Abbott, C., 146 Abbott, Robert S., 179 Abdullah, Melina, 14, 465–74 'Abdul'l-Bahá, 168, 170–9, 183 Abernathy, Ralph, 34

Home , Bruce Boynton, Joseph Carter Abbott, Parkway Village (Queens), Roy C

Index

Abbott, C., 146 Ashburn, Roy, 274 Abbott, Robert S., 179 Ashe, Arthur, 246–7 Abdullah, Melina, 14, 465–74 Asian Americans, 6–7, 9, 14, 127–30, 135–40, 152, ‘Abdul’l-Bahá, 168, 170–9, 183 428–37 Abernathy, Ralph, 341, 342 Assembly to End Prejudice, Injustice, and Poverty, 308 abolitionists, 287–8, 290 Atlanta, 44, 57, 59, 62–5, 68–9, 111, 160, 360, 369, 373, Ache, 260 375, 398, 405, 410–11, 470 Adams, Cyrus Hall, 311 Atlanta Housing Authority (AHA), 62–4 Addams, Jane, 51 Atlanta University Publications, 52–3 Adoption and Safe Families Act, 277 Atwell, Christopher, 254 Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), Austin, 119, 151 58–9, 68 Austin, Elsie, 178, 180–1 Africa, 9, 31, 33–7, 82, 127–43, 169, 181–2, 187–9, 246, AZ, 460 257, 417, 421–2, 425, 438, 440, 446–7 Africa News, 259–60 Bacon, Warren, 306, 309 African American Protestant Church, 204–24 “Bad Girls of Hip-Hop, The” (Morgan), 461 African Caribbean immigrants, 2, 3, 13 Badillo, Herman, 390 African immigrants, 2, 3 Baha’i religion, 11, 167–92 African Union churches, 30, 35 Bahá’u’lláh, 167–9, 178–81, 183, 185 Afrik, Hannibal (Harold Charles), 313 Bailer, Lloyd H., 209, 212–14, 222n39 agriculture, 83–4, 88, 106 Baker, Ella, 76, 323–4 AIDS, 12, 244–67 Baker, Houston, 434 Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 106–7, 236, 273 Balk, Alfred, 266n3 Akron, 113 Baltimore, 21, 30, 44, 113, 151, 398, Alabama, 334–43, 352, 354, 359, 360 408, 411 Alabama National Guard, 342 Bamba, Ahamadou, 142n35 Albuquerque, 113, 151 Bane, Mary Jo, 114 Allard, Patricia, 270 Banks, Rae, 11, 12, 227–44 Allen, Ernest, 432 Baptist church, 195, 204–24 Allen, Samuel, 177 Baraka, Amiri (Leroi Jones), 424, 427, 433 Allen Parkway Village (APV), 57, 59–61, 65–8, 71n39 Barbee, William, 341 Amarillo, 113 Barber, Amzi, 288 American Academy of Political and Social Science, 52 Barnes, Dee, 454 American Apartheid (Massey and Denton), 7 Barnes, John, 133 American Colonization Society, 290 Barnes, Thomas, 403 American Jewish Congress, 322 Barry, Marion, 406 American Journal of sociology,52 Barthelemy, Sidney, 406 American Muslim Journal, 262, 263, 267n14 Basie, Count, 44 American Revolution, 21, 31 Bates, Karen Grigsby, 249–50 American Tobacco Company (ATC), 42 Baton Rouge, 113, 360 Amsterdam News, 201, 244–7, 250, 253–5, 257–8, Batur, Pinar, 5 262, 265 Beatstreet (film), 471 Anderson, Crystal S., 14, 427–37 Bedford-Stuyvesant, 322–3, 325 Anderson, James D., 298n5 Beecher, Lyman, 287 Annapolis, 24 Beer v. United States, 356 Anniston, 334–5, 343 Bell, Derrick, 9, 302–4, 314 Arafat, Yasir, 388 Bennett, Lerone, 451–2 Archer, Dennis, 374, 405 Bergman, Walter, 334 Argonauts of the Western Pacific (Malinowski), 130 Berlin, Ira, 19 Arrington, Marvin, 63 Berry, C., 145 Arrington, Richard, 398, 407 Bey, Twedfik, 312 476 INDEX

B&G, 260 Brooklyn, 91, 321, 323, 325 Billson, Janet, 434 Brooks, Paul, 46 Biondi, Martha, 322 Brown, Foxy, 450, 459–62 Birmingham, 334–9, 343, 347, 359, 398, 407, 411 Brown, H. Rap, 420 bisexuality, 244, 247, 251–3 Brown, Hugh, 288 Bita, Amadou, 135 Brown, Lee, 66 Bitter Fruit (Kim), 4, 6 Brown, Sterling, 415, 418–20 Black, Brown and Beige (Ellington), 439–40, 444 Brown, Tony, 263 Black, Timuel, 304, 308 Brown, William Wells, 199–200 Black Aesthetic, 14, 427, 429–36 Brownsville, Brooklyn (Pritchett), 321 Black Arts Movement, 14, 421, 427, 429, 435 Brown v. Board of Education, 302–4, 314, 333, 336 Black Bourgeoisie (Frazier), 5 Bruce Boynton v. Virginia, 331 black capitalism, 8, 41–4, 46–7, 76, 262 Bryce, Herrington, 400 black convention movement, 21 Buffalo, 119, 150, 369 Black Culture and Black Consciousness (Levine), 420 Bulletin of Labor,53 Black Enterprise, 244–5, 247, 265 Bullock, Henry, 298n5 Black Feminism/Womanism, 14–15, 451–3, 456–7, Bullock, Matthew W., 178 461–2 Bunche, Ralph, J. 4, 5 Black Fire (Jones and Neal), 424 Burgess, Ernest, 104 “Black Manifesto” (NBEC, 1969), 76 Burlington Community Land Trust, 85 Black Men’s Gatherings, The (Williams and Jefferson), “Burn Baby Burn” (Jackmon), 421–4 185–6 Burns, Clarence, 408 Black Metropolis (Drake and Cayton), 5 Burns, Ken, 439 Black Muslims, 262–5, 425 Burroughs, Sonni, 1 Black/Out, 260 Bush, George H.W. (father), 273 Black Panther, 262, 415, 416, 425 Bush, George W. (son), 158–9, 228, 393 Black Panther Party (BPP), 14, 76, 415–16, 422, 424–5, Butts, Calvin, 387 428, 431, 473n8 Byrne, Jane, 370 Black Power Movement, 9, 302, 310–14, 430–1, 461, 467–8 Calhoun, Lee, 45 “Black Pupil of the Eye, The,”169, 181–5, 189 California, 113, 270–1 Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 (DuBois), 2 California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Blacks, Latinos, and Asians in America (Jennings), 6–7 Kids Act (CalWORKS, 1997), 268, 274–9 Black Scholar, 258, 259 Calloway,Cab,44 Black Underclass, The (Glasgow), 7 Cambridge, MA, 29, 53 Blackwell, Ellsworth, 178–9, 181 camouflaged racial discourse, 4, 12 Blackwell, Marie, 248 Campbell, Bill, 63, 405 Blakey, Art, 439, 446–7, 448n17 Campbell, Jane, 403 Blige, Mary J., 450, 454–6, 458–9 Canela-Cacho, J., 157 BLK, 260 Cannato, Vincent, 326–9 Blood on