fused bracts forming a green, pink or reddish, corolla-like cup below small, umbrella-shaped fower clusters; fruits ribbed but not winged ......

MIRABILIS Four-o’clock 1a 01a Leaves linear, 1-10 mm wide; wart-like bumps ------on the fruits low, rounded and usually the same color as the main body, absent from the fruit ribs ...... Mirabilis linearis S2 01b Leaves lance- to egg-shaped, 10-80 mm wide; wart-like bumps on the fruits often prominent, rounded to angular and paler than the main body, sometimes present on the fruit ribs . .02 02a Leaves linear-lance-shaped (sometimes egg- shaped to triangular), 6-25 mm wide, stalkless 1a (lower ones sometimes short-stalked), with 2a a rounded or wedge-shaped base; fower clusters ± hairy, often with sticky glands ...... Mirabilis albida [Mirabilis hirsuta] 02b Leaves egg- and heart-shaped or broadly triangular, 20-65 mm wide, distinctly stalked, with a notched base; fower clusters without hairs and/or glands (rarely silky hairy) ...... 2b ...... Mirabilis nyctaginea X

35 NYMPHAEACEAE Waterlily Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves ≥10 cm wide, with pinnate veins and rounded basal lobes; sepals yellow, petal-like, 6(9); petals small, hidden by the anthers and sepals; disc smooth- to wavy-edged, 8-20 mm wide; ovaries above the base of the sepals ...Nuphar variegata [Nuphar lutea] 01b Leaves <7 cm wide, with palmate veins and pointed (usually) basal lobes; sepals green, 4; petals white; stigma disc edged with 5-10(12) distinct appendages; ovaries partly below the 1a base of the sepals...... 1b

------NYMPHAEA Waterlily 01a Stigma-discs edged with 3-4 mm long 1a appendages; sepals with prominent lines of attachment that leave a rectangular imprint on the fower base (receptacle); petals 10-17; stamens 30-70, yellow-orange, usually purple- tinged beneath .... S2 1b 01b Stigma-discs edged with 0.6-1.5 mm long appendages; sepals without prominent marks of attachment; petals 8-15; stamens 20-40, yellow ...... Nymphaea leibergii S2

36 OLEACEAE Olive Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves pinnately divided into 5-9 leafets; fowers tiny, inconspicuous, without petals; fruits winged samaras; trees; widely planted, native populations rare along rivers in seAB . S2 1a ...... Fraxinus pennsylvanica 01b Leaves simple, undivided; fowers conspicuous, in showy pyramidal clusters, with 4 petals; fruits ± woody capsules with 1b winged seeds; shrubs ... Syringa vulgaris X

37 PAPAVERACEAE 1a Poppy Family [includes Fumariaceae]

Key to Genera

1b 01a Flowers radially symmetrical; stamens many; petals 4-6 ...... 02 01b Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; stamens 6; petals 4 [Fumariaceae] ...... 04 02a Stem juice white, milky; capsules egg-shaped to round, open by pores at the tip ... 02b Stem juice cleara or orange, watery; capsules cylindrical, open at the base 03a Leaves 3X divided in 3s, the smallest segments slender, linear; stem juice clear ...... 3a X 2a ...... Escholscholzia californica 2b 03b Leaves pinnately divided into 5-9 leafets/ lobes; stem juice orange ...... Chelidonium majus X 04a Flowers deep- to reddish-purple; fruits 1-seeded nutlets, ± spherical, not splitting open ...... Fumaria offcinalis X 04b Flowers yellow, blue, bluish purple or pinkish; 3b fruits several-seeded capsules, egg-shaped to elongated, splitting open lengthwise ...... 05 05a Plants sprawling to ascending, usually 10-30 cm tall; fowers yellow; capsules spreading or hanging ...... aurea 05b Plants erect, usually 30-60 cm tall; fowers 4a purplish pink, with yellow tips; capsules ascending ...... Capnoides sempervirens ...... [Corydalis sempervirens]

