DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Joint Biomechanics in the Development of Tarsocrural Osteochondrosis in Dogs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Joint Biomechanics in the Development of Tarsocrural Osteochondrosis in Dogs FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE approved by EAEVE The Role of Joint Biomechanics in the Development of Tarsocrural Osteochondrosis in Dogs WALTER BENJAMIN DINGEMANSE Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University 2017 Promoters: Dr. Ingrid Gielen Prof. Dr. Ilse Jonkers Prof. Dr. Bernadette Van Ryssen Prof. Dr. Magdalena Müller-Gerbl Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University The Role of Joint Biomechanics in the Development of Osteochondrosis in Dogs Walter Benjamin Dingemanse Vakgroep Medische Beeldvorming van de Huisdieren en Orthopedie van de Kleine Huisdieren Faculteit Diergeneeskunde Universiteit Gent Cover design by Michael Edmond Nico Van Waegevelde © Walter Benjamin Dingemanse 2017. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission from the author. PhD supported by a grant from IWT I MAY NOT HAVE GONE WHERE I INTENDED TO GO BUT I THINK I HAVE ENDED UP WHERE I NEEDED TO BE - DOUGLAS ADAMS - EXAMINATION BOARD Chair: Prof. dr. Hilde de Rooster Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, BE Secretary: Prof. dr. Wim Van den Broeck Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, BE Members: Prof. dr. Robert Colborne Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, NZ Dr. Evelien de Bakker Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, BE Dr. Maarten Oosterlinck Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, BE Prof. dr. Benedicte Vanwanseele Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, BE Prof. dr. Jos Vander Sloten Faculty of Engineering Science, KU Leuven, BE I TABLE OF CONTENTS EXAMINATION BOARD I TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VIII GENERAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE 3 SUBCHONDRAL BONE – MORPHOLOGY, DENSITY, AND DENSITY EVALUATION CHAPTER TWO 15 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TARSOCRURAL OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN DOGS CHAPTER THREE 43 COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL FEATURES BETWEEN MEDIAL AND LATERAL TROCHLEAR RIDGE TALAR OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS IN DOGS CHAPTER FOUR 63 SCIENTIFIC AIMS III CHAPTER FIVE 69 SUBCHONDRAL BONE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE TALUS IN CLINICALLY NORMAL LABRADOR RETRIEVERS CHAPTER SIX 89 DENSITY AND STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE PLATE OF THE CANINE TALUS CHAPTER SEVEN 107 A PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW UP OF AGE RELATED CHANGES IN THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE DENSITY OF THE TALUS OF HEALTHY LABRADOR RETRIEVERS CHAPTER EIGHT 123 SUBCHONDRAL BONE DENSITY CHANGES OF THE TALUS IN DOGS WITH TARSOCRURAL OSTEOCHONDROSIS CHAPTER NINE 143 SPATIAL SUBCHONDRAL BONE DENSITY REFLECTING JOINT LOADING OF THE TALUS IN DIFFERENT CANIDAE CHAPTER TEN 161 QUANTIFICATION OF JOINT LOADING IN THE HIND LIMBS OF THE LABRADOR RETRIEVER (CANIS FAMILIARIS) USING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MUSCULOSKELETAL MODEL IV CHAPTER ELEVEN 191 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: EVALUATION OF JOINT LOADING DISTRIBUTION IN THE TARSOCRURAL JOINT BY MEANS OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELING CHAPTER TWELVE 205 GENERAL DISCUSSION SUMMARY 231 SAMENVATTING 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 DANKWOORD 259 V VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3D three-dimensional ACLT anterior cruciate ligament transsection CT computed tomography DOF degrees of freedom FOV field of view GRF ground reaction force HU Hounsfield Unit ID inverse dynamics IK inverse kinematics kV kilovoltage L lateral LCS local coordinate system mAs milliampere-seconds MPR multi-planar reconstruction MRI magnetic resonance imaging MSM musculoskeletal model M medial N Newton N/A not available OC osteochondrosis PMMA polymethylmethacrylate PSCA physical cross sectional area ROI region of interest SO static optimization VII GENERAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE Subchondral Bone – Morphology, Density, and Density Evaluation W. Dingemanse 1, M. Müller-Gerbl 2, H. van Bree 1, I. Gielen 1 1 Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopaedics of Small Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University. Merelbeke, Belgium 