the Fields (Marsalis), 14, 440–7 Carey, Gordon, 331–2 Bloom, Jack M., 429 Carlson, Glenn, 214 Bloomberg, Michael, 392–5, 408 Carney, Magdelene, 181 Blover, Tony, 256 Carr, Julian, 42–3, 46 Bluestone, Barry, 121 Carr family, 43, 45 Bold, June, 81 Carroll, Earl, 171 Bolster, W. Jeffrey, 24, 35 Carroll, Joseph, 313 Booker, Simeon, 335 Carter, Jimmy, 229, 233, 466 Booth, Charles, 50–1 Carter, Pattie Hawkins, 45 Borjas, G., 150–1 Carver, George Washington, 176 Boston, 20, 24–5, 28–32, 84–5, 113, 145, 151, 154, 369 Casamayou, Maureen Hogan, 11 Boureima, Moussa, 135 Casky, J., 160 Boyer, M. Christine, 50 Castles, Stephen, 9 Bracey, John H., Jr., 35 Catlin, Robert A., 49, 375 Bradby, Robert L., 10–11, 204–24 Caverno, Joe, 338–9 Braddock, James, 43 Cayton, Horace R., 4, 5, 195, 197 Bradley, Tom, 371, 398, 404 Cedar Apartments, 59–61 Branch, Taylor, 337 Census Bureau, 102, 399 Brawley, Tawana, 385 Champ, Dorothy, 171, 175 breakdancing, 469–71 Chan, Jeffrey Paul, 431, 433–4 Breakin’ and Breakin’ 2 (film), 471 Chan, Sucheng, 428 Breaux, John, 273 Chandler, Mittie O., 8, 56–72 Bright, Rita, 99n77 Chaney, James, 429 “Bronzeville,”5, 193, 195–6 Charleston, 20–2, 24, 28–31, 360 INDEX 477

Charlotte, 145, 154 Comprehensive Grant Program, 61 Chicago, 5, 8, 9, 60, 113, 119, 145, 151, 154–5, 185, Comprehensive Improvement Assistance Program 193–7, 201, 302–18, 367, 370–1, 373–4, 398–9, 411: (CIAP), 58, 61–2 Board of Education, 304, 306–15 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 306, 319, 331–4, Chicago Defender, 193, 201, 308 336, 338, 344–5, 347, 418 Chicago Police Deparment Intelligence Division, 310 conjurers, 199–201, 447n6 Chicago Tribune, 311 Connor, Eugene “Bull,”335, 337, 340, 347 Chicago Urban League, 304 conservatives, 3–4, 6–8, 12, 101, 107, 367 children, 101, 123, 236, 254, 256, 270, 276–8, 289, 293–4 Cooper, Andrew, 258 Chilites, 450 Cooperative Economics for Women (CEW), 91–2 Chin, Frank, 14, 427, 430–36 cooperative economic strategies, 9, 75–7, 80–100 China, 135, 428 Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA), 90–1 Chireau, Yvonne P., 10, 193–203 Coordinating Council of Community Organizations Christianity, 31, 202, 206, 324 (CCCO), 304–11, 314 Chuchut, Mildred, 312 Copage, Eric, 248 Chuck, D., 469 Cormega, 460 churches, 5, 29–31, 33–7, 45–6, 87–8, 194–6, 204–24, Corpus Christi, 152 252, 261, 294, 298, 324–30, 341 Cotton, Jeremiah, 80, 82 CIA, 227, 229, 234 Cottrol, Robert J., 30 Cincinnati, 8–9, 26, 59, 285–301; Credit Union National Association (CUNA), 89–90 Board of Trustees and Visitors for Common Schools credit unions, 83–4, 89–90, 160 (“White Board), 292–7, 300n51; City Council, Creole blacks, 33–7 291–2; Colored School Board, 9, 286, 292–7 Crew, Charles, 308 Cincinnati Anti-Slavery Society, 288, 299n30 crime, 10, 102, 157, 233, 235, 238, 268–82, 384–6, Cisneros, Henry, 66 398–403, 406 City Sun, 253–8, 261, 266 criminal justice system, 7, 11, 126n34, 149, 229, 231–2, Civil Rights Act (1964), 71, 104, 303, 305, 309–10, 314 238, 268, 270–1, 276–9 Civil Rights Cases (1833), 41 critical race theory, 302, 467 civil rights movement, 9, 13, 44, 83, 92, 101, 105, 107, Croff, Mildren Dillard, 211 236–7, 302, 305–10, 314, 319–29, 365, 423, 466–8 Crouch, Stanley, 439, 446 Clark, Kenneth, 323 Crown Heights riot, 384 Clark, Peter H., 290, 292, 296 Cruit, George, 339 Clark Howell Homes, 63–4 Crump, Mayor, 370 Clear, T., 157 Cuffe, Paul, 35 Cleveland, 57, 61, 68, 69, 113, 145, 150, 365, 367, 371, Cuomo, Andrew, 393 375, 398, 403, 411 Cuomo, Mario, 384 Clinton, Bill, 7, 16n29, 106, 153, 159, 388–9 Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority (CMHA), Clinton, Hillary, 385, 387–9 61–2, 69 Cloward, Richard, 7, 105–6 Czerniejewski, May Khadem, 182 coalitions, 13, 367, 371, 375, 377, 381, 394, 428 Czerniejewski, Rick, 182 Cobb, Clifford, 77 cocaine and crack, 12, 227, 229, 231–5, 238–9, 269–73 Dabney, Wendell, 290 Cogan, Charlie, 328 Dade, Malcolm, 219 Cohen, Cathy, 11, 12, 244–67 Dahl, Robert A., 369 Cohen, J., 157 Daley, Richard (father), 9, 304, 307–10, 314, 367, 370 Cohen, Wilber, 310 Daley, Richard (son), 370, 375–6, 407 Collins, Bruce, 21 Dallas, 59, 360, 368 Collins, Henry, 288 D’Amato, Alphonse, 387–8 Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association, 44 Daniels, Everard W., 210–11, 214, 216–18 Colored Men’s conventions, 290–1 Daniels, John, 377 ColorLife, 260 Danner, Margaret, 175 Combs, Sean “Puffy,”454, 457 Danns, Dionne, 8, 9, 302–18 Commission on Human Rights, 321 Davidson, Chandler, 360 Commission on Inter-Group Relations (COIR), 320–1 Davies, Gareth, 327 Community Action Programs, 105, 107 Davis, Angela, 449–50, 460–1 Community Development Corporations, 57, 154 Davis, Eisa, 452 Community Development Credit Unions, 90 Davis, Gray, 274–5 Community Development Financial Institutions, 90, 153 Davis, Jannette L., 258 Community Land Trusts, 84–5 Dawson, William, 370 community-owned businesses, 83, 85–8, 94, 159–60 Day, William H., 291 Community Reinvestment Act, 153 Deas, Alberta, 181 Community Service Block Grant, 236 Declining Significance of Race, The (Wilson), 7, 103, 108 Comprehensive Employment and Training deindustrializaton, 13, 101–4, 119, 121, 124, 237, 329 Act (CETA), 236 Delaware, 33 478 INDEX

