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The Effect of Loading, Plantar Ligament Disruption and Surgical

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The Effect of Loading, Plantar Ligament Disruption and Surgical The Effect of Loading, Plantar Ligament Disruption and Surgical Repair on Canine Tarsal Bone Kinematics Presented by Christopher John Tan Sydney School of Veterinary Science Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney February 2018 A thesis submitted to fulfil requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy i To my wonderful family i This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Signature Name: Christopher John Tan ii Table of contents Statement of originality……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ii Table of figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii Table of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xiii Table of equations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xvi Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xvii Author Attribution Statement and published works…………………………………………………………………….xviii Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xix Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xx Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Literature review .................................................................................................................... 6 Section 2.1: Kinematics ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Modern techniques in kinematic investigations .................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Presentation and application of kinematic data .................................................................. 22 Section 2.2: Biological springs ........................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.2 The components of biological springs ................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 The importance of the pes in canine locomotion ................................................................ 30 Section 2.3: Pathological disruption of the canine pes ..................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Stress fractures and remodelling of the bones of the pes ................................................... 37 2.3.2 Ligamentous injuries of the canine pes ............................................................................... 41 Section 2.4: Stabilisation techniques following disruption to the pes ............................................. 46 2.4.1 Repair following fracture ..................................................................................................... 46 2.4.2 Repair following ligamentous injury or degeneration ......................................................... 48 Section 2.5 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3 A computed tomography-based technique for the measurement of canine tarsal bone kinematics ............................................................................................................................................. 57 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 59 3.2. Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 60 iii 3.2.1 Specimens ............................................................................................................................ 60 3.2.2 Image acquisition ................................................................................................................. 60 3.2.3 Segmentation and 3D surface model generation ................................................................ 63 3.2.4 Initial alignment to a global co-ordinate system ................................................................. 63 3.2.5 Calculation of kinematics ..................................................................................................... 64 3.2.6 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................ 66 3.3. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 67 3.3.1 Measurements of the Lego® brick and calculation of ‘known’ bone motions .................... 67 3.3.2 Influence of scan resolution, thresholding and smoothing on 3D surface model parameters ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 3.3.3 Magnitude of error in calculated kinematics ....................................................................... 67 3.3.4 Influence of scan resolution, thresholding and reconstruction algorithm on kinematic accuracy ........................................................................................................................................ 69 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 70 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 74 Chapter 4 Development of an ex vivo limb loading device .................................................................. 75 4.1 Chapter Introduction .................................................................................................................. 76 4.2 Experiment 1: Initial concepts and jig design: phase 1 ............................................................... 78 4.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................ 80 4.2.3 Results .................................................................................................................................. 84 4.2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 86 4.3 Experiment 2: Jig design phase 2 ................................................................................................ 88 4.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 88 4.3.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................ 89 4.3.3 Results .................................................................................................................................. 97 4.3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 98 4.4 Experiment 3: Replicating in vivo joint angles .......................................................................... 107 4.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 107 4.4.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 107 4.4.3 Results ................................................................................................................................ 111 4.4.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 114 4.5 Experiment 4: Replication of joint forces ................................................................................. 116 4.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 116 4.5.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 116 4.5.3 Results ................................................................................................................................ 119 iv 4.5.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 120 4. 6 Chapter discussion ................................................................................................................... 123 Chapter 5 : Characterisation of canine tarsal bone kinematics identifies the functional units of the canine foot .........................................................................................................................................
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