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absentee voting study, Los Angeles American Life Project 109 107–8, 110 American Management Association abusive posting behavior 255 surveying employees 404 ‘access controlled’, to internet 386 analysis of e-petitions 146 accountability networks 57 analysis of studies using computational action-at-a-distance, anonymous 41 methods 461–2 active minorities ANEW lexicon 442 dictating agenda and style of debate Anger-Hostility, emotion score 443 254 anonymity as liberating, on Internet, ad hominem attacks, flaming, ‘flame- without prejudices 254 fests’ 255 anti-capitalist groups, administrative social research 410 London 2008 169 adolescents, Swedish, in four groups G20 London summit 186–7 standby youth, active, unengaged, anti-capitalist slogans disillusioned 232 four horsemen of the economic advertising targeted 403 apocalypse 177 advocacy organizations 23, 169 anti-globalization protesters, activists aesthetics, effects on readers 159 70, 325 Affective Norms for English Words anti-road-pricing petition, Blair (2007) (ANEW) 436 141 lexicons 436 Apple technology 70, 377 Affordable Care Act (‘Obama care’) application programme interface 289 (API), 337, 434 African-Americans NodeXL 140dev 459 higher-level digital content creation We The People 146 209 apps and Big Data, powerful tools 146 prevention from voting 68 Arab countries, changes in success story 75 46 African-Americans, poor, less success Arab Spring 2011, 35, 70, 186–6 75–6 , 72, 310 agenda-setting 137–40 sustained protests using digital algorithm application, in supervised media 169 learning 438 arenas of democratic talk, Internet as algorithmic gatekeeping 366 solution to 266 algorithmic preprocessing of raw web argument visualization (AV) 273–4 data 453 Decision Structured Deliberation algorithms system (DSD) 274 naive Bayes classifier, random Deliberatorium from Massachusetts forests, neural networks Institute of Technology (MIT) 438–9 274 alternative politics 19, 21 media coverage 161 Amazon Mechanical Turk 434 argumentation visualization 151, 159, for large sentiment lexicons 436 273–4

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Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access 474 Handbook of digital politics

Association for Progressive Big Brother and Wife Swap forums Communication (2013) diversity of opinions 256 internet rights charters 387 Big Data 283, 286, 451−68 Association of Computing Machinery computational social science 300 (ACM) 454 institutionalization by political audience authorities 316 commodification 403 methods for research 309 as mass media consumers 5 too small 80 for and politics ‘biological networks’ 283 shrinking rather than growing blog hosting platforms, Blogger and 343 Wordpress 327 popular cultural content 277 blogger arrests 62 Australian GetUp! blogger killing by Egyptian police non-governmental organization 41 (NGO) sector 140 bloggers and commenters 41–2, Australian political blogospheres 330 331–5 Australian Twitter News Index blogging and news blogging (ATNIX) 336 ordinary to point of invisibility now showing tweets per week by domain 336 name change 334 blogging technology, thought sharing authentication, weak or strong 275–6 worldwide 327 authoritarian states blogosphere filtering, censoring dissidents 383 division in terms of hyper-linking Internet use to reinforce control of patterns 463 their citizens 54 blogs, influence on mainstream media automated analysis of large-scale 361 texts blogs, potential degrading of in online communications 444–5 journalism 362 automated content analysis methods blogs number jump, 7 to 118 362 433–41 Blue State Digital, Joe Rospars, availability 401 co-founder 122 breaking news, higher patterns of ballot counting, correctness of 104 activity 333 ballot transit time problem 107 British Broadcasting Association see bankruptcy of Internet companies 396 BBC Barlow, John Perry broadband internet access in Finland ‘A Declaration of the Independence right for all citizens, 2010 389 of Cyberspace’ 379 Burke, Edmund, philosopher Battle of Seattle, 1999, march in turtle on press as Fourth Estate 53 costumes 179 Burma government, closure of Internet Bay Area, New Communalist service 62 movement 71 Bush, George W. US President BBC Global News Audiences team online field organizing 118 analytics 310 public attitudes to personal BBC Question Time, integrated appearance on The Late audience comments 314 Show 347 BBC Radio 5 Music, closure stopping, re-election effort 121 e-petition 143 service records 327 bias and homogeneity in news output business organizations and work, Fifth from news websites 371 Estate 60