2 Institute of Anatomy, Basel University. Basel, Switzerland CHAPTER 1 BONE AND BONE ADAPTATION Bones provide a solid structure for muscle attachment and protect the most vital organs. Bones are also made of living cells that function like an organ, whose structure continually changes, and adapts to current needs. Mature bone tissue is composed of 60–70% mineral substance and 30–40% organic matrix, mainly (85– 90%) type I collagen fibrils. The osteoblasts are the main cells responsible for bone formation and secrete important constituents of the extra-cellular matrix (ECM). Calcium hydroxyl apatite crystals are deposited within the triple helix of the collagen type I fibrils 1. The mineral substance does not only have a biomechanical role (strength), it also has an important metabolic role (mineral homeostasis and reservoir function for many different ions) 2. The mechanical loads and associated strains, help to control and guide bone morphology 3. This response to bone strains not only dictates general bone anatomy, it also allows for adaptations to changes in loading. The adaptations are done through modeling and remodeling of bone. This is a result of local strains either staying below the remodelling threshold or exceeding the modelling threshold 3. The loading of bones leads to a certain degree of deformation, even though this degree is low, since it is a hard, mineralised tissue. The deformation generates strains, and when these strains exceed the modeling threshold, bone modeling is signalled to increase bone strength (locally), and thereby reducing later strains 3. The need for these adaptations is signalled through the different bone cells, which are mechanosensitive 4. The conversion of a mechanical stimulus to into a cellular response is called mechanotransduction 5. The four important cells in bone include (1) osteoclasts, which are of hematopoietic origin and resorb bone, (2) osteoblasts, mesenchymal-derived and form bone, (3) terminally differentiated osteoblasts embedded in the bone, called osteocytes, and (4) the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), which are the osteoprogenitor cells 4. These cells can detect mechanical signals independently and interact with each other through different pathways to regulate bone modeling and remodeling. The osteocytes form a network through their 5 CHAPTER 1 canalicular projections, and the movement of fluid within these canaliculi generates shear forces that play a role in the mechanotransduction of bone loading to cell-level information cells 4. On a cell level, the surface proteoglycan layer is the primary sensor of mechanical signals. The cell membrane deformations are transmitted to the cytoskeleton through integrin and cadherin proteins 5. The different intra-cellular signalling pathways that are part of the adaptive response are beyond the scope of this work, they have however been described in detail elsewhere 5-7. SUBCHONDRAL BONE Definitions The subchondral bone plate is defined as the bony lamella immediately below the calcified articular cartilage. The line separating these two structures is known as the ‘cement line’. At the level of the cartilage, a second line i.e. the ‘tidemark’ separates the articular cartilage and the underlying calcified articular cartilage 8. The subchondral bone plate receives additional support from the subchondral trabeculae and which are grouped together as ‘subchondral bone’ 8. Morphology The subchondral bone plays an important role in the transfer of loads across the joint surface. Thus, the morphology of the subchondral bone is dictated by the compressive forces acting upon it. As in all bones, the structure is continually adapted to current needs. At the level of the joints, these needs are predominantly the transduction of (compressive) forces from the proximal to the distal bones forming a specific joint 9,8. These forces give rise to local strains and stresses and induce modelling and remodelling of the subchondral bone, as discussed above. The thickness of the subchondral bone plate varies among joint and has regional variations within a joint 8. These variations in thickness are associated with joint loading and the loading regime 10 and have been correlated with joint pathology 11. 