Rural&Public&Access&WiFi&Service:&Satellite&Broadband&for& Remote&Rural&Areas! G.!Fairhurst,!J.!Farrington,!A.!Mohideen,!F.!Williams!! dot.rural!RCUK!Digital!Economy!Hub,!Aberdeen.! Universal Access and Service Plans ▪ Plans!take!different!forms!in!different!countries.! ▪ Very!uneven!success!rates! ▪ In!most!cases,!inadequate!to!scale!of!the!problem.! ▪ Prices,!tailored!for!more!affluent!part!of!the!population! ▪ Remains!unaffordable!to!many.! ▪ People!invest!large!proportion!of!disposable! income!in!communications.! ▪ Approximately!55%!of!the!world's!population!is!rural! ▪ 78%!live!in!developing!countries.! ▪ Many!located!in!difficult!to!access!geographies. Rural&PAWS

Collaborative!project!R!Internet!Engineering!and!Social!Sciences: ▪ To!develop!and!test!deployment!of!new!services!in!currently! ‘hardRtoRreach’!rural!areas/communities!(last!5R10%). ▪ To!understand!and!analyse!the!technological!challenges!and! service!requirements!to!realise!a!very!low!cost!service. ▪ To!evaluate!takeRup!and!user!perceptions!of!the!service. R:PAWS&Sites Deployed&at&each&site:

Satellite Terminal Rural PAWS Router (outdoor dish and indoor unit) (policy and wireless access) CAPEX:! Equipment!(could!integrate!IDU+CPE)! Install!+!Commission

OPEX:! Capacity!costs!(can!vary!by!time!of!day)! Service!support!costs! User!support!costs!(!!!)! Diverse!user!equipment?

Some form of government Must not destroy part of the intervention needed commercial market Rural&PAWS&differentiated&services&model

Free!(or!nearly!free)!service!for!‘core’!services: ▪ Essential!services!(to!keep!net!working) ▪ Services!important!to!Government!(unlimited!service)! ▪ Basic!Internet!connectivity!(limited!service)!

Effective!sharing!of!(limited)!capacity: ▪ What!limit!is!acceptable!to!a!user?! ▪ How!do!different!types!of!users!perceive!a!‘limited’!service?! ▪ What!“free”!!limits!are!acceptable!to!an!ISP?! ▪ Can!we!reduce!the!impact!of!rate!on!application!latency? Whitelisted&sites&(423)&

