The carpal bones are a small cluster of 8. From anatomical position (palmar side) there are 2 distinct rows. The distal row going from pinky to thumb is hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium and they articulate with the metacarpals. The proximal row going from pinky to thumb is pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid and they articulate with the radius and ulna. The scaphoid is oddly shaped, almost oblong which will be easy to recognize and determine the other carpal bones. p.76

1 Radiocarpal ligaments (palmar and dorsal)--Connects radius to carpal bones Intercarpal ligaments (palmar and dorsal)--Connects carpal bones to each other Collateral ligaments (ulnar and radial)--Ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament connect the forearm to the wrist and help support the sides of the wrist as well

There are radiocarpal ligaments and intercarpal ligaments on both the dorsal and palmar sides of the hand. p.78

2 So for the middle phalanges there are only #2-5 since the thumb does not have a middle phalange. The proximal phalange and middle phalange articulation is called the proximal interphalangeal joint and the middle phalange articulating with the distal phalange is called the distal interphalangeal joint. With the thumb there is only 1 interphalangeal joint since it’s just the proximal and distal phalange. p.77

3 p.77

4 The radiocarpal joint is where the carpals articulate with the radius (condyloid joint). The intercarpal joints are the gliding joints between the carpals. The 1st carpometacarpal joint is the thumb, which is a saddle joint, but the 2nd-5th carpometacarpal joints are gliding. The metacarpophalangeal joints (AKA: the knuckles) are condyloid joints. So what kind of movements can your knuckles do?? The interphalangeal joints are hinge joints.

Now the retinaculum is a band of connective tissue over the carpal bones—there is a flexor retinaculum located on the palmar side and an extensor retinaculum on the dorsal side which form a tunnel. Beneath the retinaculum runs the median nerve. If inflammation occurs, it causes the bands to compress and put pressure on the median nerve, which causes numbness of the hand = Carpal Tunnel Syndrome p.77-79

5 p.79

6 p.79

7 There are 7 tarsal bones in the foot. The calcaneus is the heel bone and the talus rests right on top of it. The navicular bone is in front of the talus on the medial side. The cuboid bone is shaped just like its name: cubed and it is on the lateral side. The cuneiforms are distal to the navicular and it goes #1 from medial to #3 lateral. p.209-210

8 It is the same as the hand. The 2 sesamoid bones are located on the underside of the big toe. p.209-210

9 They not only protect the structures superior to them, but also provide a biomechanical advantage for the function of the muscle in which they are embedded. p.210

10 The Talotibial (talocrural) joint is where all the weight is coming down on. It is a hinge joint. The talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint produces inversion/eversion movements. The intertarsal joints are the joints between the tarsal bones and are gliding joints like the tarsometatarsal joints. The metatarsophalangeal joints are condyloid joints. Are condyloid joints uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial?? And the interphalangeal joints are hinge joints like the fingers of the hand.

The arches are like springs and also provide a space underneath the arch where muscles, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves of the plantar surface to pass without being crushed. The longitudinal arch goes from heel to toes on the plantar surface and the transverse arch goes medial to lateral at the metatarsals. When the ligaments in the arches get stretched out, you get flat feet with no arch. p.212- 217

11 12 The deltoid is a very strong medial ligament, which makes it difficult to sprain. It helps prevent eversion of the ankle. The 3 ligaments: posterior talofibular, anterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular ligaments are all located on the lateral side and are not as strong, which is why lateral sprains or inversion sprains of the ankle occur much more often than medial sprains or eversion sprains of the ankle. The anterior talofibular ligament is the most commonly sprained ligament of the ankle joint.

The ankle has retinaculum as well just like the hand and when it becomes inflamed it compresses on the tibial nerve. That leads to Tarsal Tunnel Syndromel p.212-213

13 See how much bigger the deltoid ligament is in comparison to the 3 lateral ligaments??

14 p.214

15 Notice the severe inversion sprain of the player’s ankle.

16 p.214

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