DeLay, Tom, 66 Ellington, Duke, 44, 438–40, 442–7 Delgado, Richard, 467 Ellis, Wilma, 181 DeMarco, Joseph P., 75 Ellison, Ralph, 439, 446 Democratic Party, 105–6, 235, 341, 368, 370–4, 381–2, Emancipation, 293 384, 387–95 Emerge, 245, 266 Denby, Charles, 212 employee-owned enterprises, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90–1 Denham, Mr., 288 Employers Association of Detroit, 209 Dent, David J., 247 employment, 6, 22, 54, 79, 107, 149–51, 156, 214, 278, Denton, Nancy, 7, 104, 121, 372 322–3 Denver, 367, 398, 409–11 Empowerment Communities, 153 Depression, 214–17, 220, 223n50 Empowerment Zones, 153 desegregation, 331–51. See also schools environmental racism, 79, 83, 160 Detroit, 10–11, 113, 119, 145, 154, 204–24, 374–5, 398, 411 Epperson, Terrence W., 27 Detroit Urban League, 209 Epton, Bernard, 370, 374 Deutch, John, 227 Erie, Steven, 369–70 devolution, 102, 106, 110, 124, 126n34 Essence, 244–6, 248–50, 265 Diallo, Amadou, 386 Esu Elegbara (deity), 417, 425 Diallo, Moussa, 127–31 Evans, Arthur S., 373 Dickens, Charles, 441 Evans, Faith, 455 Dinkins, David, 368, 371, 375, 383–6, 389, 393, 395–6, Ewing, Tod, 181 398, 408–9 Diouf, Sylviane, 31 Fairbairn, Brett, 81 discourse tactics, 230–8, 269 Faircloth, Lauch, 273 discrimination, 4, 6, 13, 93, 107, 196, 212–13, 319, Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), 219 321–3, 329 family, black, 4, 5, 26, 54, 121, 234, 248, 271, 273, 420, disinvestment, 4, 105, 119, 122 451, 461–2 Dixon, Sharon Pratt, 406 Fanon, Franz, 422–3 DJ Kool, 470 Fari, Sala, 135, 138 Dorismond, Patrick, 386 Farley, R., 152 Douglass, Frederick, 177, 290 Farmer, James, 332–6, 341–2, 347–8 Douglass, Joseph, 177 Farrakhan, Louis, 249, 262, 264 Drake, St. Clair, 4, 5, 195, 197 Father MC, 454 Dr. Dre, 454, 457 Faucette, Margaret, 45 drugs, 11–12, 102, 227–44, 247, 249–50, 257, 262, 265, FBI, 335, 340, 399, 429, 432 268–82 Feagin, Joe R., 5–6, 12 Dublin, Louis I., 222–3n39 Federation of Southern Cooperatives/Land Assistance Du Bois, W.E.B., 2, 4–5, 8–9, 41, 44, 49, 50–5, 75–6, 82, Fund (FSC/LAF), 83–4, 90, 92–4 94, 98n53, 177, 423 Female Association for the Benefit of Africans, 287 Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative (DSNI), 84–5 Ferraro, Geraldine, 391 Duke, David, 12 Ferrer, Fernando, 390–3, 395–6 Duke, James Buchanan, 42 Figures in Black (Gates), 417 Duke, Washington, 42 Final Call, 262, 263–4, 267n14 Duke family, 8, 42, 43, 45 Fisher, Lowell B., 307 Durham, 8, 41–8, 360, 367 Fitts, Robert, 27 Dusk of Dawn (DuBois), 4–5 Fitz, Governor of Michigan, 207 Duster, Troy, 231 Fitzgerald, Joan, 8, 49–55 Dymski, G., 159 Fitzgerald, Robert, 42 Dyson, Michael E., 451, 455, 466 Fitzpatrick-Moore, Bonnie, 186, 188 Flake, Floyd, 387 Eastland, James O., 344 Fletcher, William, 82 Ebony, 244–6, 250–3, 265 Florida, 20, 352, 354, 360 economic development, 75–100 Floyd, Mary E., 47 economic networks, 127–43 food stamps, 105–7, 233, 235–6, 270, 274 education, see schools Forbes, George, 375 Education Committee for the Convention of Colored Ford, Edsel, 215 Freemen, 291 Ford, Gerald, 233, 466 Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1934, The Ford, Henry, 10–11, 205–24 (Anderson), 298n5 Ford Foundation, 160 Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, The (Woodson), Forman, James, 76 298n5 Fort Lauderdale, 119 Education Society of Cincinnati, 291 Fortune,89 Effendi, Shoghi, 179–80, 183–4, 187 Frank, Andrew, 28 Egner, David, 254 Franklin, Aretha, 461 elections, 12, 13, 106, 238, 352–412, 468 Franklin, John Hope, 181 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), 159 Franklin, Shirley, 405 elites, black, 8, 29–31, 33, 54, 108–10, 246, 250, 322 Frazier, E. Franklin, 4, 5, 43, 104, 427 INDEX 479

Free African Society, 35 Grant, George, 343 Free African Union society, 35 Great Awakening, 29 free blacks, 1, 2, 20, 22–26, 32, 289 Greaves, Wayne, 246, 249–50 Freedmen’s Town Historic District, 65–6, 71n39 Green, Al, 456 Freedom Day Boycotts, 306–8 Green, Charles, 13, 381–97 Freedom Quilting Bee, 92 Green, Mark, 389–93 Freedom Riders, 13, 331–51 Greensboro, NC, 119, 360 Freeman, Joshua, 320 Gregory, Lewis G., 11 Fresh, Doug E., 450 Gregory, Louis G., 169, 171–4, 176, 178, 180–1, 183 Fresno, 113 Griffith, Miles, 440 Frey, W., 152 Grogan, P., 145, 148, 156–8 Friesema, Paul, 401 Guinier, Lani, 5–7 From Trickster to Badman (Roberts), 417 Gunga Din Highway (Chin), 430–1 Frost-Leland Amendment, 65–6 Fulton, Murray, 81 Hadden, Jeffrey, 400–1 Futura, 474n26 Hahn, James, 404 Haitians, 246–7 Gaffney, James, 217 Halberstam, David, 335 Gaines, John Isom, 290, 292–6 Hall,Peter,49 Gaines v. Missouri,44 Hall, Prince, 29 Gaither, Thomas, 331–4 Hall, Robert L., 31 Galamison, Milton, 13, 319, 324–6, 329 Halstead, Ted, 77 Gandhi, 331, 333 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 424 Gardner, John W., 310 Hammond, John, 445–6 Garrett, Nathan, 47 hampton, dream, 452, 456 Gary, 113, 365, 368, 370–1, 375, 398, Hannen, Joseph, 172, 178 403–4, 411 Hannen, Pauline, 172, 178 Gates, Henry Louis, 417, 421 Hansberry, William L., 177 Gaye, Marvin, 458 Harlem, 9, 128–41, 198, 322, 328, 390; Renaissance, Gayle, Addison, Jr., 431 418, 427 Gayle, Helene, 247 Harmon, Julia Robinson, 10, 204–24 gender, 14–15, 269–71, 449–64 Harouna, Soumana, 135 gentrification, 102, 104–5, 119, 121–2, 148, 151–3, 237 Harrell, Andre, 455 “Genuine Progress Indicator,”77 