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Mobility and Gait Measure Instruments for the Hindlimb Functional Assessment of the Dog

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Mobility and Gait Measure Instruments for the Hindlimb Functional Assessment of the Dog Luísa Carneiro Vasconcelos Basto Gonçalves Mobility and Gait Measure Instruments for the Hindlimb Functional Assessment of the Dog Tese de Candidatura ao grau de Doutor em Ciências Veterinárias submetida ao Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Orientador - Doutor Augusto José Ferreira de Matos Categoria - Professor Auxiliar Afiliação - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Coorientador - Doutor Darryl L. Millis Categoria - Full Professor Afiliação - Small Animal Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee. Para ti, meu Avô, pela Nobreza da tua longa vida, pela presença sempre Forte mas subtil, pelo Sorriso aberto e Sincero que me aquecia o coração e abraçava a alma, pelo Amor sem medida a cada um de nós, por cada uma das lições despretensiosas de Carácter, de Rectidão, de Humildade, de Sacrifício e Dedicação à Família e ao trabalho, por teres feito de mim a Neta mais orgulhosa e feliz que corria para os teus braços a cada tempo livre, mas acima de tudo, agora, por continuares Comigo e eu ser capaz de o Sentir. DECLARATION The results from research and experimental work included in this thesis are part of the scientific articles and conference proceedings published in international journals, listed below. Scientific articles: Gonçalves, L., Simões, A. D., Millis, D. L., & Matos, A. J. (2016). Development of a scale to evaluate mobility in dogs. Ciência Rural, 46(12), 2210-2215. doi:10.1590/0103- 8478cr20160123 Conference proceedings: Gonçalves, L., Niza-Ribeiro, J., Millis, D. L., & Matos, A. J. (2016). Understanding the effect of individual characteristics on canine mobility: Dog Mobility Scale. Paper presented at the 9th International Symposium on Veterinary Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy. Uppsala, Sweden, August 2016. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 58(Suppl 2)85: A13. doi:10.1186/s13028-016-0259-7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first acknowledgment is addressed to all the dogs included in my study, and to their owners that make this work possible: Matt Coimbra Natacha Rita Romy Maggie Nina Tecas Tomás Princesa Jimmy Snoopy Nuxa Elli Stop César Rapina Bart Nina Mafalda Tomás Lima Ozzy Lola Rosita Margarida Naomi Bekas Einstein Puppy Branquinha Bety Sheila Lucky Benji Papoila Biana Spock Maguie Carlota Shepa Basco Gansh Cookie Dinis Bart Gaudi Nero Kobe Max Lady Ziggy Diablo Wendy Mel Kika Yuri Yara Cindy Sical Onix Yara Tucha To Professor Augusto de Matos, for the guidance and supervision, for being present when I needed, for the right words in the right moment, and above all, for have accepted to make this unknown and pioneer journey with me. To Professor Darry Millis, for having withstood the hard task of transatlantic supervision. To all the important people that crossed my way during the elaboration of this work, helping me in many different ways and in very important decision moments: Professor João Paulo Vilas Boas, Professor João Niza Ribeiro, Professora Maria de Fátima Gartner, Inês Santarém, Daniela Simões, Gabriela Brochado, Denise Soares, and Marcelo de Castro. Finally, the last words go to my family that always believed in me and in my capabilities, and embrace each challenge of my life with no hesitation. All the love, support, and tolerance were vital to the accomplishment of this major goal. Thank you! ABBREVIATION LIST 2D - Two-dimensional 3D - Three-dimensional BCS - Body condition score BW - Body weight DMS - Dog mobility scale FP - Force platform GRF - Ground reaction forces MPI - Mean pressure index NS - Number of activated sensors PCA - Peak contact area PCP - Peak contact pressure PRISMA - Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis PSW - Pressure-sensitive walkway system PV - Paw velocity QI - Quality index SrL - Stride lenght SrL% - Relative stride lenght SrT - Stride time ST - Stance time ST% - Relative stance time SwT - Swing time SwT% - Relative swing time TPI - Total pressure index TSV - Temporospatial variables i ii CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 1 Resumo .................................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5 References ............................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER II: AIMS AND OUTLINE ...................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER III: Hindlimb gait analysis in dogs – A review of the literature .............................. 31 Abstract..................................................................................................................... 33 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 37 Methods .................................................................................................................... 41 Results ...................................................................................................................... 45 Discussion and Conclusion ....................................................................................... 53 References ............................................................................................................... 59 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER IV: Development of a scale to evaluate mobility in dogs .................................... 73 Abstract..................................................................................................................... 75 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 79 Methods .................................................................................................................... 85 Results ...................................................................................................................... 89 Discussion and Conclusion ....................................................................................... 99 References ............................................................................................................. 105 CHAPTER V: Understanding the effect of individual characteristics on canine mobility ..... 111 Abstract................................................................................................................... 113 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 117 Methods .................................................................................................................. 123 Results .................................................................................................................... 127 Discussion and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 133 References ............................................................................................................. 137 iii CHAPTER VI: Temporospatial gait analysis of the hindlimb in healthy dogs – a clinical approach ............................................................................................................................ 143 Abstract................................................................................................................... 145 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 149 Methods .................................................................................................................. 153 Results .................................................................................................................... 161 Discussion and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 177 References ............................................................................................................. 185 CHAPTER VII: Mobility and kinematic gait parameters of healthy dogs – a preliminary study of correlations .................................................................................................................... 193 Results .................................................................................................................... 195 References ............................................................................................................. 202 CHAPTER VIII: FINAL CONSIDERATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES .................. 203 References.............................................................................................................. 209 iv Abstract Kinetic and kinematic assessment of canine gait is of the utmost importance for the study and characterization of both healthy and diseased animals but their relationships with individual characteristics of the dogs are scarcely studied. Several different scales and instruments, capable of assessing diverse outcome measures in dogs, have been used, giving important contributes to evaluation and revaluation moments. Yet, the domain of mobility has not been deepen in this field. The understanding of dog movement or mobility is evolving, with particular emphasis
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