6 CHAPTER 1 Density The density of the subchondral bone at any given time is the result of the bone functional adaptation 8,12. It is a heterogeneously mineralized material described by the apparent density and the mineral density. ����������� ���� �������� ������� = ������ ������ ����������� ���� �������� ������� = ������ �� �ℎ� �������� ������ The difference between these two density measures is geometrical, and is due to the presence of pores 13,14. The biomechanical properties of the subchondral bone are characterized by mineral density, collagen content, and ash fraction 14. In general subchondral bone density can be adapted by changing the apparent density, the material density, or a combination of both. These biomechanical properties can change through modeling and remodeling of the articulating bones, guided by local strains 7,15. The material properties are tissue level properties and by definition independent of the size of the bone 14. Increased joint loading leads to increased local strains and bone modelling ensures an increase in subchondral bone density to withstand the increased loading 3,16. In addition, altered joint biomechanics lead to altered joint loading distribution, leading in turn to alterations in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effect of Starting Distance on Vertical Ground Reaction
    EFFECT OF STARTING DISTANCE ON VERTICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES IN THE DOG by DAVID BURNETT DULANEY (Under Direction the of Hugh Dookwah) ABSTRACT Kinetic gait analysis is used extensively in both human and veterinary medicine, both to detect pathological gait abnormalities and to quantify the efficacy of surgical and pharmacological protocols. This study evaluates the effect of three different staring distances from the kinetic data collection device (2m, 4m, and 6m) on the peak vertical and associated impulse ground reaction forces generated by the test subjects at a trot. Five dogs weighing between 20 and 30kg were trotted over two force plates at between 1.6 and 2.1 m/s until 5 right first contacts and 5 left first contacts were collected. Data collection was repeated approximately a week apart for a total of 5 collections. Vertical impulse values were found to be significantly different (p<0.05) between 2m and 6m, but neither were different from 4m. Peak vertical force was not found to be significantly effected by distance. INDEX WORDS: Gait analysis, force plate, starting distance, steady state gait, peak vertical force, vertical impulse EFFECT OF STARTING DISTANCE ON VERICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES IN THE DOG by DAVID BURNETT DULANEY B.S., Lander University, 1997 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTERS OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 David Burnett DuLaney All Rights Reserved EFFECT OF STARTING DISTANCE ON VERTICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES IN THE DOG by DAVID BURNETT DULANEY Major Professor: Hugh Doowah Committee: Steven Budsberg Paul T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Loading, Plantar Ligament Disruption and Surgical
    The Effect of Loading, Plantar Ligament Disruption and Surgical Repair on Canine Tarsal Bone Kinematics Presented by Christopher John Tan Sydney School of Veterinary Science Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney February 2018 A thesis submitted to fulfil requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy i To my wonderful family i This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Signature Name: Christopher John Tan ii Table of contents Statement of originality……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ii Table of figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii Table of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xiii Table of equations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xvi Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xvii Author Attribution Statement and published works…………………………………………………………………….xviii Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xix Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xx Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Normal and Abnormal Gaits in Dogs