Channel!4,www.channel4.com,DCMS! English!Heritage,www.englishRheritage.org.uk,DCMS Organisation / Website,Current URL,Parent dept Crown Commercial Service (formerly Gov Procurement Service),gps.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/ (ogcbs.gov.uk),CO ! ! ! Equality!and!Human!Rights!Commission,www.equalityhumanrights.com/,DCMS Crown Prosecution Service,www.cps.gov.uk,AGO Crown Commercial Service,http://ccs.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! Gambling!Commission,www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk,DCMS Government Legal Service,www.gls.gov.uk,AGO HMGCC - Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre,www.hmgcc.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! Government!Art!Collection,www.gac.culture.gov.uk/,DCMS HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate,www.hmcpsi.gov.uk,AGO House of Lords Appointments Commission,lordsappointments.independent.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! Heritage!Lottery!Fund,www.hlf.org.uk,DCMS Serious Fraud Office,www.sfo.gov.uk,AGO Independent,www.independent.gov.uk,CO ! ! ! Historic!Royal!Palaces,www.hrp.org.uk,DCMS ,www.acas.org.uk,BIS Intelligence and Security Committee,isc.independent.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! Inspiring!Learning,www.inspiringlearning.gov.uk/,DCMS ACAS Training,obs.acas.org.uk,BIS Iraq Inquiry,www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/,CO ! ! ! National!Heritage!Memorial!Fund,www.nhmf.org.uk,DCMS Apprenticeships,www.apprenticeships.org.uk,BIS Lords Whips Office,www.lordswhips.org.uk,CO ! ! ! National!Lottery!Commission,www.natlotcomm.gov.uk,DCMS ,www.british-business-bank.co.uk,BIS Mutuals Information Service,mutuals.cabinetoffice.gov.uk,CO ! ! ! Ofcom,www.ofcom.org.uk,DCMS British Business Club,https://britishbusinessclub.innovateuk.org/,BIS Civil Service,http://my.civilservice.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! S4C,www.s4c.co.uk,DCMS Capital for Enterprise,www.capitalforenterprise.gov.uk,BIS National Citizen Service,www.ncsyes.co.uk/,CO ! ! ! Sport!England,www.sportengland.org/,DCMS Catapult,www.catapult.org.uk,BIS National Survey of Charities and Social Enterprises,www.nscsesurvey.com/,CO ! ! ! Sports!Grounds!Safety!Authority,www.safetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk,DCMS Central Arbitration Committee,www.cac.gov.uk,BIS Payroll Giving,http://communitylife.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! The!Royal!Parks,www.royalparks.gov.uk,DCMS Certification Office,www.certoffice.org,BIS Community Life Survey,http://communitylife.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! The!Theatres!Trust,www.theatrestrust.org.uk/,DCMS ,www.companieshouse.gov.uk,BIS Privy Council Office,privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/,CO ! ! ! UK!AntiRDoping,www.ukad.org.uk,DCMS Companies House,www.companies-house.gov.uk,BIS Public Appointments,publicappointments.cabinetoffice.gov.uk,CO ! ! ! UK!Sport,www.uksport.gov.uk,DCMS Competition Appeal Tribunal,www.catribunal.org.uk,BIS Red!Tape!Challenge,www.redtapechallenge.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/home/index/,CO ! ! ! VisitBritain,www.visitbritain.com,DCMS Connect,connect.innovateuk.org,BIS TV!Fillers,http://communication.