4a

4b

38 PAPAVER Poppy 01a Plants annual, exotic; stem leaves present; capsules hairless ...... 02 01b Plants perennial, native (except P. nudicaule); stem leaves absent; capsules stiff-hairy ...03 02a Upper leaves clasping the stem; petals 2-6 cm 2b long; capsules 2.5-5 cm long ...... Papaver somniferum X 02b Upper leaves not clasping; petals 1.5-3.5 cm long; capsules 1.5-2 cm . .Papaver rhoeas X 2a 03a Plants (15)20-40 cm tall; fowers >3 cm across; capsule hair bases ivory; exotic species of disturbed areas ...... Papaver nudicaule X 03b Plants 5-15(17) cm tall; fowers <3 cm across; capsule hair bases ivory, brown or black; native species of alpine slopes ...... 04 04a Bases of capsule hairs light brown; leaves 3a densely white hairy above and beneath, the lobes with pointed or blunt tips; fower stalks white hairy, often densely; fowers 2-3 cm wide; mtns from Banff n .... Papaver kluanensis ...... [Papaver freedmanianum; ...... Papaver radicatum ssp. kluanense] 4a 04b Bases of capsule hairs ivory; leaves sparsely bristly-hairy above, ± hairless beneath, the lobes with blunt or rounded tips; fower stalks 4b with a few spreading hairs; fowers 1-2 cm wide; Waterton area Papaver pygmaeum S1

39 POLEMONIACEAE Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves undivided (entire) ...... 02 01b Leaves deeply lobed or divided into leafets 04 3a 02a Leaves paired (opposite); plants perennial, 2a in dense tufts or mats from well-developed rootstocks ...... Phlox 02b Leaves alternate (at least the uppermost); plants annual, from slender taproots .....03 03a Calyx enlarging to cover the capsule; leaves alternate ...... Collomia linearis 03b Calyx not enlarging to cover the capsule; lower leaves paired, upper leaves alternate ...... Microsteris gracilis [Phlox gracilis] S1 04a Leaves divided into numerous leafets; fowers blue, usually >1 cm long and/or wide; plants perennial, from well-developed rootstocks ...... 3b 4a 04b Leaves divided into slender paired or fnger- like lobes; fowers white, pale blue or lavender, <1 cm long/wide; plants annual, from slender taproots ...... 05 05a Leaves paired, stalkless, divided into 3-9, soft, linear fnger-like segments; calyx-lobes equal ...... Leptosiphon septentrionalis S2 ...... [Linanthus septentrionalis] 05b Leaves alternate, edged with ± paired, needle- like lobes; calyx lobes unequal, needle-like ...... Navarretia leucocephala ...... [Navarretia minima] 5a 5b ------PHLOX Phlox 01a Leaves awl-shaped, 4-12x<2 mm, with woolly hairs at the base (→) (edges sometimes obscurely white and/or fringed); petals 8-10 mm long, the tube slightly longer than the

sepals ...... Phlox hoodii → 01b Leaves lance-shaped to oblong, 10-18x2-4 mm, without woolly hairs, lower edges thick, 1a white, fringed with hairs (→); petals 15-18 mm long, the tube much longer than the sepals . .

...... Phlox alyssifolia S2 1b →

40 POLEMONIUM Jacob’s-ladder 01a Leafets numerous, deeply cut into 2-5 parts, appearing to form rings (whorls); fowers broadly funnel-shaped, 15-30 mm long, with tubes longer than petal lobes, in dense, head- like clusters; flaments without appendages at the base ...... Polemonium viscosum 01b Leafets undivided, in pairs; fowers bell- shaped, with tubes shorter than petal lobes, 1a in loose, open clusters; flaments with appendages at the base ...... 02 02a Stems several, tufted from a branched base; 2a petals hairless, with rounded tips, 5-10(13) mm long; plants 10-30 cm tall, in dry, rocky sites ...... Polemonium pulcherrimum 02b Stems single, from short, unbranched rootstocks; petals hairy, with pointed tips, 10- 20 mm long; plants (15)40-100 cm tall, in wet to moist sites ...... 03 03a Stamens projecting from the fower, not noticeably shorter than the styles ...... 3a ...... Polemonium acutiforum 03b Stamens included within the fower, noticeably 3b shorter than the styles ...... Polemonium occidentale

41 POLYGALACEAE Milkwort family Key to Genera 01a Flowers 1-4, rose-purple, 13-19 mm, in loose, short clusters; stems (1)5-15 cm tall ...... paucifolia S2 1a ...... [ paucifolia] 1b 01b Flowers many, white, 4-5 mm wide, in dense, elongating clusters (); stems 10-50 cm tall ...... Polygala senega

