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A Sheffield Hallam University Thesis Interdependence and tension around cultural tourism in city destinations. SU, Rui. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20409/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20409/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. 102 046 627 8 Sheffield Haliam University Learning arid intormr-icn Services Adsetis Centra, City Campus Sheffield SI 1WD REFERENCE ProQuest Number: 10701055 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10701055 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Interdependence and tension around cultural tourism in city destinations Rui Su A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2014 Abstract Cultural tourism in cities involves cultural resources and the producers and consumers of those resources, with the integration of these elements resulting in different forms of cultural tourism and varied associated relationships. Culture and cultural heritage tourism often feature prominently in city-based tourist activities, and they can assist cities to achieve broad socio-economic and political objectives. Given the importance of urban cultural tourism, it is surprising that few studies have sought to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the processes and issues involved in its production and consumption. Instead, much relevant research focuses only on specific individual aspects or features of cultural tourism. The study responds to the need to understand urban cultural tourism through a holistic approach that also simplifies the relevant complex relationships. This research develops a holistic, relational and dialectical conceptual model in order to improve our critical understanding of urban cultural tourism. The model draws certain ideas from the circuit of culture conceptualisation of the assembly of contemporary material artefacts and from previous studies of cultural heritage tourism in cities. The central dialectic in the proposed model of urban cultural tourism concerns relationships of interdependence and tension. Urban cultural tourism involves much interdependence, such as between the production and consumption of tourism products, between culture and tourism departments, and between producers of cultural tourism products in the cultural and tourism sectors. Yet, there is also much tension involved in these relationships, such as between the preservation and commodification of cultural resources and between potentially different expectations of cultural tourism's producers and consumers. The model thus focuses on processes of interdependence and tension in urban cultural tourism. The applicability and value of the theoretical model is considered for the case of the city of Nanjing in China, a distinctive context for urban cultural tourism due to the city's rich cultural resources and the major changes in China's economy, society, politics and governance. The assessment is based on triangulation using a range of sources, including semi-structured in-depth interviews with industry officials and managers and tourists, observation, documents, photographic records, and social media. The research findings demonstrate the model's value, notably through its integrated approach, its focus on dialectical relationships of interdependence and tension, and the prominence given to four key relationships and their connections with each other and their context. It provided valuable new insights into the relationships in Nanjing between culture and tourism policies and between relevant government departments, between the public and private sectors, between the production and consumption of cultural tourism, and between the encoding and decoding of related messages. These relationships had to be seen as reflecting and affecting China's distinctive political, economic and socio-cultural context. Conclusions are also drawn about the wider applicability and value of the model for researchers interested in cultural tourism in other urban contexts. Acknowledgements san ren xing, bi you wo shi yan. ze qi shan zhe er cong zhi, qi bu shan zhe er gai zhi. "Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided”. - Confucian Anatects (lun yu tfcin) I would like to use this Classical Chinese to thank all people who helped my PhD study in the last four and half years. The first appreciation I would give to Professor Bill Bramwell, my previous director of study. He was the first professor to bring me to the tourism research since 2008, when I ■ was studied at Sheffield Hallam University. Bill’s enthusiasm and strong faith of doing research had significantly influenced me and had trained myself to be an independent researcher. His constructive comments and outstanding professional support helped me to climb the research mountain which I was not sure to arrive. The second appreciation I would give to my current director of study, Dr. Peter Whalley. Thanks to Peter joining my supervisor team since 2012, the time when I started writing up. Peter always guided me with clear and logical suggestions, as well as a long term vision of my research. He is not only just a supervisor, but also an excellent mentor to support me to the end. I also need to thank to Dr. Yi (Kitty) Wang and Dr. Richard Tresidder. Yi had a very good understanding about Chinese tourism and she opened a door for me to view China from different perspectives. Richard also helped me to explore the understanding of cultural tourism from different disciplines and he particularly provided valuable comments on the representations of cultural meanings. All of these supervisors put their enthusiasm on my work of high quality standard. Many thanks. As well as these supervisors at Sheffield Hallam, many professors in China had assisted my PhD. Professor Huang Zhenfang, the Director of the Tourism Centre at Nanjing Normal University, provided his many valuable research documents in relation to Nanjing's cultural tourism. Professor Zhang Jie, Professor Zhang Jinhe, and Assistant Professor Ren Lixiu from Nanjing University, shared their rich industrial and academic experiences and helped me to network with the public and private sectors in Nanjing city and Jiangsu Province. Professor Yu Xuecai and Professor Zhou Wuzhong from Southeast University allowed me to access to some internal policies and plans which are unavailable for the public. My PhD would not be completed if without their support. Colleagues from Sheffield Business School, Faculty of Arts, Culture, Engineering and Computing, and Unit 5 of Science Park, accompanied me during last four and half years of PhD. They shared my happiness when I was happy, and they were with me when I was down. Because of them, PhD was not just a learning process, but more than as a process of enjoying life. My lovely friends from Sheffield, Nanjing, Tianjin and Beijing cities indeed were very important in my study. They are always with me and let me feel that doing PhD is not a lonely journey. Last but the most important, I had to say "thank you" to my parents. They did their best to support me and also encourage me to study PhD in the UK. Because of them, I am able to feel free to explore this world. Because of them, I can grow up independently. Thank you, dad and mum! Table of Contents ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................ II TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................IV LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................................IX LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................X CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The nature of cultural tourism ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Cultural tourism in city destinations .........................................................................................................5 1.3 Interdependence
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