    Pagina 1 di 12 Normal And Abnormal Gait Chapter 91 David M. Nunamaker, Peter D. Blauner z Methods of Gait Analysis z The Normal Gaits of the Dog z Effects of Conformation on Locomotion z Clinical Examination of the Locomotor System z Neurologic Conditions Associated With Abnormal Gait z Gait Abnormalities Associated With Joint Problems z References Methods of Gait Analysis Normal locomotion of the dog involves proper functioning of every organ system in the body, up to 99% of the skeletal muscles, and most of the bony structures.(1-75) Coordination of these functioning parts represents the poorly understood phenomenon referred to as gait. The veterinary literature is interspersed with only a few reports addressing primarily this system. Although gait relates closely to orthopaedics, it is often not included in orthopaedic training programs or orthopaedic textbooks. The current problem of gait analysis in humans and dogs is the inability of the study of gait to relate significantly to clinical situations. Hundreds of papers are included in the literature describing gait in humans, but up to this point there has been little success in organizing the reams of data into a useful diagnostic or therapeutic regime. Studies on human and animal locomotion commonly involve the measurement and analysis of the following: Temporal characteristics Electromyographic signals Kinematics of limb segments Kinetics of the foot-floor and joint resultants The analyses of the latter two types of measurements require the collection and reduction of voluminous amounts of data, but the lack of a rapid method of processing this data in real time has precluded the use of gait analysis as a routine clinical tool, particularly in animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Canine Thoracic
    THESIS KINEMATIC AND KINETIC ANALYSIS OF CANINE THORACIC LIMB AMPUTEES AT A TROT Submitted by Sarah Jarvis Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2011 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Raoul Reiser Deanna Worley Kevin Haussler ABSTRACT KINEMATIC AND KINETIC ANALYSIS OF CANINE THORACIC LIMB AMPUTEES AT A TROT Most dogs appear to adapt well to the removal of a thoracic limb, but clinically there is a particular subset of dogs that still have problems with gait that seem to be unrelated to age, weight, or breed. The purpose of this study was to objectively characterize biomechanical changes in gait associated with amputation of a thoracic limb. Sixteen amputees and 24 control dogs of various breeds with similar stature and mass greater than 14 kg were recruited and participated in the study. Dogs were trotted across three in-series force platforms as spatial kinematic and ground reaction force data were recorded during the stance phase. Ground reaction forces, impulses, and stance durations were computed as well as stance widths, stride lengths, limb and spinal joint angles. Kinetic results show that thoracic limb amputees have increased stance times and vertical impulses. The remaining thoracic limb and pelvic limb ipsilateral to the side of amputation compensate for the loss of braking, and the ipsilateral pelvic limb also compensates the most for the loss of propulsion. The carpus, and ipsilateral hip and stifle joints are more flexed during stance, and the T1, T13, and L7 joints experience significant differences in spinal motion in both the sagittal and horizontal planes throughout the gait cycle stance phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of a Collar-Mounted Triaxial Accelerometer to Predict Speed and Gait in Dogs
    animals Article Use of a Collar-Mounted Triaxial Accelerometer to Predict Speed and Gait in Dogs Samantha Bolton, Nick Cave *, Naomi Cogger and G. R. Colborne School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (G.R.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-6-3505329 Simple Summary: Accelerometers have been used for several years to monitor activity in free- moving dogs. The technique has particular utility for measuring the efficacy of treatments for osteoarthritis when changes to movement need to be monitored over extended periods. While collar- mounted accelerometer measures are precise, they are difficult to express in widely understood terms, such as gait or speed. This study aimed to determine whether measurements from a collar-mounted accelerometer made while a dog was on a treadmill could be converted to an estimate of speed or gait. We found that gait could be separated into two categories—walking and faster than walking (i.e., trot or canter)—but we could not further separate the non-walking gaits. Speed could be estimated but was inaccurate when speed exceeded 3 m/s. We conclude that collar-mounted accelerometers only allowing limited categorisation of activity are still of value for monitoring activity in dogs. Abstract: Accelerometry has been used to measure treatment efficacy in dogs with osteoarthritis, although interpretation is difficult. Simplification of the output into speed or gait categories could simplify interpretation. We aimed to determine whether collar-mounted accelerometry could estimate the speed and categorise dogs’ gait on a treadmill.