42 RHAMNACEAE Buckthorn Family Key to Genera 01a Leaves with 3 main veins from the base; 2a fowers in a dense pyramidal clusters 1a (panicles) at branch tips; fruits dry, 3-lobed capsules, splitting into 3 one-seeded nutlets ...... Ceanothus velutinus S2 01b Leaves with 1 main vein plus strong, arched, pinnate side veins; fowers in leaf/branch axils, in small clusters or solitary; fruits juicy, black, berry-like (drupes), containing (2)3-4 nutlets ...... 02 02a Plants shrubs 0.5-1(1.5) m tall, without thorns; → leaves alternate, with (4)5-7 pairs of side veins; fower parts in 5s Endotropis alnifolia 2b ...... [Rhamnus alnifolia] 02b Plants shrubs or trees (1)2-8 m tall, armed with thorns (→); leaves usually ± paired, with 2-4 pairs of side veins; fower parts in 4s ...... Rhamnus cathartica XXX

43 RUBIACEAE 1a Bedstraw Family

Key to Genera 01a Stem leaves in pairs; stems erect, 5-20(25) cm

→ tall/long ...... Houstonia longifolia ...... [Hedyotis longifolia] 01b Stem leaves in rings (whorls); stems erect or sprawling, (10)20-50+ cm long ...... 02 02a Flowers narrowly funnel-shaped, with lobes much shorter than the long, slender tube, borne in compact heads with a ring of leafy 2a bracts (→) at the base . arvensis X 02b Flowers wheel-shaped, with widely spreading 2b lobes ≥ the tube, borne in open, fat-topped clusters (cymes) ...... ------GALIUM Bedstraw 01a Leaves in rings of 4 (mostly) ...... 02 01b Leaves in rings of 6-8 ...... 05 02a Stems erect; leaves 3-nerved; ovary/fruit hairy ...... 03 02b Stems weak, matted or angled upwards; leaves 1-nerved; ovary/fruit without hairs . .04 3a 03a Plants perennial, from creeping rootstocks; 3b stems (8)20-60 cm tall, with 0-few branches; leaves 3-nerved; fowers 3-5 mm wide, in branched clusters ...... Galium boreale 03b Plants annual from slender taproots; stems 3-25 cm tall, freely branched; leaves 1-nerved; fowers ≤1 mm wide, single; subalpine sites, swAB ...... Galium bifolium S1 04a Flowers 3-lobed; stems barbed with stiff hairs; leaves spreading, often barbed with stiff-hairs on the midrib ...... Galium trifdum 4a 04b Flowers 4-lobed; stems mostly hairless (not rough to touch); leaves often bent back/down, usually hairless on the midrib ...... Galium labradoricum

05a Leaves linear, strongly rolled under on the edges, in rings of 6-12; stems fnely hairy between joints, not rough-barbed on the angles; fowers yellow ..... Galium verum X 05b Leaves lance-shaped to elliptic, not strongly rolled under, in rings of 6-8; stems hairless between the joints, the angles mostly rough- barbed with stiff hairs (at least below); fowers white ...... 06

4b 5a

44 7b

6a 06a Leaves in rings of 6, elliptic, usually >3 mm wide and 3-4X longer than wide; native, wide- spread in moist woods ....Galium triforum 06b Leaves in rings of 6-8, narrowly lance-shaped, sometimes widest above mid-leaf, ≤2 mm wide, >4X longer than wide; introduced weeds of felds and disturbed ground ...... 07 07a Flowers 1.0-1.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; fruits 1.5-2.8 mm long (excluding spines) ...... Galium spurium X 7a 07b Flowers 1.6-2 mm wide, white; fruits mostly 3-4 mm long (excluding spines) ...... Galium aparine X

45 SANTALACEAE Sandalwood Family [Comandraceae & Thesiaceae in FNA] Key to Genera 01a Fruits nut-like; leaves linear, 1-3 mm wide, edged with tiny teeth; stems highly branched; fowers numerous, in many-branched clusters with leaf-like bracts .....Thesium ramosum ...... [Thesium arvense, in error] X 01b Fruits feshy, ± berry-like (drupes); leaves 2a lance-shaped to elliptic, smooth-edged; stems simple or few-branched; fower clusters not as 1a above ...... 02 02a Flowers whitish, several, in branched clusters at stem tips and in upper leaf axils; sepals much longer than wide; leaves thick, mostly linear-lanceolate, with pointed tips; fruits dry, green to blue ...... Comandra umbellata 02b Flowers bronze to greenish, usually in 3s, in leaf axils near mid-stem; sepals triangular, ± as long as wide; leaves thin, mostly oval, with 2b rounded tips; fruits juicy, scarlet ...... lividum