Harris, Ian, 433 George, Nelson, 451 Harrison, Bennett, 121 George III, King of England, 21 Harrison, Charles Curtis, 51 Georgia, 352, 354, 359–60 Harrison Act, 231 Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District, 64 Hatch, Orrin, 271 Gerald, Gil, 261, 266n7 Hatcher, Richard, 365, 371, 375, 398, 403–4 Gerber, David, 296–7 Hausa people, 132–3, 135, 137–8 Getsinger, Lua M., 170 Hauser Report, 306, 309 Ghana, 128–9, 136, 446 Hayden, Robert, 175 Gibbs-Marhall, 171 Hayes, Isaac, 449 Gibson, Amoz, 180–1 Haynes, Curtis, Jr., 75, 83, 92 Gibson, Kenneth, 398, 404 Hayti (Durham, NC), 8, 41–8 Giddins, Gary, 444–6 Head Start, 107 Giles, Michael W., 373 health care, 11, 105, 110, 151, 236, 323 Gillespie, Dizzy, 175–6 Health, Education and Welfare Department, 305, 309–10 Gilmore, Hiram S., 288–91, 299n33 Hearst, Phoebe, 170 Girgenti report, 384 Hearst, William Randolph, 170 Giuliani, Rudolph, 367–8, 375, 384–9, 392, 408 Helms, Janet, 433 Glaeser, E., 147–8, 150–1 Henderson, Robert, 181 Glasgow, Douglas, 7 Hendricks, Jon, 440 globalization, 3, 9–10, 78–9, 101–2, 144–64 Herald of Freedom, 290 Glover, Tony, 256–7 Herenton, W.W., 368, 374, 398, 401, 410 Goldberg, Jackie, 274 heroin, 228–30 Golden, Marita, 456 Hertz, Kaenen, 373 Golisano, 393–4 Hevesi, Alan, 389, 391 Gomez, Michael A., 31, 438, 441 Higher Horizons, 322 Gonzalez, Henry, 66 Hill, Charles Andrew, 218–19 Goode, Wilson, 398, 408 Hill, Frank Ernest, 210–11 Goodman, Andrew, 429 Hill, Robert, 432 Goodwin, Mr., 288 hip-hop, 14–15, 449–74 Gore, Al, 389 historic designation, 8, 56–72 Gramm, Phil, 270 Historic Preservation Tax Credit, 69 Granger, Lester, 328 Hittner, David, 66 480 INDEX

Ho, Fred, 428 Japanese by Spring (Reed), 430 Hogan, Lloyd, 82, 98n53 Jargowsky, Paul A., 114 Holcutt, Thomas, 44 Jay Z., 460 Homeownership Zone, 156 jazz, 438–48 homosexuality, 244, 246–52, 255–6, 260–2, 264–6 Jazz (TV programs), 439 hooks, bell, 453, 456–7 Jazz Singer, The (film), 438 Hoover, J. Edgar, 429 Jefferson, Ted, 185 HOPE VI Urban Revitalization, 57, 62–4, 66–7, 69, Jenkins, Chester, 367 70n3, 154–5, 159 Jennings, James, 6, 7 Hornbuckle, Dock, 213 Jennings, Regina, 14, 415–26 housing, 8, 10, 52, 56–72, 79, 84–5, 88, 102, 104–7, 110, Jersey City, 151–2 121–4, 126n34, 149, 152–6, 159, 236–7, 321, 323 Jet, 244, 245–7, 265 Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD), Jim Crow, 41–4, 210, 285, 303, 324, 423, 452 57–8, 61–3, 65–6, 78, 154, 156, 234, 236 Job Corps, 107 Housing Authority of the City of Houston (HACH), 65–7 Jodeci, 454 Houston, 57, 60, 65–9, 145, 154, 215 Johansson, Borje, 136 Howard, Adina, 455 Johnson, Hall, 171 Howard, Jack, 28 Johnson, Jeffrey, 133 Howard, William D., 8, 49–55 Johnson, John Weldon, 177 How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 50 Johnson, Lyndon B., 310, 429 Hoyt, Kenneth, 65 Johnson, Magic, 246–7, 250, 263 Hubert, James H., 177 Johnson, Rebecca, 91 Huckfeldt, Robert, 372 Johnson, William M., 288 Huddleston, George, 343 Johnston, Joseph, 41 Huggins, Erika, 415 Jolson, Al, 438 Hughes, Langston, 175 Jones, Baker, 294 Hughes, Louis, 199 Jones, Rhett S., 1, 19–40 Hurston, Zora Neale, 418 Jones, Sam, 45 hypersegregation, 119, 375 Jones, William A., 321 Joplin, Scott, 447n6 Ice Cube, 457 Jordan, June, 451 Illson, Murray, 328 Jordan-Zachery, Julia S., 11–12, 268–82 immigrants, 149–51, 214, 329. See also specific groups Journal of the American Planning Association, 49, 54n1 Inada, Lawson, 431 Joyce, Patrick, 371 incomes, 10, 109, 124, 126n34, 150 Junior Mafia, 460 “Increasing Desegregation of Faculties, Students, and Justice, Barbara, 249 Vocational Education Programs” (Redmond report), Justice Department, 13, 335, 337–8, 345, 347, 352–64 311 Jyles, Pearlie, 45 Indianapolis, 60, 369 individualism, 80, 81, 233, 239, 327 Kansas City, 145, 158 inequality, economic, 77–8, 93, 96nn, 102–3, 108–10, Kanter, R., 144–9 121, 124, 395 Karmen, Andrew, 385 insights and Poems (Newton), 415 Kass, Rass, 451 integration, 5, 47, 107, 296–7, 311. See also Katz, Sam, 374 desegregation; schools Kaufmann, Karen, 373 interest convergence theory, 9, 302–4, 314 Keepin’ It Real (Powell), 452 Intergroup Committee of New York Public Schools, 327–8 Keiser, Richard A., 370, 375 International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), 89 Kelley, Robin D.G., 2, 427–8 Inter-racial Committee Report (Detroit), 212, 222n36 Kelling, George, 385 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 346–8 Kennedy, Jack B., 217 In This House, On This Morning (Marsalis), 440, 448n9 Kennedy, John F., 13, 332–3, 336–9, Iran-Contra scandal, 227, 229 342–8, 422 Ish, Daniel, 81 Kennedy, Robert F., 335–47 Islam, 31, 446, 448n9 Keppel, Frances, 309–10 I Wor Kuen, 428 Kerner Commission, 145, 369 Kerry, John, 229 Jackmon, Marvin E., 421, 424 Ketilson, Lou Hammond, 81 Jackson, Maynard, 63, 398, 405 Key, V.O., 372 Jackson, Millie, 449 Khanum, Ruhihhih, 183 Jackson, Olive, 171 Khrushchev, Nikita, 336, 342 Jackson, MS (city), 113, 344–7, 359 Kim, Clair Jean, 4, 6 Jacobson, David, 142n36 Kincaid, Bernard, 407 Jairison, Thomas H., 217 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 319, 332, 334, 336, 338, 341–8, James, George, 61 421–2 James, Sharpe, 371, 404 King, Scott, 368, 404 Janowitz, Morris, 104 Kipling, Rudyard, 434 INDEX 481

