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Developing Wave Energy in Coastal California

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Developing Wave Energy in Coastal California Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor DEVELOPING WAVE ENERGY IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA: POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Prepared For: California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research Program REPORT PIER FINAL PROJECT and California Ocean Protection Council November 2008 CEC-500-2008-083 Prepared By: H. T. Harvey & Associates, Project Manager: Peter A. Nelson California Energy Commission Contract No. 500-07-036 California Ocean Protection Grant No: 07-107 Prepared For California Ocean Protection Council California Energy Commission Laura Engeman Melinda Dorin & Joe O’Hagan Contract Manager Contract Manager Christine Blackburn Linda Spiegel Deputy Program Manager Program Area Lead Energy-Related Environmental Research Neal Fishman Ocean Program Manager Mike Gravely Office Manager Drew Bohan Energy Systems Research Office Executive Policy Officer Martha Krebs, Ph.D. Sam Schuchat PIER Director Executive Officer; Council Secretary Thom Kelly, Ph.D. Deputy Director ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Melissa Jones Executive Director DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the able leadership and graceful persistence of Laura Engeman at the California Ocean Protection Council. Sharon Kramer, Scott Terrill and Sheri Woo (H. T. Harvey & Associates) provided invaluable criticism as well as professional and technical editing. Brad Hunt at the California Ocean Protection Council coordinated the peer review; to him and to the anonymous reviewers we offer our appreciation. Nelson PA, D Behrens, J Castle, G Crawford, RN Gaddam, SC Hackett, J Largier, DP Lohse, KL Mills, PT Raimondi, M Robart, WJ Sydeman, SA Thompson, S Woo. 2008. Developing Wave Energy In Coastal California: Potential Socio-Economic And Environmental Effects. California Energy Commission, PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research Program & California Ocean Protection Council CEC-500-2008-083 i Author Affiliations Dane Behrens David P. Lohse Bodega Marine Laboratory Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Davis University of California Santa Cruz 2099 Westside Road 1156 High Street Bodega Bay, California 94923 Santa Cruz, California Jim Castle Kyra L. Mills Farallon Institute for Advanced Farallon Institute for Advanced Research Ecosystem Research P.O. Box 750756 P.O. Box 750756 Petaluma, California 94975 Petaluma, California 94975 Greg Crawford Peter A. Nelson Department of Oceanography H.T. Harvey & Associates Humboldt State University 1125 16th Street, Suite 209 1 Harpst Street Arcata, California 95521 Arcata, California 95521 Rani N. Gaddam Pete T. Raimondi Department of Ecology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, California 95064 Santa Cruz, California 95064 Steven C. Hackett Matt Robart Department of Economics Bodega Marine Labora tory Humboldt State University University of California Davis 1 Harpst Street 2099 Westside Road Arcata, California 95521 Bodega Bay, California 94923 Planwest Partners 1125 16th Street Suite 200 William J. Sydeman Arcata, California 95521 Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research P.O. Box 750756 John Largier Petaluma, California 94975 Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California Davis Sara Ann Thompson 2099 Westside Road Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research Bodega Bay, California 94923 P.O. Box 750756 Petaluma, California 94975 Sheri Woo H.T. Harvey & Associates 1125 16th Street, Suite 209 Arcata, California 95521 ii Preface The California Energy Commission’s Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program supports public interest energy research and development that will help improve the quality of life in California by bringing environmentally safe, affordable, and reliable energy services and products to the marketplace. The PIER Program conducts public interest research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) projects to benefit California. The PIER Program strives to conduct the most promising public interest energy research by partnering with RD&D entities, including individuals, businesses, utilities, and public or private research institutions. PIER funding efforts are focused on the following RD&D program areas: • Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency • Energy Innovations Small Grants • Energy-Related Environmental Research • Energy Systems Integration • Environmentally Preferred Advanced Generation • Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy Efficiency • Renewable Energy Technologies • Transportation Developing Wave Energy in Coastal California: Potential Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects is the final report for the Ocean Energy Study (contract number 500-07-036), conducted by H. T. Harvey & Associates. The information from this project contributes to PIER’s Energy-Related Environmental Research program. For more information about the PIER Program, please visit the Energy Commission’s website at www.energy.ca.gov/research/ or contact the Energy Commission at 916-654-4878. iii The California Ocean Protection Council was established by the requirements of the California Ocean Protection Act1 that was signed as law in 2004 by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. The council consists of the Secretary for Resources Mike Chrisman (Chair); State Lands Commission Chair, State Controller John Chiang; Secretary for Environmental Protection Linda Adams; two public members, Susan Golding, CEO and President of the Golding Group, and Geraldine Knatz, Executive Director of the Port of Los Angeles; and two non voting members, Senator Darrell Steinberg and Assembly member Pedro Nava. The council will help coordinate and improve the protection and management of California's ocean and coastal resources and implement the Governor's 'Ocean Action Plan'2 released in October 2004. The council is tasked with the following responsibilities: • Coordinate activities of ocean-related state agencies to improve the effectiveness of state efforts to protect ocean resources within existing fiscal limitations. • Establish policies to coordinate the collection and sharing of scientific data related to coast and ocean resources between agencies. • Identify and recommend to the Legislature changes in law. • Identify and recommend changes in federal law and policy to the Governor and Legislature. 1. http://resources.ca.gov/copc/docs/COPA_2008.pdf 2. http://resources.ca.gov/ocean/Cal_Ocean_Action_Strategy.pdf iv v Table of Contents Preface...................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents..................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures.............................................................................................................................x List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xii Abstract .................................................................................................................................. xiii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................1 1.0 Developing Wave Energy in Coastal California: Potential Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects: Introduction...........................................................................................7 Introduction.............................................................................................................................7 Scope of This Study ................................................................................................................8 1.1.1 Geographic Scope....................................................................................................8 1.1.2 Habitat Scope...........................................................................................................8 1.1.3 Scope of WEC Scale and Project Size....................................................................10 1.1.4 Effects Not Considered ..........................................................................................11 Wave Energy Conversion Technologies ................................................................................11 Themes Common to All Chapters..........................................................................................14 Recommendations .................................................................................................................15 References.............................................................................................................................19 2.0
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