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­475 cable and satellite television and dogmatic and inflexible, closed to Internet 342 new information 264 California Ideology 70 not on line, disenfranchisement 52 campaign communications, targeted unconfident, no policy opinions 264 126 citizenship Campaign Ideas Forum (CIF), class in digital age 79 Australian GetUp! 140 class, tension in market-based campaigning changes 129 economies 79 campaigns, 41 orientation group differences 237 appealing to youth, Harry Potter orientation, results 233–4 Alliance 212 reactive or proactive 18 Canadian legislation (C30)m reaction citizen types, unconfident, and overly to bill 61–2 dogmatic 276 capitalism, condemnation 193 civic and political citizenship, denial categories and topics from, from Internet 76 documents discovering 439–40 ‘civic cultures’ 30–31 unlabeled documents 438 civic education 200, 213–15 category discovering from content 435 civic engagement 250 Catholic Relief decline in 18–19 non-governmental organization civic gaming, digital game exposure (NGO) 189 212 censor and control efforts, for Fifth civic identities of citizens, in Estate 62 industrialized democracies 200 censorship, form of, structuring of civic identity acting out discussion 274 becoming a vegetarian, consumer ‘censorship as damage’ 378 choices 203 challenges for today’s youth civic identity, empowering 30 unemployment, underemployment civic participation 21 200 civic spaces, interaction for citizens 18 child-abuse images from other civil disobedience 177 countries civil rights movement in USA 68 European filters 383 civil society and the public sphere child pornography 22 19–21 children in school, civic curricula 214 civil-society groups, campaign for child’s right to protection 388 human rights 390 China claims-making 388 active blog users, increase in 41 class, gender, ethnic inequality intermediaries’ legal responsibility equality of voice between discussers for content 269 networked individuals class divisions in American society 76 information online for classic connective action 194 accountability of government classic deliberators, search for best 59 argument 268 regulation of internet content 385 classification and indexing systems Chinese blogosphere, automated systems of, biases 371 playful commentary, political classification, decisions about, from challenge 41 news websites 371 citizens classification studies 465 disengaged, least confident, class inequality, analysis of Big Data informed, vocal 277 80

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access 476 Handbook of digital politics clear goals need 236 commercial social media users Clegg, Nick, UK Deputy Prime exploitation for economic purposes Minister 404 video joke 427–8 commercial surveillance of social climate change, addressing 157, 170 media sites 7 Climate Change Conference in common good, or particular interests Copenhagen 251 crowd-enabled Twitter network communication between citizens 190 significant role 230, 281, 401 Clinton, Hillary, competition with communication channels 358, 422 Obama 122 concrete, emotionally interesting, Clinton-Lewinsky scandal 342 imagery-producing 359 blog Drudge Report 327 communication flow 399 clustering algorithm, k-means 439 Communication Power, by Manuel code regulation of internet use and Castells 37 content 382−3 communication surveillance cognition, communication, technologies National Security cooperation Agency (NSA) US process model of information 401 surveillance access to personal data Cold War, US and former Soviet 406 Union 71 Communications Decency Act, 1996 collaborative editing, Wikipedia US Government 379 156 communicative power shifts 53, 57 collaborative network organizations communicative power with (CNOs) government information products and services, of Fifth Estate 51 Wikipedia 60 communicative rationality, Habermas, collaborative news curation 325−37 Jürgen 251 collective action 119–24, 179–87, 191 communicative relationships coordination for 5 between government and governed digital 77, 169, 172 265 frames 178–9 communicative spaces logic, social network relationships no limitations of time, space, access 182 247 networks 186–91 communitarians, strengthening organizationally-brokered networks collective ties 268 188 community legitimacy 384 collective identifications 21, 169 community notion, Ferdinande formal organizations 179 Tönnies 397 ‘comments on storie’, considerable comparative research on voting advice adoption of 362 applications (VAAs) 98 commenting practices 332 Compendium project commercial control by press 53 open-source software tool 154, commercial interests of corporations 274 collecting personal data 386 computational approaches 286–8 commercial platforms computational linguistics 453 Tumblr, Pinterest, Facebook, computational methods 459 Twitter 130 how best to teach students 466–7 commercial redevelopment, in iconic computational preprocessing, public space 425 programming skills need 460