Kirby, 374 Los Angeles, 20, 111, 113, 145, 150–1, 154, 227, 275, Kirk,Ron,368 367, 371, 381, 398, 404, 411, 425, 471, 474n27 Kirkpatrick, Kwame, 405 Losing Ground (Murray), 7–8 Klinkner, Phillip, 377 Louis, Joe, 43 Knight, R., 147, 149 Louisiana, 352, 354, 359–61 Koch, Ed, 375, 382, 384, 386, 390–1 Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC), 63–4, 67, Koger, Larry, 20, 22–3, 31 69, 154–5 Kohfeld, Carol W., 372 low-wage jobs, 77, 101, 103, 106, 121, 147–8, 276 Kolko, 152 Lowe, Edward, 197 Korbel, George, 360 Lowe, Lisa, 430 Kraus, Neil, 13, 365–80, 411 lower-class blacks, 29–33, 46, 103. See also poverty; Kromer, J., 145, 148, 154–6, 158 underclass Krueckeberg, Donald A., 49 Ludacris, 470 Krush Groove (film), 471 Lusane, Clarence, 76, 93, 95n13 Kucinich, Dennis, 403 Kuhr, Harry, 311–12 Mack, Craig, 454 Ku Klux Klan, 43, 452 magic and occult, 193–203 Kulikoff, Allan, 26 Maiga, Sidi, 128, 130–2 Major Rehabilitation of Obsolete Properties (MROP), 61 labor, 1–2, 4, 106, 206–15, 320 Majors, Richard, 434 Labor Department, 53 Malcolm X., 229, 262, 417, 421, 425 labor unions, 101, 121, 215–21, 320, Mali, 136–7, 417 322, 394 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 130 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 371 Mann, Floyd, 338 Lakeview Terrace Estate, 69, 70n1 manufacturing, 1, 54, 77–8, 101–2, 119, 147, 150, 205–27 land development, 82–5 Markham, Edian D., 46 Landry, Lawrence, 308 Markowitz, Gerald, 322 Lane, Henry, 441 Marl, Marley, 470 Langston, Charles, 291 Marovitz, Abraham L., 307 Langston, John Mercer, 291 Marsalis, Wynton, 14, 438–48 Lanham Act, 60 Marshall, Burke, 338, 345, 348 Lanier, Robert, 66 Marshall, Donald, 215–19 Latino/as, 2, 6, 11, 13, 77, 152, 157, 270, 275, 365, Martin, Alexander, 171 385–96 Martin, Elizabeth A., 209, 212, 215 Lazio, Rick, 388 Martin, Homer, 218 Leach, Nathaniel, 205, 214, 218 Martin, Mary, 171 leadership, black, 28, 247, 250, 255, 258, 261, 289–92, Martin, Thad, 251 295, 310–11 masculinity, 433–4 Lee, Bruce, 428 Massey, Douglas, 7, 104, 121, 372 Leger, Dimitry, 453 Massey, Stephen, 293, 295 Legislation of Morality, The (Duster), 231 Maternal and Child Health Block Grants, 236 Leighton, George, 307–8 Mathew, Louisa, 174 Leland, Mickey, 65 Matney, W.C., 82 Leonard, Fred, 340 Maxwell, William, 181 Levesque, George A., 20, 31, 35–6 Mayaki, Issifi, 130, 132–8 Levine, Harry G., 271 McCall, Carl, 321, 391, 393–6 Levine, Lawrence, 420 McClendon, John, 44–5 Lewis, Anthony, 346 McKay, Claude, 198 Lewis, Edward, 327 McMillan, Terry, 456 Lewis, John, 336–7, 340–1, 348 McPherson, Henry, 288 Lewis-Thorton, Rae, 248–9 media, 12, 231, 234–5, 238–9, 265; black, 244–67 liberals, 13, 319–30, 367, 374–5, 385 Medicaid, 106, 236 Life for Us Is What We Make It (Thomas), 204 Medoff, Peter, 84 Lil’ Kim, 450, 459–62 Meier, August, 219, 348 Lincoln, Abraham, 181 Melish, Joanne Pope, 22, 26–7, 31 Lincoln, E. Eric, 175 Memphis, 60, 119, 368, 370, 374, 398, 401, 410–11 Lindsay, John, 326 Mencken, Henry Louis, 424–5 Lindsay, Samuel McCune, 51 Merrick, John, 42–3, 45–6 Lipsitz, George, 442 Messenger, 423 Litwack, Leon, 298n5 Messinger, Ruth, 385, 390 LL Cool J, 449, 452 Method Man, 450, 458–9 Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), 154 Methodist church, 195 Locher, Ralph, 371 Miami, 119, 145, 150, 154 Locke, Alain, 175, 177 Michel’le, 454 Logan, John, 381, 396 middle-class blacks, 5, 7, 20–21, 28–33, Lonely Rage, A (Seale), 416 43, 45–6, 103–4, 108–10, 233, 239, 248–51, 376 482 INDEX

Middlemass, Keesha M., 13, 352–64 National Defense Act, 60–1 migrations, 1–2, 10–11, 32, 107, 110, 123, 194–5, National Equity Fund, 67 205–12, 215, 304, 428 National Federation of Community Development Miles, Norman K., 214, 221 Credit Unions, 90 Mills, Charles, 234 National Federation of Settlements, 55n12 Mills, Mary, 45 National Historic Preservation Act, 58 Milwaukee, 113, 119 National Industrial Recovery Act, 62 Miner’s Canary, The (Guinier and Torres), 5–7 National Park Service, 67 Minneapolis, 113, 119, 368–9, 373–4 National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), 56–67 Miroff, Bruce, 343–4 Native Americans, 418–19, 441–2 Mississippi, 352, 354, 359, 361, 429 Ndegeocello, Me’Shell, 450 Missouri v. Jenkins, 158 Neal, Larry, 424, 430–1, 435 Mitchell, Angelyn, 429, 433 Negro Church in America, The (Frazier), 5 Mitchell, Glenford, 181 “Negro Civilizatons in Ancient Africa” (Hanberry), 177 Mitchell, Henry, 312 Negro Family in the United States, The (Frazier), 5, 104 Mitchell, John Clyde, 133–4, 136 Nehemiah program, 156 Mobile, AL, 20, 113, 360 Neighborhood Gardens Apartments, 59 Mollenkopf, John, 381, 396 Neighborhood Self-Help and Planning Assistance Mondragon Cooperative Corporation (MCC), 9, 92–3 Program, 236 Monifah, 455 Nelly, 470 Montgomery, 336–44, 359 Nembhard, Jessica Gordon, 9, 75–100 Montgomery Advertiser, The, 343 neo-African religion, 31 Moore, Dr. Aaron, 42–3, 45–6 neoclassical economic models, 80–1 Morabeza Cooperative Cleaning Cooperative, 92 neoconservatives (New Right), 3, 6, 11, 232, 236–7, 239 Morgan, Joan, 452, 455, 457, 461–2 neoliberals, 3, 106 Morgan, Tom, 257–8 Nevins, Allan, 210–11 Morial, Ernest, 398, 406 Newark, 111, 113, 119, 145, 151–2, 371, 398, 404, 411 Morial, Marc, 406 “New Class,”101, 106 Morris, Charles R., 322–3, 326–7 New Deal, 101, 327 Morris, Frank L., 211 “new economy,”76–9, 93, 95n13, 102 Morrison, Gayle, 171, 173, 179 New Internationalist, 259 Morton, Patricia, 427 “New Markets” intiative, 153, 159 Moss, Alfred A., Jr., 181 New Orleans, 20, 21, 60, 336, 360, 369, 398, 406, 411, 442 Motomura, Hiroshi, 354 Newport, 23, 30, 35 Mounkaila, Boubé, 135–6, 138–40 Newport, Eugene, 82 Moynihan, Daniel P., 104, 391, 461 Newton, Huey, 415–17, 420–5 Mr. Magic, 470 New York City, 12–13, 20, 24, 30, 32, 59, 91, 113, Muhammad, Abdul Alim, 263–4 127–42, 145–6, 150–2, 154, 235, 253, 319–30, 367, Muhammad, Elijah, 262 371, 375, 381–93, 396, 398, 408–9, 411, 471, 474n27; Muhammad, Wallace, 262 Board of Education, 321–8; Housing Authority, 321; Muhammad, Warith Deen, 262 Police Department, 386 Muhammad Speaks, 262 New York City Teachers Guild, 327–8 Mullin, Gerald W., 27 New York City-Wide Committee for Integrated Murembya, Leonidas, 77 Schools, 326 Murphy, Frank, 207, 215 New York State, 381–97; Commission Against Murray, Albert, 439, 446 Discrimination, 322 Murray, Charles, 7–8 New York Times, 328, 346, 443 Murray, Pauli, 46 Nickels, Greg, 409 My African Heart (Fitzpatrick-Moore), 186 Nickens, David, 288 Myth of Black Progress (Pinkney), 5 Nickens, Owen T.B., 288, 294 NIDA, 278 NAACP, 176–7, 218–19, 227, 304, 307–8, 319, 323, 325, Nigeria, 446 332–3, 338, 348, 473n8 Niggas With Attitude (NWA), 454, 470 Nadeau, E.J., 91 Niven, David, 13, 331–51 Nagin, Ray, 406 Nixon, Richard, 388 Nance, Ray, 442 Noble, Mary, 134 Nas, 460 Noble, Richard, 255–6 Nash, Diane, 336–7, 342 No Child Left Behind, 158–9 Nash, Gary B., 20, 24, 29 Norfolk, 152 Nashville Student Movement, 336 North Carolina, 352, 354, 360 National Association of Housing and Redevelopment North Carolina Central University (NCCU), 8, 42, 44–5 Officials, 69 North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance, 42, 44 National Black Economic Conference, 76 North Central Association, 307 National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays, 261, 264 North of Slavery (Litwack), 298n5 National Cooperative Business Northup, Solomon, 442, 444 Association, 88 Notorious B.I.G., 457 INDEX 483

Oakland, 113, 415, 470 poverty, 10, 75, 77, 79, 81, 145, 152–5, 158–60, 196, occupations, 23–8, 150–1 233–8, 327, 376, 402; concentrated, 102–26; women “Odyssey of Big Boy” (Brown), 420 and, 268–80 Offutt, Walter, 321 Powell, Kevin, 452 Oglesby, Sadie, 179 Prashad, Vijay, 428 Ohio, 9, 26, 285–301; Historic Preservation Office, 62, Pratt, Elmer “Geronimo,”424 69; Supreme Court, 292 Presbyterian Interracial Council, 307 Ohio Female Anti-Slavery Association, 287 Pressman, N., 146–7 Ohio State Convention of Colored Citizens, 291, Pretty Woman (film), 456 299n43 Preusse, Charles F., 321 Olympics, 45, 57, 63 Price, James C., 212 O’Malley, Martin, 408 Price, Lloyd, 419 Ominbus Budget Reconciliation Act (1981), 236 Primm, Benny, 246, 255 Operation Transfer, 306 Principals Club, 307 Orr, David, 407 prisons, 4, 10, 102, 126n34, 156–7, 228, 235–8, 254, 261, Ousey, G., 157 275–9, 238 Owen, Chandler, 423 Pritchett, Wendell, 321 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, 158 Page,Ray,309 Proscio, T., 145, 148, 156–8 Palmer, Errol, 373 Proud Shoes (Murray), 46 Pane, Leila Y., 171 Providence, 20, 24, 28, 35 Paraprofessional Health Care Institute, 91 Pryor, Mason, 193–4 Parents in Action Against Educational Discrimination, Pryor, Richard, 246 323–4 Public Education Association, 323 Parents Workshop for Equality in New York City Public Works Administration, 56, 60 Schools, 325–6 Puff Daddy, 454, 458, 460 Park, Robert, 104 Pupil of the Eye,The (Taylor), 182 Parker, Chief, 425 Parsons, Agnes, 177 Queen Latifah, 462 Pasnick, Raymond W., 306 Queen Pen, 450, 462 Pataki, George, 389, 393–5 Quinn, William P., 288 Patterson, James T., 303 Quitman, GA, 356, 359 Patterson, John, 335, 338–43, 345–6 Peck, Jim, 334–6 Raby, Albert, 310 People and Politics in America’s Big Cities (Logan and Race and Class, 258–9 Mollenkopf), 396 “Race Question from the Standpoint of Revelation,”176 Pereira, Sarah, 180–1 Race Rebels (Kelley), 2 Perk, Ralph, 403 “race talk,”6–7, 11 Perkins, William, 449 “racial bribe,”6–7 Perry, Sovella X., 264 racism, 1–7, 9, 12–13, 22–3, 25–7, 29, 35–7, 102, Personal Responsiblity and Work Reconciliation Act 178–82, 187, 210, 212, 234, 236–9, 290, 293, 303, (PRWORA), 268, 270, 273–4, 279 309, 324, 338, 373 Persuad, Randolph, 76, 93, 95n13 racist hoax, 5–6, 11–12 Philadelphia, 20–2, 24, 28–36, 50–4, 59, 113, 145, 150–1, Rainey, Della, 45 154, 215, 324, 374, 398, 408, 411–12 Rainey, Gertrude “Ma,”450, 460–1 Philadelphia Negro, The (Du Bois), 4, 8, 49, 50–4 Raleigh, NC, 119 Phillips, Kevin, 123, 395 Ramirez, Roberto, 392 Pinkney, Alphonso, 5–6 Randolph, A. Philip, 177, 423 Pittsburgh, 26, 150–1, 369 Randolph, Laura B., 251–2, 266–7n7 Pittsburgh Courier, 201 Randolph, Lewis A., 1–16 Piven, Francis Fox, 7, 105–6 Rangel, Charlie, 250 planning, 49–55, 70, 83–5 rap music, 449–66, 469–72 plantations, 26, 34, 76, 83 Ravitch, Diane, 326–7 Plessy v. Ferguson, 9, 41, 285, 303 Reagan, Nancy, 232–4, 245 pluralists, 369, 372 Reagan, Ronald, 11, 12, 227, 229, 232–9, 271–2 poetry, 14, 415–26 Real Roxanne, 472 Pohlmann, Marcus, 13, 374, 398–412 Redding, Otis, 461 police, 151, 235, 238, 401 Red Guard Party, 428 policy/codified language, 4, 11–12 Redmond, James, 311, 313–14 Political Science Quarterly,53 Reed, Ishmael, 14, 427, 430–6 Politics of Rich and Poor, The (Phillips), 123 Reeves, Thomas, 344 Popkin, S., 155 Regulating the Poor (Piven and Cloward), 7 post-industrial economy, 10, 102–26, 232 Reid, Ira De A., 177 Potter, Russell, 451 Reinarman, Craig, 271 Pough, Gwen, 14–15, 449–64 religion, 10–11, 31 Poussaint, Alvin F., 250 Rempel, James, 256 484 INDEX