46 SAPINDACEAE [Aceraceae] Soapberry Family

ACER Maple 1a 01a Leaves undivided (simple), with 3-5 radiating (digitate) lobes; petals present; fowers in rounded clusters (corymbs), with ♂ and ♀ 1b parts on the same or separate fowers/plants; montane slopes in the cordillera ...... Acer glabrum 01b Leaves pinnately divided into 3-5 leafets; petals absent; fowers in elongating clusters (racemes), with ♂ and ♀ parts on separate plants; widespread in AB as a garden escape, possibly a few rare native populations ...... Acer negundo SU

47 SOLANACEAE Nightshade Family Key to Genera 01a Shrubs, often spiny .... barbarum X ...... [Lycium halimifolium] 01b Herbs (sometimes woody at the base), without 1a spines ...... 02 3a 02a Flowers ± wheel-shaped with widely spreading petals (rotate); fruits berries ...... 03 02b Flowers bell- or funnel-shaped to tubular; fruits capsules or berries ...... 04 03a Leaves alternate; mature calyx not covering the berry; stamens joined in a tube around the style; anthers opening by pores or short slits at the tip ...... Solanum 03b Leaves in pairs; mature calyx enlarged and

→ covering the berry (→); stamens not joined in a tube; anthers opening by a lengthwise slit . . → 3b Leucophysalis grandifora S1 ...... [Chamaesaracha grandifora] 04a Flowers ± stalkless, numerous, in large, 1-sided, elongating clusters (racemes); bracts and upper leaves ± stalkless; fruits ± round capsules enclosed in enlarged, papery calyxes (→), opening at the top (with a lid) ...... 4a ...... Hyoscyamus niger XX 04b Flowers stalked, 1-3 in leaf axils; upper leaves stalked (mostly); fruits not as above ...... 05 5a 05a Calyx tubular, 3.5-5 cm long; corolla 3-5 cm wide; fruits erect, spiny capsules 3-5 cm wide ...... Datura stramonium X 05b Calyx small, but infating to ±1 cm diameter to cover the berry; corolla 1.5-2 cm wide; fruits nodding, pulpy, purplish berries ...... Physalis ixocarpa X ...... [Physalis philadelphica]

5b ------SOLANUM Nightshade 01a Perennials with twining, vine-like stems up to 300 cm long, woody at the base; fowers deep purple, in clusters with 7-14 fowers; fruits red, clearly visible ...... Solanum dulcamara X 01b Annuals with erect to sprawling (not twining) stems 5-40(60) cm long, herbaceous; fowers white or yellow, in clusters of <7 fowers (usually); fruits yellow, green, black, sometimes covered by sepals ...... 02 1a

48 02a Stems and leaves spiny; fowers yellow, 2-3 cm wide, with lobes 5-10 mm long; lower leaf surfaces with mainly star-shaped hairs...... Solanum rostratum X 02b Stems and leaves not spiny; fowers white, <1 cm wide, with lobes 1-3 mm long; lower leaf surface hairless or with simple hairs ...... 03 03a Leaves deeply pinnately lobed; native ...... 2a ...... Solanum triforum 03b Leaves toothed or wavy-edged; exotic ....04

3a 04a Stems with long, spreading, glandular hairs; fruits greenish or yellow, the lower ½ cupped in a 4-6 mm long calyx ...... Solanum nitidibaccatum X ...... [Solanum physalifolium; ...... Solanum sarrachoides] 04b Stems hairless or with scattered, short, fat- 4b lying hairs; fruits black, not cupped by the 2-3 mm long calyx ...... Solanum nigrum X

4a

49 ULMACEAE Elm Family

→ ULMUS Elm 01a Leaves 10-15 cm long, asymmetric at the base (→), edged with single teeth, mostly rough to 1a touch on the upper surface; twigs grey-brown, distinctly zigzagged; . . . Ulmus americana X 01b Leaves 2-7 cm long, edged with single teeth, ± symmetric at the base, smooth on the upper side; twigs pale grey, ± straight ...... Ulmus pumila X