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­477 computational techniques in social controversies, understanding 288–91 science 283, 467 conversational interactivity 358, 361–4 computer ethics 410 increase 2008 362 computer misuse, nation state’s power co-occurrence of hashtags 382 as indicator of pubic sentiment computer supported argument 288 visualization (CSAV) co-occurrences between words 444 deliberative technology 161–2 cooperation, new social systems 401 hypertext, solving ‘wicked problems’ copyright 61 153 nation state’s power 382 information design, sense of detail, infringement, ‘piracy’ 385 sense of whole, in arguments code adoption 383 158–9 corruption incidences 57 mass media 160–61 ‘counter-democracy’ 19 mass online deliberation 156–8 ‘counter-politics’ 44 technology, emphasis on visual 9, counter-surveillance 407, 410 159 creative Internet use, higher level of work, ‘argument network’ political engagement 231 visualization 156 crime on social media 406 Computer-Supported Collaborative critical mass of citizens online 52–7 Work (CSCW) 153, 397–8, 453 cross-sectional design of studies 239 as deliberative technology 151–6 crowd-enabled connective action 187 computing and social interaction 453 crowdsourcing platforms, computing research papers, social CrowdFlower 436 455−8 CSAV see computer supported conflict of opinion in political debate argument visualization 151 cultural engagement 211–13 Confusion-Bewilderment, emotion cultural studies, ‘convergence culture’ score 443 36 connection across nation-state cultures, participatory, properties of boundaries 37 211 connective action 9–10, 179–87, 191, current events game show, Britain 194 Have I Got News for You 352 to collective action 175 cybercrime 407 crowd-enabled networks 188 cyberspace, regulation of 378–9 logic of 169−94 networks 181, 186–91, 188 Daily Mail journalist Jan Moir connective and collective action homophobic commentary on death networks 188 of Irish pop star Stephen ConsiderIt tool 161–2 Gateley 315 consumer behaviour, societally dance video, viral, South Korean pop- discriminatory 224 star, PSY 427 contemporary youth in Internet era Darth Vader-suited riot police, 222–3 Pittsburgh 193 content analysis, in social sciences 433 data collection 459–60 content, non-professionally produced data multiplicity 399 361 ‘data visualization’ 282–3 absence of journalistic control 371 Davis, Richard contraceptive mandate 289 and American Politics control of Internet access 62 1998 340

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access 478 Handbook of digital politics deadline pressures, influences on democratic theory, researchers 151 selection 360 democratic values 247, 249 Dean, Howard democratization, and digital media online mobilization 118 potential 45–6 primary campaign 120–21 demographics 359 Death Star proposal, humorous priorities for research 47 e-petition 140 Depression-Dejection, emotion score debate and deliberation by citizens 443 154 160 design interventions, evaluation of 463 Debatepedia 157 designers of online deliberate spaces, Defense Advanced Research Projects key factors 271, 278 Agency (DARPA) determining factors in mainstream sites military origin of Internet 71 adopting conversation interactivity deference disinclination, to voices of 362 authority 7 developing world deliberation, formal 264–5 few computers, Inter, more cell everyday political talk in the telephones 109 Internet-based public sphere dictionary-based generation of 249–50 sentiment lexicon 436–7 deliberation in democracies 125, dictionary-based lexicon, WordNet 151−62, 248 441 deliberative design, technical digital campaigning 118−32 considerations 271–6 digital citizenship, political, civil, social deliberative online environment 68–9 well-designed for feeling safe 268 digital communication technology deliberative outcomes, online or offline transcendence of geography 211 267 digital content creation 75, 201–2 deliberative quality principles 266–71, digital divides 103, 108–10 276 Digital Economy Act, UK, 2010 385 deliberative tools, majority digital environment, lawlessness of 7 asynchronous digital games challenges to 272–3 Second Life, Ultima Online, World Deliberatorium from Massachusetts of Warcraft 212 Institute of Technology (MIT) digital inequality (digital divide) 72–4 161, 275 and citizenship 79 Deme interface, fostering informed race, ethnicity, gender, age 68 debate 272 digital media conversations, Democracia real YA! 187 facilitating 284 Spanish city nodes 171 digital media, effects on politics, democracy 387–91 diffusion, differential, conditional participation of citizens 17 effects 124–5 democracy definition, three macro- digital media environment conditions 39 ‘ways of seeing’ politics 417−29 democratic citizenship 153 digital media interaction, link to democratic control 390 political 200 absence in authoritarian countries digital media, method of use 45 384 digital media strategy, Obama democratic participation in Internet campaign, 2008 206 70, 391 digital politics gap 76–8, 80 democratic processes, pluralist 53 exclusionary segregation 69