Rendell, Edward, 408 Scott, A., 147 rental housing, 122–3, 156 Scott, Mel, 49 Republican Party, 51, 106, 352, 371, 374–5, 381–2, 385, Seale, Bobby G., 415–26, 428 387, 391–3 Seattle, 145, 367–9, 373, 398, 409, 411 residential dislocation, 104–5 Second Baptist Herald, 206, 208 “Return of the Native” (Baraka), 427 Section 8 housing, 64, 155 revitalization, 122, 145, 148, 154–6 Section 106 process, 58–9, 62, 67–8 Revolutionary Suicide (Newton), 422 segregated poverty, 102, 104, 115–24, 367 Reynolds, William Bradford, 237 segregation, 7, 9, 29, 71n39, 107, 110, 114, 117–18, 121, Rice, Norman, 367–8, 373, 398, 409 124, 152, 157–8, 173–4, 178–1, 331–51, 367, 377, Richmond, 1, 31, 360 451, 452; de facto, 3, 13, 304, 322 Riordan, Richard, 367, 404 Seigenthaler, John, 335–6, 338–40 Rivera, Dennis, 394 self-help, 8, 41–4, 46–7, 52–3, 82, 207, 262 Riverside, CA, 113 Sentencing Project, 270 Roberts, Dorothy, 277 September 11, 2001 attacks, 387, 392–3, 396 Roberts, John, 417, 423 Sernett, Milton C., 205 Roberts, Julia, 456 service sector, 77–8, 101–3, 106, 126n33, 147, 149–50, 237 Roberts, Tara, 452 Shakur, Assata, 422 Roberts, William, 181 Shan, 470 Robson, Wade, 473n25 Shante, Roxanne, 450, 470, 472 Roddewig, Clair, 308 Shaping of Black America, The (Bennett), 451–2 Rodgers, Lawrence R., 428 Shapiro, J., 150–1 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 62, 64 Sharkey, Joseph T., 321 Roots, Nappy, 470 Sharkey-Brown-Isaacs Law, 321 Rose, Tricia, 450–1, 453, 466 Sharp, Elain, 11 Rosen, Joseph, 312 Sharpe, Leslie T., 256 Rosenbaum, J., 155 Sharpe, Phyllis, 257 Rosengarten, Theodore, 443–4 Sharpton, Al, 385–7, 390–1, 393 Rosenwald Economic Conference, 75 Shepard, James E., 44 Rosner, David, 322 Shihadeh, E., 157 Ross, Doran, 129 Shipp, Sigmund C., 80–1 Rowe, Jonathan, 77 Shreveport, 113, 360 Rudwick, Elliott, 53, 219, 348 Shuman, M., 145, 147–8, 159–60 Rybak, R.T., 374 Shuttlesworth, Fred, 334–6, 339 Signifying Monkey, The (Gates), 421 Sacramento, 113 Silber, John, 273 Safir, Howard, 386 Silver, Charles, 328 Sage, 259 single parent families, 10, 104, 123, 272–3, 275 St. Augustine, 20 Sister Soulhaj, 455 St. Joseph’s Historic Foundation, 46 Sisters With Voices (SWV), 455 St. Louis, 44, 59, 111, 145, 215, 470 Sitkoff, Harvard, 346, 429 St. Paul, 113, 369 Sklar, Holly, 84 Saleem, Habibullah, 263 slavery, 1–2, 20–7, 32–4, 36–7, 52, 83, 167, 181, Salt-N-Pepa, 450, 462 199–200, 269, 290, 419–20, 441–5, 451, 462 San Diego, 113, 145, 152 Sleeper, Jim, 367 San Francisco, 113, 145, 150–2 Slick Rick, 450 San Jose, 113 Smalls, Biggie, 450, 454, 457–60 San Jose Mercury News, 227 Smith, A., 154 Santa Ana, CA, 113 Smith, Bessie, 44 Santayana, George, 144, 160 Smith, Dean, 45 Sassen, 147 Smith, Howard K., 335 Savannah, 22, 31, 359 Smith, Kimberly, 256 Sawyer, Eugene, 407 Smith, William French, 236–7 Sayles Belton, Sharon, 368, 373–4 Smitherman, Geneva, 422, 424 Scarborough, J.C., Jr., 43–4 Snoop Doggy Dogg, 457 Schaefer, Donald, 408 social class, 20–8, 101–4, 106, 108, 250, 303–4 Schaffer, Daniel, 49–50 social networks, 130, 133–9, 141n33 Schell, Paul, 409 Social Science Research Council (SSRC), 102, 114 Schmoke, Kurt, 398, 408 Social Security Act, 273 Schomberg, Arthur A., 177 Social Service Block Grant, 236 schools (education), 7–9, 12–13, 34, 37, 77, 105, 150–1, “Some Implications of Womanist Theory” (Williams), 453 157–9, 234, 254, 285–330, 394 Songhay people, 137–9 Schumer, Chuck, 387–9, 395 Sorenson, Charles E., 205–7, 210–11, 215, 217 Schuyler, George, 76 Soumana, Samba, 129 Schwerner, Michael, 429 South Africa, 188 INDEX 485

South Bronx, 90–1, 470 Thomas, Richard W., 11, 167–92, 204–5, 209, 212–14, South Carolina, 352, 354, 360 217, 219–20, 222n34, 223n50 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Thomas, Stephen, 250 227, 332, 418, 473n8 Thomson, Virgil, 444 Southern Road (Brown), 419 Thornburg v. Gingles, 358 South Florida Task Force, 234 Till, Emmet, 266n3 Soviet Union, 230, 302 Tilly, Charles, 3 Spaulding, Charles C., 8, 42–4, 46 Timberlake, Justin, 473n25 Spears, Britney, 473n25 To Be or Not To Bop (Gillespie), 175–6 Spelman, W., 157 Tonry, Michael, 278 spiritualist churches, 195–8, 200 Too Short, 470 Spitzer Report, 386 Torres, Gerald, 5–7 State ex. rel. Directors of the Eastern and Western School Transitional Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), 270, Districts of Cincinnati v. the City of Cincinnati, 292 273 State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), 59, 65 Travis, Dempsy, 308 State of the Cities 1999 and 2000 (HUD), 78–9 Treemonisha (Joplin), 447n6 Stefancic, Jean, 467 “Triumph of White Supremacy, The” (Franklin and Stegman, M., 160 Moss), 181 Stein, Annie, 325 Trouré, Issa, 128 Steinberg, Stephen, 11–12 Truly Disadvantaged, The (Wilson), 7, 103, 113, 121 stereotypes, 3, 6, 11–12, 27, 212, 268–73, 279, 462 Tupac, 470 Steward, Susie C., 171 Turner, Graeme, 3 Stewart, James B., 