1b

50 URTICACEAE Nettle Family Key to Genera 1a 2a 01a Plants without stinging hairs; leaves smooth- edged, alternate, without stipules ...... Parietaria pensylvanica 01b Plants with stinging hairs; leaves toothed, alternate or opposite, with stipules ...... 02 02a Leaves alternate; styles present, even in fruit ...... canadensis S1 02b Leaves paired (opposite); styles absent ...... Urtica

URTICA Nettle

2b 01a Plants annual, from taproots; leaves elliptic, ------1.8-9 × 1.2-4.5 cm; ♂ and ♀ fowers in mixed clusters shorter than the leaf stalks; achenes 1.5-2.5 mm long ...... Urtica urens X 01b Plants perennial, from spreading rootstocks (rhizomes); leaves egg to lance-shaped, 6-20 × 2-13 cm; ♂ and ♀ fowers mostly in separate clusters, the ♀ clusters nodding to hanging, the ♂ clusters erect to ascending; achenes 1.0-1.5 mm long ..... Urtica dioica

1b 1a

51 References

Alberta Conservaton Informaton Management System (ACIMS). 2017. List of all Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - July 2017.in A. Parks, editor. ACIMS, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. Briton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated fora of the northern United States and Canada.reprinted by Dover Publicatons in 1970 editon. Dover Publicatons, Inc., , New York. Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2017. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. htp://data. canadensys.net/vascan/ Costea, M., Guy L. Nesom, and S. Stefanovic. 2006. Taxonomy of Cuscuta gronovii and Cuscuta umbrosa (Convolvulariaceae). Sida 22:197-207. Costea, M. and F. J. Tardif. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds. 133. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, C. gronovii Willd. ex Schult., C. umbrosa Beyr. exHook., C. epithymum (L.) L. and C. epilinum Weihe. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. Natonal Research Council, Otawa, ON. Crow, G. E. 2014. Lentbulariaceae - provisional text. Flora of North America. htp:// foranorthamerica.org/fles/Lentbulariaceae%20provisional.pdf Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1999. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 3. Dicotyledons (Diapensiaceae through Onagraceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, , Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1999. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 4. Dicotyledons (Orobanchaceae through Rubiaceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2000. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 5. Dicotyledons (Salicaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, and D. Meidinger. 1990. The vascular plants of Britsh Columbia. Part 2: Dicotyledons (Diapensiaceae through Portulacaceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, and D. Meidinger. 1991. The vascular plants of Britsh Columbia. Part 3: Dicotyledons (Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Britsh Columbia. Farrar, J. L. 1995. Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, Markham, . Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8 editon. American Book Company, New York, New York. Flora North America Editorial Commitee. 2008-10. Flora North America website. Oxford University Press. Accessed, 2014-2016. www.fna.org. Flora North America Associaton. 2018. Flora North America Website. Online data accessed December 2015 to June 2016. htp://www.eforas.org Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2 editon. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Great Plains Flora Associaton. 1977. Flora of the Great Plains. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

52 Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Vascular plants of the Pacifc Northwest. Volume 5. University of Press, Seatle, Washington. Jepson Flora Project (eds.). 2018. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium, University of , Berkeley, CA. Accessed. htp://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/efora/. Lesica, P. 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. Botanical Research Insttute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas. Looman, J. and K. F. Best. 1979. Budd’s fora of the Canadian prairie provinces. No. 1662. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, . Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta. 2nd editon. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario. Polunin, O. 1988. Wild fowers of Britain and northern . William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., London, England. Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Ofce Consolidaton. Alberta Regulaton 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulaton 125/2016. Published by Alberta Queen’s Printer. Accessed on-line at www. qp.alberta.ca. Rydberg, P. A. 1932. Flora of the prairies and plains of central North America. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, New York. Scoggan, H. J. 1978-1979. The fora of Canada. Natonal Museum of Natural Sciences, Natonal Museums of Canada, Otawa, Ontario. University of Alberta Herbarium. 2018. Online Vascular Plant Herbarium.University of Alberta Museums, Edmonton, AB. Accessed 2018. htp://vascularplant. museums.ualberta.ca/. University of Herbarium. 2018. Michigan Online Flora. University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI. Accessed 2018. michiganfora.net. Zika, P. 2009. Jewelweeds and touch-me-nots (Impatens, Balsaminaceae) in the Pacifc Northwest of North America. Botanical Electronic News (BEN). Dr. A Ceska, Victoria, BC.