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fillers/,CO ! ! ! VisitEngland,www.visitengland.com,DCMS Consumer Futures,www.consumerfocus.org.uk,BIS Audit!Commission,www.auditcommission.gov.uk,DCLG ! ! ! Building!Energy!Performance!Assessment,www.ncmRpcdb.org.uk/sap/index.jsp,DECC Copyright Tribunal,www.ipo.gov.uk/ctribunal.htm,BIS Audit!Commission,www.auditRcommission.gov.uk,DCLG ! ! ! CHP!Focus,chp.decc.gov.uk/cms/,DECC Great Business (was Business in You),www.greatbusiness.gov.uk,BIS Homes!and!Communities!Agency,www.homesandcommunities.co.uk/,DCLG ! ! ! CHPQA!R!Quality!Assurance!for!Combined!Heat!and!Power,chpqa.decc.gov.uk/,DECC Growth Accelerator,www.growthaccelerator.com,BIS Housing!Ombudsman,www.housingRombudsman.org.uk/,DCLG ! ! ! !Authority,coal.decc.gov.uk/,DECC HM Land Registry,www.landregistry.gov.uk,BIS Infrastructure!Planning!Commission,infrastructure.planningportal.gov.uk/,DCLG ! ! ! Committee!on!Climate!Change,www.theccc.org.uk/,DECC Insolvency Practitioners' Tribunal,www.bis.gov.uk/insolvency,BIS Infrastructure!Planning!Commission,infrastructure.independent.gov.uk/,DCLG ! ! ! DECC!Blog,blog.decc.gov.uk/,DECC Insolvency Rules Committee,www.insolvencydirect.bis.gov.uk/insolvencyprofessionandlegislation/irc/irc.htm,BIS Leasehold!Advisory!Service,www.leaseRadvice.org,DCLG ! ! ! Energy!Technology!List,etl.decc.gov.uk/etl/,DECC Investors In People,www.investorsinpeople.co.uk,BIS Local!goverment!finance!information!for!local!authorities,www.local.communities.gov.uk,DCLG ! ! ! EU!Energy!Focus,euenergyfocus.co.uk/,DECC Knowledge Transfer Partnerships,www.ktponline.org.uk/,BIS Local!Government!Ombudsman,www.lgo.org.uk,DCLG ! ! ! Green!Deal!Advisory!Body,www.greendealorb.co.uk/,DECC Live Work Play Broadband,www.liveworkplaybroadband.org.uk/,BIS Planning!Portal!/!Planning!Guidance!(on!site),planningportal.gov.uk,DCLG ! ! ! Green!Deal!Cashback,https://gdcashback.decc.gov.uk,DECC ,www.metoffice.gov.uk,BIS QEII!Conference!Centre,www.qeiicc.co.uk,DCLG ! ! ! Green!Deal!Cashback,gdcashback.gov.uk,DECC National Careers Service,https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/Pages/Home.aspx,BIS Review!of!Government!Planning!Practice!Guidance,http://planningguidance.readandcomment.com/,DCLG ! ! ! Nuclear!Decommissioning!Authority,www.nda.gov.uk/,DECC News.bis.gov.uk,www.news.bis.gov.uk,BIS Right!to!Buy,righttobuy.communities.gov.uk/,DCLG ! ! ! Ofgem,www.ofgem.gov.uk,DECC Office for Fair Access,www.offa.org.uk,BIS Valuation!Tribunal!Service!for!England/Valuation!Tribunal!Service,www.valuationtribunal.gov.uk/,DCLG ! ! ! Restats,https://restats.decc.gov.uk,DECC ,www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk,BIS Air!Accidents!Investigation!Branch,www.aaib.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Advisory!Committee!on!Pesticides,www.pesticides.gov.uk/guidance/industries/pesticides/advisoryRgroups/acp,DEFRA Science & Society,http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/,BIS Bikeability!campaign!site,http://bikeability.dft.gov.uk/,DfT ! ! ! Agricultural!Land!Tribunal!*,archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmmanage/alt/,DEFRA Student Loan Repayment,www.studentloanrepayment.co.uk,BIS Directly!Operated!Railways!Limited,www.directlyoperatedrailways.co.uk,DfT ! ! ! AHVLA!Scientific,www.ahvlascientific.com,DEFRA Student Loans Company,www.slc.co.uk,BIS Drug!Drive!campaign!site,drugdrive.direct.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Animal!Health!&!Veterinary!Laboratories!Agency!R!ESNIP3,www.esnip3.eu,DEFRA Tech City UK,www.techcityuk.com/#!/home,BIS English!Road!Safety!Comparison,roadRcollisions.dft.gov.uk/,DfT ! ! ! Animal!Health!&!Veterinary!Laboratories!Agency!R!Flulab,www.fluRlabRnet.eu,DEFRA Technology Strategy Board,www.innovateuk.org,BIS High!Speed!Two!Limited,www.hs2.org.uk/,DfT ! ! ! Animal!Health!and!Veterinary!Laboratories!Agency!*,www.defra.gov.uk/ahvlaRen/,DEFRA The Consumer Rights Bill,http://discuss.bis.gov.uk/consumerrightsbill/,BIS Highways!Agency,www.highways.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Animal!Health!and!Veterinary!Laboratories!Agency!*,animalhealth.defra.gov.uk,DEFRA The Companies Name Tribunal,www.ipo.gov.uk/cna.htm,BIS Marine!Accident!Investigation!Branch,www.maib.