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Articulations 9 Articulations PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-1 Classification of Joints • Functional Classifications • Synarthrosis (immovable joint) • Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) • Diarthrosis (freely movable joint) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-1 Classification of Joints • Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) • Also called movable joints • At ends of long bones • Within articular capsules • Lined with synovial membrane © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Articular Cartilages • Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules • Prevent bones from touching • Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid • Reduce friction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Synovial Fluid • Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts • Functions of synovial fluid 1. Lubrication 2. Nutrient distribution 3. Shock absorption © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Accessory Structures • Cartilages • Fat pads • Ligaments • Tendons • Bursae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Cartilages • Cushion the joint • Fibrocartilage pad called a meniscus (or articular disc; plural, menisci) • Fat Pads • Superficial to the joint capsule • Protect articular cartilages • Ligaments • Support, strengthen joints • Sprain – ligaments with torn collagen fibers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Tendons • Attach to muscles around joint • Help support joint • Bursae • Singular, bursa, a pouch • Pockets of synovial fluid • Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints • Prevent injury by limiting range of motion • Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments) • Articulating surfaces and menisci • Other bones, muscles, or fat pads • Tendons of articulating bones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint Medullary cavity Spongy bone Periosteum Fibrous joint capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Joint cavity (containing synovial fluid) Compact bone Synovial joint, sagittal section © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint Quadriceps tendon Bursa Joint capsule Femur Patella Synovial Articular cartilage membrane Meniscus Fat pad Patellar ligament Intracapsular Tibia Joint cavity ligament Meniscus Knee joint, sagittal section © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-2 Synovial Joints • Injuries • Dislocation (luxation) • Articulating surfaces forced out of position • Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Three Types of Dynamic Motion 1. Linear movement (gliding) 2. Angular movement 3. Rotation • Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion • Monaxial (1 axis) • Biaxial (2 axes) • Triaxial (3 axes) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 A Simple Model of Articular Movement Initial position Gliding movement Angular movement Circumduction Rotation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2a A Simple Model of Articular Movement Initial position Initial position of the model. The pencil is at right angles to surface. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2b A Simple Model of Articular Movement Gliding movement Possible movement 1, showing gliding, an example of linear movement. The pencil remains vertical, but tip moves away from point of origin. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2c A Simple Model of Articular Movement Angular movement Possible movement 2, showing angular movement. The pencil tip remains stationary, but shaft changes angle relative to the surface. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2d A Simple Model of Articular Movement Circumduction Possible movement 2, showing a special type of angular movement called circumduction. Pencil tip remains stationary while the shaft, held at an angle less than 90º, moves in a conical pattern to complete a circle. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2e A Simple Model of Articular Movement Rotation Possible movement 3, showing rotation. With tip at same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins around its longitudinal axis. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Types of Movement at Synovial Joints • Terms describe: • Plane or direction of motion • Relationship between structures © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Types of Movement at Synovial Joints • Gliding Movement • Two surfaces slide past each other • Between carpal or tarsal bones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Angular Movement • Flexion • Angular motion • Anterior–posterior plane • Reduces angle between elements • Extension • Angular motion • Anterior–posterior plane • Increases angle between elements © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Angular Movement • Hyperextension • Angular motion • Extension past anatomical position © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-3a Angular Movements Extension Flexion Hyperextension Flexion Flexion Hyper- extension Extension Extension Flexion Hyperextension Extension Flexion/extension © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Angular Movement • Abduction • Angular motion • Frontal plane • Moves away from longitudinal axis • Adduction • Angular motion • Frontal plane • Moves toward longitudinal axis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-3b Angular Movements Abduction Abduction Adduction Adduction Abduction Abduction Adduction Adduction Abduction/adduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-3c Angular Movements Adduction Abduction Adduction/abduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Angular Movement • Circumduction • Circular motion without rotation • Angular motion © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-3d Angular Movements Circumduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Types of Movement at Synovial Joints • Rotation • Direction of rotation from anatomical position • Relative to longitudinal axis of body • Left or right rotation • Medial rotation (inward rotation) • Rotates toward axis • Lateral rotation (outward rotation) • Rotates away from axis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-4a Rotational Movements Head rotation Right Left rotation rotation Lateral (external) rotation Medial (internal) rotation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Rotation • Pronation • Rotates forearm, radius over ulna • Supination • Forearm in anatomical position © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-4b Rotational Movements Supination Pronation Supination Pronation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) Plantar flexion (ankle extension) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Gliding Joints • Flattened or slightly curved faces • Limited motion (nonaxial) • Hinge Joints • Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) • Pivot Joints • Rotation only (monaxial) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Gliding joint Movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial Examples: • Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints Manubrium • Intercarpal and intertarsal joints • Vertebrocostal joints • Sacro-iliac joints © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Hinge joint Movement: monaxial Humerus Examples: • Elbow joint • Knee joint Ulna • Ankle joint • Interphalangeal joint © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Pivot joint Movement: monaxial (rotation) Examples: Atlas • Atlanto-axial joint • Proximal radio-ulnar joint Axis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Ball-and-socket Joints • Round articular face in a depression (triaxial) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket joint Movement: triaxial Examples: Scapula • Shoulder joint • Hip joint Humerus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-3 Movements • Joints • A joint cannot be both mobile and strong • The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint • Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations • Intervertebral Articulations • C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate: • At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations • Intervertebral Discs • Pads of fibrocartilage • Separate vertebral bodies • Anulus fibrosus • Tough outer layer • Attaches disc to vertebrae • Nucleus pulposus • Elastic, gelatinous core • Absorbs shocks © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-7 Intervertebral Articulations Superior articular Intervertebral facet Disc Vertebral end plate Intervertebral Anulus fibrosus foramen Ligamentum Nucleus pulposus flavum Spinal cord Posterior longitudinal ligament Spinal nerve Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations • Vertebral Joints • As vertebral column moves: • Nucleus pulposus shifts • Disc shape conforms to motion • Intervertebral Ligaments • Bind vertebrae together • Stabilize the vertebral column © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9-4 Intervertebral Articulations • Damage to Intervertebral Discs • Slipped disc • Bulge in anulus fibrosus • Invades vertebral canal • Herniated disc • Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus • Presses on spinal cord or nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs T12 Normal intervertebral disc L1 Slipped disc L2 A lateral view of the lumbar region of the spinal column,
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