    [Show full text]
  • A Three Dimensional Multiplane Kinematic Model for Bilateral Hind Limb Gait Analysis In
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/320812; this version posted May 11, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license. 1 A three dimensional multiplane kinematic model for bilateral hind limb gait analysis in 2 cats 3 4 Nathan P. Brown1,2,3, Gina E. Bertocci1,2, Kimberly A. Cheffer2,3,4, Dena R. Howland2,3,5* 5 6 1 Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, 7 Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America 8 2 Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 9 United States of America 10 3 Research Service, Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of 11 America 12 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of 13 Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America 14 5 Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 15 Kentucky, United States of America 16 17 *Corresponding author 18 E-mail: [email protected] (DH) 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/320812; this version posted May 11, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Pacing As an Indicator of Musculoskeletal Pathology in Dogs
    Vol. 8(12), pp. 207-213, December 2016 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2016.0512 Article Number: 62D6B3B61551 Journal of Veterinary Medicine and ISSN 2141-2529 Copyright © 2016 Animal Health Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JVMAH Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of pacing as an indicator of musculoskeletal pathology in dogs Theresa M. Wendland, Kyle W. Martin, Colleen G. Duncan, Angela J. Marolf and Felix M. Duerr* Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, United States. Received 4 August, 2016: Accepted 13 October, 2016 Little is currently known about the pacing gait in dogs and it has been speculated that pacing may be utilized by dogs with musculoskeletal pathology. The goals of the present study were to determine if pacing in dogs is associated with musculoskeletal disease and to establish if controlled speed impacts pacing. Dogs underwent orthopedic and lameness assessments. Musculoskeletal pathology, when identified, was further defined with radiography of the affected area. Dogs were considered musculoskeletally normal (MSN) if no pathology was detected and they had no history of musculoskeletal disease. All others were considered musculoskeletally abnormal (MSA). Animals were then evaluated for pacing using digital-video-imaging under three conditions: Off-lead, lead-controlled, and on a treadmill. Thirty-nine dogs were enrolled (MSN: n = 20; MSA: n = 19). Overall, pacing was observed more frequently in dogs under lead-controlled than off-lead conditions (P < 0.001). Lead- controlled MSN dogs were observed to pace significantly more frequently (n = 17/20) than lead- controlled MSA dogs (n = 10/19; P = 0.029).
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Locomotion: Similarities and Differences to Horses M. Christine
    Canine Locomotion: Similarities and Differences to Horses M. Christine Zink, DVM, PhD, DACVP, DACVSMR, CVSMT With increasing numbers of dogs competing in sports competitions, it is critical for veterinarians to thoroughly understand canine locomotion and gait. While equine gait is taught in veterinary school, few curricula include information about canine gait, which has both similarities and differences to horses. Dogs are built very differently from horses and that is reflected in their use of different gaits. In fact, dogs use some gaits that would be considered completely abnormal in horses. There are three structural features that make dogs different from horses: Dogs have a much more flexible spine. Horses have 17 (Arabians) or 18 ribs and a large intestine full of hay in various stages of digestion. As a result they have minimal ability to bend their vertebral column. In contrast, a dog has only 13 ribs and a low-volume intestine. In addition, dogs have a comparatively longer lumbar area (7 lumbar vertebrae as compared to 6 in the horse). Further, horses have joints between the transverse processes of L4 to L6, reducing the flexibility of that part of the spine. Thus the dog is able to flex and extend its spine to a much greater degree than the horse. This produces a great deal of power for forward drive. Picture the image of a greyhound that can be seen on the side of buses. You would never see a horse with its legs extended so far forward and backward. That is the incredible power of the canine spine.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobility and Gait Measure Instruments for the Hindlimb Functional Assessment of the Dog