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Archive.Defra,archive.defra.gov.uk,DEFRA The Intellectual Property Office,www.ipo.gov.uk,BIS Maritime!and!Coastguard!Agency,www.dft.gov.uk/mca/,DfT ! ! ! Board!of!Trustees!of!the!Royal!Botanic!Gardens!Kew,www.kew.org/aboutRkew/whoRweRare/boardRofRtrustees/index.htm,DEFRA The Qualifications and Credit Framework,http://qcfiguide.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/,BIS Office!of!Rail!Regulation,www.railRreg.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Broads!Authority,www.broadsRauthority.gov.uk,DEFRA UK Green Investment Bank,www.greeninvestmentbank.com,BIS Office!of!Rail!Regulation,www.orr.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Centre!for!Environment!Fisheries!and!Aquaculture!Science,www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/,DEFRA UKTI - Open to Export,www.opentoexport.com,BIS Passenger!Focus,www.passengerfocus.org.uk,DfT ! ! ! Covent!Garden!Market!Authority,www.newcoventgardenmarket.com,DEFRA Unistats,www.unistats.com,BIS Rail!Accidents!Investigation!Branch,www.raib.gov.uk,DfT ! ! ! Dartmoor!National!Park!Authority,www.dartmoorRnpa.gov.uk,DEFRA ,www.wavehub.co.uk/,BIS Sharp!Motorcycle!Safety,http://sharp.direct.gov.uk/,DfT ! ! ! Drinking!Water!Inspectorate,www.dwi.gov.uk,DEFRA Advisory Committee on Business Appointments,acoba.independent.gov.uk/,CO Standards!for!Highways,www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/sitemap.htm,DfT ! ! ! Ecosystems!Knowledge!Network,www.naturalcapitalinitiative.org.uk/ekn/form,DEFRA Big Society Awards,www.bigsocietyawards.org/,CO Tales!of!the!Road!campaign!site,talesoftheroad.direct.gov.uk/,DfT ! ! ! Ecosystem!Markets!Task!Force,www.defra.gov.uk/ecosystemRmarkets,DEFRA Boundary Commission for England,consultation.boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/,CO Think!!Campaign!site,http://think.direct.gov.uk/,DfT ! ! ! Environment!Agency!*,http://evidence.environmentRagency.gov.uk/,DEFRA CERT-UK,cert.gov.uk,CO Vehicle!Certification!Agency,www.dft.gov.uk/vca,DfT ! ! ! EU!Ecolabel,http://ecolabel.defra.gov.uk/,DEFRA Civil Service Commission,civilservicecommission.independent.gov.uk/,CO Advisory!Committee!on!the!Government!Art!Collection,www.gac.culture.gov.uk/advisory_committee.html,DCMS ! ! ! Exmoor!National!Park!Authority,www.exmoorRnationalpark.gov.uk/,DEFRA Civil Service Faststream,faststream.civilservice.gov.uk/,CO Arts!Council!England,www.artscouncil.org.uk,DCMS ! ! ! Farm!Animal!Welfare!Committee!*,www.defra.gov.uk/fawc/,DEFRA Commissioner for Public Appointments,publicappointmentscommissioner.independent.gov.uk/,CO BBC,www.bbc.co.uk,DCMS ! ! ! Farming!Advice!Service,www.defra.gov.uk/farmingRadvice/,DEFRA Committee on Standards in Public Life,www.public-standards.gov.uk/,CO British!Film!Institute,www.bfi.org.uk,DCMS ! ! ! Flood!Forecasting!Centre,www.ffcRenvironmentRagency.metoffice.gov.uk,DEFRA Data,www.data.gov.uk/,CO British!Library,www.bl.uk,DCMS ! ! Geomatics!Web!Portal,https://www.geomaticsRgroup.co.uk,DEFRA Detainee Enquiry,www.detaineeinquiry.org.uk/,CO ! ! Government!Veterinary!Surgeons!*,www.defra.gov.uk/gvs/,DEFRA European Memoranda,europeanmemoranda.cabinetoffice.gov.uk,CO ! ! Government!Veterinary!Surgeons!*,gvs.gov.uk,DEFRA Government Communication Network,https://gcn.civilservice.gov.uk/,CO ! ! Horizon!Scanning!&!Futures!Home,http://horizonscanning.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx,DEFRA GOV.UK,www.gov.uk,CO/GDS ! Joint!Nature!Conservation!Committee,jncc.defra.gov.uk/,DEFRA! Lake!District!National!Park!Authority,www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/,DEFRA! Marine!Management!Organisation,www.marinemanagement.org.uk/,DEFRA! Marine!Science!Coordination!Committee,www.defra.gov.uk/mscc/,DEFRA www.gov.uk!openRcentralRgovernmentRwebsitesRjuneR2014 &Traffic&flows &Traffic&Analysis:&2&Mbps&(500&objects/5KB) 3500 packet sent 3500 3000 packet received packet sent packet received 3000 2500