53 List of Species and Illustration Sources Illus. Illus. Scientfc Name Scientfc Name Source Source Abutlon theophrast B&B Acer glabrum H&C Comandra umbellata H&C B&B; Convolvulus arvensis H&C Acer negundo H&C Cornus canadensis H&C Adoxa moschatellina H&C Cornus sericea H&C Alnus alnobetula H&C Cornus unalaschkensis LK Alnus incana H&C Corydalis aurea H&C Apocynum androsaemifolium H&C Apocynum cannabinum (incl. Corylus cornuta H&C H&C sibiricum) Cuscuta gronovii JM; LK Aralia nudicaulis H&C Cuscuta umbrosa LK Asclepias ovalifolia B&B Datura stramonium H&C Asclepias speciosa H&C Downingia laeta H&C Asclepias viridifora B&B Drosera anglica H&C Asperula arvensis LK Drosera linearis JM Berberis vulgaris B&B Drosera rotundifolia H&C H&C; Betula glandulosa B&B Elaeagnus angustfolia BC Betula nana ssp. exilis B&B Elaeagnus commutata H&C Betula neoalaskana BC; LK Endotropis alnifolia H&C Betula occidentalis H&C; LK Erodium cicutarium H&C Betula papyrifera H&C Eschscholzia californica H&C Betula pumila H&C Escobaria vivipara H&C Calystegia macounii LK Euphorbia agraria LK Calystegia sepium H&C Euphorbia glyptosperma H&C Campanula alaskana H&C Euphorbia helioscopia H&C Campanula aparinoides B&B Euphorbia peplus H&C Campanula glomerata B&B Euphorbia serpillifolia H&C Campanula lasiocarpa H&C Euphorbia virgata esula H&C Campanula rapunculoides B&B Fraxinus pennsylvanica B&B Campanula unifora H&C Fumaria ofcinalis H&C Cannabis satva B&B Galium aparine H&C Capnoides sempervirens H&C Galium bifolium H&C Ceanothus velutnus H&C Galium boreale H&C Chelidonium majus B&B Galium labradoricum B&B Claytonia lanceolata H&C Galium spurium BC Claytonia megarhiza H&C Galium trifdum H&C; LK Collomia linearis H&C Galium triforum H&C

54 Illus. Illus. Scientfc Name Scientfc Name Source Source Galium verum H&C Lewisia pygmaea H&C Gentana afnis H&C Lewisia rediviva H&C Gentana calycosa H&C Linnaea borealis H&C Gentana fremonti JM Linum compactum LK Gentana glauca JM Linum lewisii H&C Gentana lutea LK Linum rigidum H&C Gentana prostrata H&C Linum usitatssimum H&C Gentanella amarella H&C Lobelia dortmanna H&C Gentanella propinqua H&C; JM Lobelia kalmii H&C Gentanopsis detonsa H&C Lobelia spicata JM Gentanopsis virgata JM Lomatogonium rotatum H&C Geocaulon lividum H&C Lonicera dioica H&C Geranium bicknellii H&C Lonicera involucrata H&C Geranium carolinianum H&C Lonicera tatarica B&B Geranium erianthum JM Lonicera utahensis H&C Geranium pratense B&B Lonicera villosa H&C Geranium richardsonii H&C; JM Lycium barbarum H&C Geranium viscosissimum H&C Mahonia repens H&C Halenia defexa H&C Malva neglecta B&B; LK Hippophae rhamnoides LK Malva parvifora H&C Houstonia longifolia B&B Malva pusilla LK Hudsonia tomentosa B&B; JM Malva sylvestris H&C Humulus lupulus H&C Malva vertcillata B&B Hyoscyamus niger H&C Microsteris gracilis H&C Hypericum fraseri BC Mirabilis albida JM Hypericum majus H&C Mirabilis linearis H&C Hypericum perforatum B&B; Mirabilis nyctaginea H&C H&C Hypericum scouleri H&C Monta linearis H&C Iliamna rivularis H&C Monta parvifolia H&C Impatens capensis LK; B&B Myriophyllum sibiricum BC; LK Impatens glandulifera H&C Myriophyllum spicatum BC Impatens noli-tangere LK; H&C Myriophyllum vertcillatum BC; LK Knauta arvensis H&C Navarreta leucocephala H&C Laportea canadensis B&B Nuphar variegata H&C Lechea intermedia B&B Nymphaea leibergii LK; BC Leptosiphon septentrionalis H&C Nymphaea tetragona LK Leucophysalis grandifora B&B Oplopanax horridus H&C

