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Invertebrates of the Upper Chamber, Gatun Locks, Panama Canal, with Emphasis on Trochospongilla Leidii (Porifera)

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Invertebrates of the Upper Chamber, Gatun Locks, Panama Canal, with Emphasis on Trochospongilla Leidii (Porifera) Marine Biology 33, 57-66 (1975) © by Springer-Verlag 1975 Invertebrates of the Upper Chamber, Gatun Locks, Panama Canal, with Emphasis on Trochospongilla leidii (Porifera) M. L. Jones and K. Ri.itzler Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D. C., USA Abstract Observations were made on the horizontal distribution of certain invertebrates on the walls and floor of the upper chamber of the Gatun Lock system of the Panama Canal. The hydroid Cordylophora caspia (Pallas) and the gastropod Neri tina usnea Roding extended the full length of the chamber; the oligochaete Marionina sp. was confined to the upper half of the chamber (adjacent to Gatun Lake), and the amphipod Gitanop­ sis tortugae? Shoemaker, the isopod Munna sp. and the bivalve Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz) to the lower half; the sponge Trochospongilla leidii (Bowerbank) was distributed from the upper end to near the lower end of the chamber. A peculiar wedge-shaped distri­ bution of T. leidii is thought to be a response to the influence of slight increases in salinity. Morphological observations on T. leidii are presented. Introduction Numerous fragments scraped from four sites of the highest Gatun Lock chamber During the past 60 years since the open­ are deposited in the National Museum of ing of the Panama Canal there has been Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, but one published survey of the fauna under Catalog No. USNM 24373. and flora of the lock chambers. Hilde­ brand (1939), although concerned mainly with the fish fauna and the role of the Materials and Methods canal in the transisthmian migration of this fauna, observed the distribution of As mentioned elsewhere (Jones and Dawson, certain invertebrate animals in the var­ 1973), chambers in the Panama Canal lock ious chambers of the lock systems of the system are about 1000 ft (304.8 m) long, canal. Hildebrand's observations were 110 ft (33.5 m) wide, and can accommo­ carried out during periods of "dewatering" date vessels drawing 40 ft (12.4 m), in of the lock chambers for routine mainte­ seawater. The three chambers of the nance and modification of the chambers. Gatun Locks provide a descent of about In March 1974 one of us (M.L.J.) was 85 ft (25.9 m) from Gatun Lake, directly afforded a similar opportunity to col­ to the Caribbean Atlantic through Limon lect biological specimens during the Bay. Lockage water for each of the three dewatering of all three of the east 28-foot (8.6 m) lowerings of the three chambers of the Gatun Locks. For the chambers comes from Gatun Lake, either most part, these collections are still directly or from the next higher chamber. being processed, but observations on the The previous dewatering of the east distribution of the sponge Trochospongilla chambers of the Gatun Locks was carried leidii (Bowerbank) have proven to be of out in January, 1968; at this time the more than passing interest and have chambers were dry for about 10 days, and, prompted the present paper. as is usual, neither the walls nor the Trochospongilla leidii was described by floors of the chambers were scraped. Bowerbank (1863) as Spongilla leidii from Thus, the epifauna of the chambers was the Schuylkill River (Pennsylvania, USA). recruited some time in the previous 6 The synonymy and a redescription, based years. on the type and on additional material An attempt to accompany biological from the type locality, were given by collections with salinity and tempera­ Penney and Racek (1968). ture observations in all of the chambers 58 M.L. Jones and K. Rutzler: Invertebrates of the Upper Gatlin Locks of the Gatun Locks, was abortive due to tenth and factory specifications of ac­ the loss of the sensor cell. However, curacy were ~ a.3~ and ~ a.50 C. before this loss, salinity and tempera­ ture records were made at 2-m intervals The original intent was to take a at the two ends of the upper chamber and series of quantitative samples from both at two stations outside the lock system the chamber walls and floors, but the in Gatun Lake; these 4 stations represent rough texture of these surfaces made re-occupations of the sites of Jones and this impossible. Thus, qualitative sam­ Dawson (1973) shown in their Figs. 2A-D ples of the biota were taken from the and 4A-D. Surface and bottom salinities walls at a level of about 6 ft (2 m) in April, 1972 were both a.1~ at the above the floors and from the floors, at upper end of the upper chamber and a.1 