10, 78, 83, 144–64 Turner, Robert, 170–2, 175 Stockton, CA, 113 Turner Foundation, 160 Stokes, Carl, 365, 371, 398, 403 Turning Back (Steinberg), 11–12 Stokes, Louis, 62 Twelve years a Slave (Northup), 442, 444 Stoller, Paul, 9, 127–43 Stone, Ronald, 416, 418–19, 424–5 “Uncle Sammy Called Me Fulla Lucifer” (Stone), Story of Durham, The (Carter), 45 416–24 Stowe, David W., 14, 438–48 underclass, 10, 104, 114–19, 250 Street, John, 374, 408 unemployment, 77, 103–4, 107–8, 121, 124, 126n, 145, Struggle for Black Empowerment in New York City, The 234, 236–7, 276 (Green and Wilson), 382 Uniform Crime Reports (FBI), 399 Stuckey, Sterling, 417 United Auto Workers (UAW), 217–19 Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 418 United Federation of Teachers (UFT), 327–9, 391, 394 Stylistics, 450 US Congress, 60, 234, 236, 238–9; Black Caucus, 247 suburbs, 10, 68, 78, 79, 111, 148, 151, 153, 155 US Senate, 229 Sugar Hill Gang, 472 US Supreme Court, 44, 72n45, 158, 303, 331, 346, 354 Sullivan, Arthur A., 306 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 84 Sullivan, L.B., 340 United States Housing Act, 60–1 Summer, Donna, 246 Universal House of Justice, 184–7 Summers, Mary, 377 University of North Carolina, 44–6 Swanstrom, Todd, 13, 365–80, 411 unskilled laborers, 23–5, 212 Urban Enterprise Zones, 153 Takaki, Ronald, 429 Urban League, 52, 177, 227, 307–8, 319, 327–8, 473n8 “Talented Tenth,”8, 41, 44, 53 urban redevelopment, 10, 102, 104–5, 121–4, 160 Tate, Gayle T., 1–16 urban renewal, 8, 46–7, 84 Tate, Katherine, 468 UTFO, 472 Tatum, William, 258 taxes, 234, 237, 292, 296 Vallone, Peter, 389, 391 Taylor, Bonnie J., 182 Vane, Robert J., 222n39 Taylor, Clarence, 12, 319–30 Vanilla Ice, 471 Taylor, Gardner C., 321 Vera, Hernan, 5 Taylor, Marylee C., 373 Vieques, 390, 393 Taylor, Nikki, 8–9, 285–301 Vietnam War, 229, 421, 423–4 Taylor, Ralph, 385 Villarosa, Linda, 248 Taylor, Susan, 250 Virginia, 27, 352, 354, 360 Teaford, Jon C., 49 Virginia Beach, 113 Techwood Homes, 57, 59–60, 62–5, 68 “Voice of Sankofa, The” (Burroughs), 1 Terrell, Tami, 458 Voinovich, George, 61, 403 Texas, 352, 354, 360–1 Voting Rights Act, 13, 107, 303, 352–64 Theodoulou, Stella Z., 11–12 Thernstrom, Abigail, 367 Wagner, Robert, 13, 319–24, 328–9 Thernstrom, Stephan, 367 Waiting to Exhale (McMillan), 456 Thomas, Lesley D., 456 Walker, Leroy, 45 486 INDEX

Walker, Wyatt T., 332, 341 Williams, Chancellor, 82 Wallace, George, 372 Williams, James A., 185 Wallace, Michele, 453, 457 Williams, Juan, 348 Waller, Lisa, 324 Williams, Oscar R., 8, 41–8 Ward, Daniel P., 308 Williams, Rhonda M., 76 Ward, Willis, 218 Williams, Sherley Anne, 453 War on Drugs, 102, 235–6, 268–82 Williams, William H., 28 War on Poverty, 101, 105, 107, 279 Willis, Benjamin, 304, 306–7, 311, 314 Warren, Mrs. L., 186 Willis-Whiston Plan, 309 Warwick, Dionne, 246 Wilmington, 21, 23–4, 28, 32 Washington, Booker T., 8, 41–4, 52, Wilson, Basil, 13, 381–97 178, 220 Wilson, Cassandra, 440 Washington, Forrester B., 209, 212 Wilson, Frank H., 10, 101–26 Washington, Harold, 370, 374, 376, 398, 401, 407 Wilson, William J., 5, 7, 16n29, 103–4, 108, 113–14, Washington, Walter, 398, 406 121, 160 Washington DC, 44, 59, 85, 87–8, 111, 113, 145, 173–4, Wilson, Woodrow, 423 176, 178, 270, 369, 398, 406, 411, 470 Winch, Julie, 20, 28, 30, 33 Washington Post, 229–30, 237 Winn, Mylon, 373 Wattles, Augustus, 288 Wofford, Harris, 336, 342, 346 Webb, Wellington, 367, 398, 409 Wolcott, Victoria, 206 Webb v. The Board of Education of the City of Chicago, Wolseley, Roland, 266n3 306 women, black, 2, 11–12, 14–15, 24, 54, 91–2, 121, Wei, William, 429–30 124, 126n33, 149–50, 233, 238, 244–82, 427–8, Weingarten, Randi, 394 449–64 Weisner, Thomas, 134 Wong, Shawn, 431 Weissbourd, R., 145 Wood, Ellen M., 9 Weld, Theodore, 287 Wood, Peter, 31 welfare, 7, 8, 11, 12, 102, 105–6, 110, 126n34, 156, Woods, Clyde, 76 233–6, 268–82, 323 Woodson, Carter G., 298n5 Welsh, Kariamu, 422 Worcester, 113, 119 Welsing, Frances C., 249 working-class blacks, 6, 7, 103, 108–10, 114, 121, 124, Werwath, Peter, 68 126n33, 147 West African traders, 127–42 World, The, 175 West Side Torch, 312 World Trade Organization, 144, 161 Wharton, Susan P., 51 World View of Race, A (Bunche), 5 “What is the Duty of the Colored American Parent?” World War I, 2, 10, 43, 206, 208, 423 (Gaines), 294 World War II, 10, 45, 60–1, 206, 219 “What’s Love Got to Do With Hip Hop?” (Thomas), 456 Wrapped in Pride (Ross), 129 When Chickenheads Come Home to Roost (Morgan), 452 Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 422–3 When Work Disappears (Wilson), 103, 121 Wright, Richard, 425 Whiston, Frank M., 309–10 Wright, Sharon, 368 White, Barry, 449 Wu, Frank, 434 White, Dondi, 474n26 White, Horace, 219 Xscape, 455 White, Michael, 367, 375 White Racism (Feagin, Vera, and Batur), 5 Yale Review,53 whites: definition of, 6–7, 22–3, 27–8; flight, 304–5, Yoruba, 417, 425, 435 310–12, 314, 372; school desegregation and, 9, 289, Young, Andy, 405 293, 303–15, 326–7 Young, Coleman, 374, 398, 405 white supremacy, 182 Young Negroes’ Cooperative League, 76 Whitmire, Kathy, 66 Youth In Action (YIA), 321–2 Wild Women Don’t Wear No Blues (Golden), 456 Wilhelm, Roy C., 176 Zerai, Assata, 11 Wilkins, Roy, 335–6, 348 Zunz, Oliver, 210 Williams, Anthony, 406 Zwerg, Jim, 340–1