55 Illus. Illus. Scientfc Name Scientfc Name Source Source Opunta fragilis H&C Solanum nigrum H&C Opunta polyacantha H&C Solanum nitdibaccatum H&C Papaver kluanense BC Solanum rostratum H&C Papaver nudicaule BC Solanum triforum H&C Papaver pygmaeum H&C Sphaeralcea coccinea H&C Papaver rhoeas H&C Symphoricarpos albus H&C Papaver somniferum H&C Symphoricarpos occidentalis H&C Parietaria pensylvanica H&C Syringa vulgaris B&B Parnassia fmbriata H&C Thesium ramosum [arvense] LK Parnassia kotzebuei H&C Toxicodendron radicans H&C Parnassia palustris H&C Tripterocalyx micranthus H&C Parnassia parvifora H&C Ulmus americana B&B Paxistma myrsinites H&C Ulmus pumila BC Peritoma serrulata H&C Urtca dioica H&C Phlox alyssifolia H&C Urtca urens H&C Phlox hoodii H&C Utricularia cornuta B&B Physalis ixocarpa B&B Utricularia intermedia H&C; JM Pinguicula villosa B&B Utricularia minor B&B Pinguicula vulgaris H&C Utricularia ochroleuca H&C Polanisia dodecandra H&C Utricularia vulgaris H&C Polemonium acutforum JM Valeriana dioica H&C Polemonium occidentale H&C Valeriana sitchensis H&C Polemonium pulcherrimum H&C Viburnum edule H&C Polemonium viscosum H&C Viburnum opulus H&C Polygala senega B&B B&B; JM Rhamnus cathartca LK Key to Illustration Sources Rhodiola integrifolia H&C B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown (1913) Rhus aromatca H&C Sambucus racemosa H&C BC = Douglas et. al. 1999-2000 - courtesy Sedum acre H&C of the Province of Sedum divergens H&C H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Sedum lanceolatum H&C Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson (1955-69) Sedum stenopetalum H&C JM = John Maywood. Shepherdia argentea H&C Shepherdia canadensis H&C LK = Linda Kershaw Solanum dulcamara H&C

56 Index rapunculoides 11 Abutilon unifora 11 theophrasti 33 Campanulaceae 11 Acer 47, 50 Cannabaceae 13 glabrum 47 Cannabis negundo 47 sativa 13 Adoxa Capnoides moschatellina 2 sempervirens 38 Adoxaceae 2 Capparidaceae 18 Alnus 8 Caprifoliaceae 14 alnobetula 8 Ceanothus incana 8 velutinus 43 Anacardiaceae 3 Celastraceae 16 Apocynaceae 4 Chelidonium Apocynum 4 majus 38 androsaemifolium 4 Cistaceae 17 cannabinum 4 Claytonia 34 Aralia lanceolata 34 nudicaulis 5 megarrhiza 34 Araliaceae 5 Cleomaceae 18 Asclepias 4 Clusiaceae 29 ovalifolia 4 Collomia speciosa 4 linearis 40 viridifora 4 Comandra Asperula umbellata 46 arvensis 44 Convolvulaceae 19 Balsaminaceae 6 Convolvulus Berberidaceae 7 arvensis 19 Berberis Cornaceae 20 vulgaris 7 Cornus 20 Betula 8 canadensis 20 glandulosa 9 sericea 20 nana 9 unalaschkensis 20 neoalaskana 9 Corydalis occidentalis 9 aurea 38 papyrifera 9 Corylus pumila 9 cornuta 8 Betulaceae 8 Crassulaceae 21 Cactaceae 10 Cuscuta 19 Calystegia 19 gronovii 19 macounii 19 umbrosa 19 sepium 19 Datura Campanula 11 stramonium 48 alaskana 11 Downingia aparinoides 11 laeta 11 glomerata 11 Drosera 22 lasiocarpa 11 anglica 22 57 linearis 22 detonsa 26 rotundifolia 22 virgata 26 Droseraceae 22 Geocaulon Elaeagnaceae 23 lividum 46 Elaeagnus 23 Geraniaceae 27 angustifolia 23 Geranium 27 commutata 23 bicknellii 27 Endotropis carolinianum 27 alnifolia 43 erianthum 27 Erodium pratense 27 cicutarium 27 richardsonii 27 Escholscholzia viscosissimum 27 californica 38 Halenia Escobaria defexa 25 vivipara 10 Haloragaceae 28 Euphorbia 24 Hippophae glyptosperma 24 rhamnoides 23 helioscopia 24 Houstonia peplus 24 longifolia 44 serpillifolia 24 Hudsonia virgata 24 tomentosa 17 Euphorbiaceae 24 Humulus Fraxinus lupulus 13 pennsylvanica 37 Hyoscyamus Fumaria niger 48 ofcinalis 38 Hypericum 29 Galium 44 fraseri 29 aparine 45 majus 29 bifolium 44 perforatum 29 boreale 44 scouleri 29 labradoricum 44 virginianum spurium 45 var. fraseri. See Hypericum fraseri trifdum 44 Iliamna triforum 45 rivularis 33 verum 44 Impatiens 6 Gentiana 25 capensis 6 afnis 26 glandulifera 6 calycosa 26 noli-tangere 6 fremontii 26 Knautia glauca 26 arvensis 14 lutea 25 Laportea prostrata 26 canadensis 51 Gentianaceae 25 Lechea Gentianella 25, 26 intermedia 17 amarella 26 Lentibulariaceae 30 propinqua 26 Leptosiphon Gentianopsis 25, 26 septentrionalis 40