each of 5 sites along the length of each and a.3~, respectively, at the lower end; of the three chambers, as well as on the November, 1972 observations were a.2~ at Limon Bay-side of the lower gates of the both surface and bottom at the upper end, lowest chamber. In the upper chamber the and a.3~ at the surface and a.4~ at the 5 collection sites, A-E, were at 13, 34, bottom at the lower end. As before, the 56, 76, and 93% of the chamber length present observations were made with a . from the Gatun Lake end of the chamber Beckman Model RS5-3 portable salinometer, (Fig. 1). which also records temperature; all Methods used for light and scanning readings were rounded to the nearest electron microscopy of Trochospongilla Middle Chamber/Atlantic Ocean UPPER CHAMBER, GATON LOCKS Gatun Lake I , 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 I I I I I I I I I I A .* • B • • C • • • • D E • • • F G • H I ~O[]~ ~~OID salinity j Itemperature °-10 °_10 ,L.-+-~1t_---0-1-%.-0-~_---=3!....O'+C 15 Of-I%_._o.:..1__3o_0_c ----'r- ---1\O- !~ 10 ..c ·cu.. 5 ::c 0+--,--.------.----,---.-=:=..L.::c-.-4-~"r_:..:;;;;~-.,.....:.:...::::.:r;_.......;:.::..="'-'---'-,.....:.== 100% E 90 D C Fig. 1. Distributional patterns of certain invertebrates in east upper chamber, Gatlin Locks, Panama Canal. At bottom is a diagram showing distribution of Trochospongilla leidii (T) and a presumed blue­ green alga (BG) on eastern chamber wall. Also shown are locations of the 5 collection sites (A-E). At top are horizontal distributions of 9 invertebrates along length of the chamber (A: T. leidii; B: Cordylophora caspia; C: Neritina usnea; D: Marionina sp.; E: Paraoroides? sp.; F: Tanais stanfordi; G: Gitanopsis tortugae?; H: Munna sp.; I: Mytilopsis sallei; dashed lines show distribution confirmed by J. Rosewater). Two sets of salinity/temperature profiles are included, based upon observations made just prior to draining of the water from upper chamber; arrows indicate location of these ob­ servations. Percentages of chamber length (top and bottom) are based upon usable length of the cham­ ber; these progress from Gatlin Lake end (right) to middle chamber end (left). Star: Trochospongilla leidii was present in wall samples but not in floor samples at Collecting Site D; S: fresh-water seeps M.L. Jones and K. Rutzler: Invertebrates of the Upper Gatun Locks 59 leidii are those described by Rlitzler 73% of the chamber length, it was some (1974). 7 ft (2.1 m) above the floor (Fig. 3b), and by 85% of the length, it was about 14 ft (4.3 m) above the floor (Fig. 3a). Observations The rather complete covering of the wall by colonies of T. leidii commenced breaking Only two species of invertebrate animals up at about 82% of the chamber length, were abundant in the highest chamber of and, at 87%, gave way to isolated patches the Gatun Locks. The hydroid Cordylophora about 25 ft (7.6 m) above the floor. The caspia (Pallas) was found throughout the patches then became even less numerous length of the chamber, both on the cham­ until, at the lower gate of the upper ber walls and on the floor. Trochospongilla chamber, only a very few, small, isolated leidii (Bowerbank) on the other hand, colonies were observed (Figs. 1 and 2). nearly covered the walls and floor of T. leidii was not present in the middle the upper (Gatun Lake) end (Fig. 3d), or lower chambers of the Gatun Lock sys­ and extended vertically to near the low tem, while C. caspia was present through­ operational water level, i.e., the water out the length of the middle chamber, but level of the upper chamber which allows was absent from the lower chamber. ship-movement between the upper and the Maximum area coverage by individual middle chambers, about 40 ft (12.2 m) colonies of Trochospongilla leidii is dif­ above the chamber floor (Fig. 2: LOWL). ficult to establish, but might have ap­ The area between the upper distributional proached 300 to 400 cm2 . The total popu­ boundary of the sponge and the low opera­ lation covered an area of more than tional water level (about 2.4 m) was oc­ 2400 m2 rather densely on the west cham­ cupied by a dark band, presumably a blue­ ber wall (Fig. 2, T). Thickness of the green alga (Fig. 1 and 2, BG). The den­ incrustations varied from 0.5 to 2.0 mm. sity of T. leidii on the chamber walls A number of other invertebrates were continued unchanged for about 63% of the also noted in the upper chamber (Fig. 1). chamber length, where the lower distri­ Neritilla usnea Roding, a gastropod, was butional boundary departed from the cham­ present throughout the length of the ber floor (Fig. 3c). At approximately chamber (J. Rosewater, personal com- Fig. 2. View of eastern wall of east upper chamber, GatUn Locks. from lower end, toward GatUn Lake end.
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