    Luísa Carneiro Vasconcelos Basto Gonçalves Mobility and Gait Measure Instruments for the Hindlimb Functional Assessment of the Dog Tese de Candidatura ao grau de Doutor em Ciências Veterinárias submetida ao Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Orientador - Doutor Augusto José Ferreira de Matos Categoria - Professor Auxiliar Afiliação - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Coorientador - Doutor Darryl L. Millis Categoria - Full Professor Afiliação - Small Animal Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee. Para ti, meu Avô, pela Nobreza da tua longa vida, pela presença sempre Forte mas subtil, pelo Sorriso aberto e Sincero que me aquecia o coração e abraçava a alma, pelo Amor sem medida a cada um de nós, por cada uma das lições despretensiosas de Carácter, de Rectidão, de Humildade, de Sacrifício e Dedicação à Família e ao trabalho, por teres feito de mim a Neta mais orgulhosa e feliz que corria para os teus braços a cada tempo livre, mas acima de tudo, agora, por continuares Comigo e eu ser capaz de o Sentir. DECLARATION The results from research and experimental work included in this thesis are part of the scientific articles and conference proceedings published in international journals, listed below. Scientific articles: Gonçalves, L., Simões, A. D., Millis, D. L., & Matos, A. J. (2016). Development of a scale to evaluate mobility in dogs. Ciência Rural, 46(12), 2210-2215. doi:10.1590/0103- 8478cr20160123 Conference proceedings: Gonçalves, L., Niza-Ribeiro, J., Millis, D. L., & Matos, A. J. (2016). Understanding the effect of individual characteristics on canine mobility: Dog Mobility Scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinetic and Kinematic Evaluation of Compensatory Movements of The
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2013 Kinetic and kinematic evaluation of compensatory movements of the head, pelvis and thoraco-lumbar spine associated with asymmetrical weight bearing of the pelvic limbs in dogs David Alan Hicks [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Small or Companion Animal Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Hicks, David Alan, "Kinetic and kinematic evaluation of compensatory movements of the head, pelvis and thoraco-lumbar spine associated with asymmetrical weight bearing of the pelvic limbs in dogs. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1734 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by David Alan Hicks entitled "Kinetic and kinematic evaluation of compensatory movements of the head, pelvis and thoraco-lumbar spine associated with asymmetrical weight bearing of the pelvic limbs in dogs." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Comparative and Experimental Medicine. Darryl L. Millis, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Joseph P.
    [Show full text]
  • Planar Covariation of Hindlimb and Forelimb Elevation Angles During Terrestrial and Aquatic Locomotion of Dogs
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Planar Covariation of Hindlimb and Forelimb Elevation Angles during Terrestrial and Aquatic Locomotion of Dogs Giovanna Catavitello1,2*, Yuri P. Ivanenko2, Francesco Lacquaniti1,2,3 1 Centre of Space Bio-medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy, 2 Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy, 3 Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy * [email protected] Abstract The rich repertoire of locomotor behaviors in quadrupedal animals requires flexible inter- limb and inter-segmental coordination. Here we studied the kinematic coordination of differ- OPEN ACCESS ent gaits (walk, trot, gallop, and swim) of six dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and, in particular, Citation: Catavitello G, Ivanenko YP, Lacquaniti F the planar covariation of limb segment elevation angles. The results showed significant vari- (2015) Planar Covariation of Hindlimb and Forelimb ations in the relative duration of rearward limb movement, amplitude of angular motion, and Elevation Angles during Terrestrial and Aquatic Locomotion of Dogs. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133936. inter-limb coordination, with gait patterns ranging from a lateral sequence of footfalls during doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133936 walking to a diagonal sequence in swimming. Despite these differences, the planar law of Editor: Juliane Kaminski, University of Portsmouth, inter-segmental coordination was maintained across different gaits in both forelimbs and UNITED KINGDOM hindlimbs. Notably, phase relationships and orientation of the covariation plane were highly Received: April 1, 2015 limb specific, consistent with the functional differences in their neural control. Factor analy- sis of published muscle activity data also demonstrated differences in the characteristic Accepted: July 2, 2015 timing of basic activation patterns of the forelimbs and hindlimbs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Description of the Movement of the Canine Pelvic Limb in Three
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 A Description of the Movement of the Canine Pelvic Limb in Three Dimensions Using an Inverse Dynamics Method, and a Comparison of Two Techniques to Surgically Repair a Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle Jason Headrick [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Biomechanics Commons, Comparative and Laboratory Animal Medicine Commons, Orthopedics Commons, Small or Companion Animal Medicine Commons, and the Sports Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Headrick, Jason, "A Description of the Movement of the Canine Pelvic Limb in Three Dimensions Using an Inverse Dynamics Method, and a Comparison of Two Techniques to Surgically Repair a Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1471 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jason Headrick entitled "A Description of the Movement of the Canine Pelvic Limb in Three Dimensions Using an Inverse Dynamics Method, and a Comparison of Two Techniques to Surgically Repair a Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Comparative and Experimental Medicine.
    [Show full text]