58 Leucophysalis sibiricum 28 grandifora 48 spicatum 28 Lewisia 34 verticillatum 28 pygmaea 34 Navarretia rediviva 34 leucocephala 40 Linaceae 32 Nuphar Linnaea variegata 36 borealis 14 Nyctaginaceae 35 Linum 32 Nymphaea 36 compactum 32 leibergii 36 lewisii 32 tetragona 36 rigidum 32 Nymphaeaceae 36 usitatissimum 32 Oleaceae 37 Lobelia 11, 12 Oplopanax dortmanna 12 horridus 5 kalmii 12 Opuntia 10 spicata 12 fragilis 10 Lomatogonium polyacantha 10 rotatum 25 Papaver 38, 39 Lonicera 14 kluanensis 39 dioica 14 nudicaule 39 involucrata 14 pygmaeum 39 tartarica 15 rhoeas 39 utahensis 15 somniferum 39 villosa 15 Papaveraceae 38 Lycium Parietaria barbarum 48 pensylvanica 51 Mahonia Parnassia 16 repens 7 fmbriata 16 Malva 33 palustris 16 neglecta 33 parvifora 16 parvifora 33 Parnassia. pusilla 33 kotzebuei 16 sylvestris 33 Parnassiaceae 16 verticillata 33 Paxistima Malvaceae 33 myrsinites 16 Microsteris Peritoma gracilis 40 serrulata 18 Mirabilis 35 Phlox 40 albida 35 alyssifolia 40 linearis 35 hoodii 40 nyctaginea 35 Physalis Montia 34 ixocarpa 48 linearis 34 Pinguicula 30 parvifolia 34 villosa 30 Montiaceae 34 vulgaris 30 Myriophyllum 28 Polanisia

59 dodecandra 18 ramosum 46 Polemoniaceae 40 Toxicodendron Polemonium 40, 41 radicans 3 acutiforum 41 Triadenum occidentale 41 fraseri. See Hypericum fraseri pulcherrimum 41 Tripterocalyx viscosum 41 micranthus 35 Polygala Ulmaceae 50 senega 42 Ulmus 50 Polygalaceae 42 americana 50 Polygaloides pumila 50 paucifolia 42 Urtica 51 Rhamnaceae 43 dioica 51 Rhamnus urens 51 cathartica 43 Urticaceae 51 Rhodiola Utricularia 30 integrifolia 21 cornuta 30 Rhus intermedia 30 aromatica 3 minor 31 Rubiaceae 44 ochroleuca 31 Sambucus vulgaris 31 racemosa 2 Valeriana 14, 15 Santalaceae 46 dioica 15 Sapindaceae 47 sitchensis 15 Sedum 21 Viburnum 2 acre 21 edule 2 divergens 21 opulus 2 lanceolatum 21 stenopetalum 21 Shepherdia 23 argentea 23 canadensis 23 Solanaceae 48 Solanum 48, 49 dulcamara 48, 50 nigrum 49 nitidibaccatum 49 rostratum 49 triforum 49 Sphaeralcea coccinea 33 Symphoricarpos 14, 15 albus 15 occidentalis 15 Syringa vulgaris 37 Tesium

60