2500 2000

2000 1500 rate (kb/s) 1500 1000 HTTP/1.1 rate (kb/s) 1000 500

500 0

0 connections 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 connections time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 time (sec) Figure 5: HTTP/1 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover2Mbpssatellitelink. Figure 5: HTTP/1 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover2Mbpssatellitelink. 1.7$Mbps$$ 6000 Sent Data Received Data 6000 Sent Data 5000 Received Data over$2$Mbps$cap 5000 4000 4000 3000

rate (kb/s) 3000 2000 HTTP/2 rate (kb/s) 2000 1000 1000 0 0 TLS index p. object 3WHS handshake request requests DATA TLS index p. object 3WHS handshake request requests DATA 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 time (sec) 8 10 12 14 time (sec) Figure 6: HTTP/2 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover2Mbpssatellitelink. Figure 6: HTTP/2 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover2Mbpssatellitelink.

7.2. Rate Patterns of HTTP and HTTP/2 over a push-promise signal, therefore the client is still 7.2. RateSatellite Patterns of HTTP and HTTP/2 over a push-promisein control of the signal, communication. therefore the clientIn Figure: is still 5 a Satellite inrepresentation control of the of communication. HTTP/1 connection In Figure: parallelism 5 a Figure: 5 and Figure 6 respectively illustrate the representationwith received/transmitted of HTTP/1 connection times is shown. parallelism A total Figure:transport 5 and layer Figure connection 6 respectively dynamics illustrate for HTTP/1 the withnumber received/transmitted of six connections times were is shown. open (itA total is the transportand HTTP/2 layer connection for webpage dynamics with for the HTTP/1 length of numberdefault of fixed six connections value in chrome) were open in this (it instance. is the and2500KB HTTP/2 (webpage for webpage of 500 with objects the of length around of 5 defaultOn a fixed terrestrial value network, in chrome) restricting in this the instance. number 2500KBkB in (webpagesize); rate of sample 500 objects taken at of every around 100ms 5 Onof a layer terrestrial four connection network, restricting initiated by the the number client is kBwith in size); default rate chrome sample settings. taken Web at every clients 100ms strictly ofa layer sensible four approach connection for initiated the reason by the that client a higher is withinitiate default achrome predefined settings. number Web of clients layer fourstrictly con- a sensibleaggregate approach and bursty for flow the (due reason to that short a link higher path) initiatenections a predefined with web-servers number for of data layer transmission. four con- aggregatemay cause and high bursty congestion, flow (due packet to short loss link and path) regrade nectionsHowever, with in the web-servers new HTTP/2 for data design transmission. a server-push maythe cause overall high network congestion, performance. packet loss However and regrade over a However,mechanism in the is new defined. HTTP/2 Server-push design a server-push allows the thesatellite overall link network this performance. approach may However hinder theover PLT a mechanismserver to initiate is defined. connections Server-push towards allows clients the with satelliteperformance link this and approach degrade may the QoE hinder even the with PLT the server to initiate connections towards clients with performance and degrade the QoE even with the 11 11 Not$working$…$ Findings:&broad&categories&of&user& never$thought$I’d$ say$this$,$I$quite$ I$haven’t$been$ miss$it! using$it$that$ much$anyway. Ambivalent Accepting !!

☹ It$puts$you$off,$if$ Disgruntled Potential&payers& it’s$not$working,$ why$bother? Revolutionised$[…]$We’d$miss$it$ too$much$now$because$we$do$ everything$online. &Traffic&Analysis:&8&Mbps&(500&objects/5KB) 3500 packet sent 3500 3000 packet received packet sent 3000 packet received 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 rate (kb/s) 1500

rate (kb/s) 1000 1000 HTTP/1.1 500 500 0 0 connections

connections 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 time (sec) 50 60 70 80 90 time (sec) Figure 7: HTTP/1 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover8Mbpssatellitelink. Figure 7: HTTP/1 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover8Mbpssatellitelink.

6000 Sent Data Received Data 6000 Sent Data 5000 Received Data 5000 4000 RTT$!!!! 4000 3000

rate (kb/s) 3000 2000 rate (kb/s) 2000 HTTP/2 1000 1000 0 0 TLS index p. object 3WHS handshake request requests DATA TLS index p. object 3WHS handshake request requests DATA 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 time (sec) 8 10 12 14 time (sec) Figure 8: HTTP/2 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover8Mbpssatellitelink. Figure 8: HTTP/2 tracdynamicsfor2500KBwebpageover8Mbpssatellitelink.

use of application layer PEPs. It is because each one request/response. Further, the use of TLS with useconnection of application carries layer around PEPs. one-sixth It is because of the totaleach oneHTTP request/response. will require another Further, two the RTTs use of in TLS addition with connectionnumber of objects carries and around each one-sixth object is handled of the total by a HTTPto the TCP will require three-way another handshake two RTTs (one RTT). in addition How- numberseparate of request/response objects and each transaction. object is handled by a toever, the a TCP three three-way RTT connection handshake opening (one isRTT). strictly How- re- separate request/response transaction. ever,quired a threeonly the RTT first connection time the opening site is accessed. is strictly In re- a Figure: 5 shows six connections carrying 500 of quiredsubsequent only access the first the time web the client site could is accessed. indicate In the a 5KBFigure: objects 5 shows over a six satellite connections link with carrying bandwidth 500 of subsequentsession-ID of access a previous the web TLS client session could to indicate resume the the 5KBrestricted objects to 2Mbps over a (LBE satellite service). link with Six connections bandwidth session-IDsession (if sessionof a previous caching, TLS RFC session 5246, to is resume supported the restrictedare too few to to 2Mbps saturate (LBE a long service). path bandwidth-delay Six connections sessionby the (if server) session or caching, use a session RFC 5246, ticket, is RFC supported 5077, areproduct too few (about to saturate 650 kB a inlong satellite path bandwidth-delay links), resulting bywhich the was server) previously or use a released session by ticket, the server RFC 5077, for a productin a low (about throughput 650 kB (230 in kb/s), satellite which links), is much resulting less whichcertain was TLS previously session. Both released these by mechanisms the server reduce for a inthan a low the throughput 2 Mb/s available (230 kb/s), bandwidth. which isMoreover, much less certainthe TLS TLS handshake session. Both to one these RTT mechanisms (the abbreviated reduce thanHTTP the performance 2 Mb/s available cannot bandwidth. be improved Moreover, by trans- theTLS TLS handshake). handshake In to addition, one RTT the (the client abbreviated could use HTTPport PEPs performance because a cannot TCP segment be improved can carry by trans- only TLSa TCP handshake). Fast Open In cookie addition, to send the data client on could SYN and use port PEPs because a TCP segment can carry only a TCP Fast Open cookie to send data on SYN and 12 12 What&can&the&IETF&do&to&help?

Average!broadband!speed!is!increasing…! Keep&in&mind&the&increasing&heterogeneity&of&access!

ng!cellular!promises!for!10ms!or!so….!but!not!for!all! Avoid-assumptions-about-RTT- protocol!implications!e.g.,!AQM,!HTTP!2.0!flow!control!

Almost!~90%!availability!isn’t!100%!able!to!use! Avoid&assumptions&about&capacity&for&the&“remainder”& e.g.,!TCP!IW=10,!HTTP2.0!Push!

Remember-for-many,-the-Internet-isn’t-getting-faster Thank&you.&! Any&questions?