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­479 digital politics, motives for 44–6 editors’ concerns over reputation, digital politics research 12 trust, legal liabilities 362 in social computing literature 451 education and research, e-learning digital rights management, to music networks 61 files 383 effects of technology on citizenship, digital social interaction, ‘solo sphere’ ‘new’ media 160 28 egalitarian participation, ideology 67, digital technologies 51, 54, 58, 205 70 digitally networked action (DNA) Egyptian , 2011 protests 173–4 199, 425 dimensionality reduction 439−40 Election Assistance Commission direct recording electronic (DRE) (EAC) US voting system 108 voting review in US 111 direct witnessing, news sources 360 elections 6, 18, 465 Direct.gov, e-petition 136–7 electronic ballot scanner 108 disabled children, funding for, electronic petitioning, ‘e-petitioning’ e-petition 143 136 discourse ethics, Jürgen Habermas 251 E-Liberate system, Roberts’s Rules of discursive equality, all participants are Order 275 equal 253–5 elite democracy 18 discussion of subject matter, affect on elites and non-elites, digital production deliberative quality 268–9 gap 75 discussion platforms, need for emotive image versus rational word complexity 273−4 420 diversity of opinion 255–6 emotion, expression of, variance DNA, nature of 184, 193 valence, arousal, dominance 442 document classification into known emotions, fear, disgust, anger, categories happiness, sadness 442−3 left or right leaning ideological basis employers as undetectable voyeurs 405 435 employers’ e-mail monitoring 404 positive or negative coverage 435 entertainment Internet, relation to Dow Jones Industrial Average 443 politicization 236 Downing Street e-petitions 136–7, 139, entertainment media, ‘fandoms’ 211 143 political relevance 341 Durkheim, Emile, sociology as a enthusiasts and sceptics 25–6 distinctive science 302 entrepreneurs, whizz-kid, social media study of society 282 age 201 Dutch ‘Stemwijzer’ 91 environmental direct activists 169 duty and obligation, decreased e-petitions 136−47 experience 203 impacts on public policy but controversial 145 echo chamber debate, news motivation of participants 147 blogosphere 329–31 priorities for future research 146 economic justice and environmental support for policy changes 9 networks equal distribution of voice indicator, Germany, Sweden, UK 189 discursive equality 254 economy, online privacy and equality of access for e-petitioners surveillance 403 144 e-democratic innovations, and digital ethical questions, processing and divide 144 harvesting of data 314

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EU Profiler fairness of voting online 108 academic project, European 158 Fatigue-Inertia, emotion score 443 independence from any party, claims features of political talk, sarcasm 445 party 158 feedback mechanisms to elites 285 Puzzled By Policy Fifth Estate 52, 59 Europe, intermediaries, no legal balance of power change 63 responsibility 385 critical mass of users 63 European Commission-funded project, empowerment of individuals 63 WeGov holding others to account 55 popular social media 160 impact on policy 62−3 European Union interaction with 61–2 crisis 23 Internet as significant political data, youth Internet similarity 222 resource 54 survey of Internet use, 2012 Internet-enabled networked northern countries higher than individuals 53 southern 109 rising force 51−65 member states, VAAs running 90 potentially effective examples 55 European young, daily use of Internet technology for power limitation of 109 59 Eurovision Song Contest, audiences financial rescue policies, world responses 310 economy crisis 169 event coordination, protest calendars Finland, newspaper, Taloussanomat 184–5 371 everyday political talk in the Firefox web browser 60 Internet-based firing for misuse of e-mail and Internet public sphere 247−58 at work 404–5 everyday political talk, online 257 Florida, ‘stand your ground’ state example of argument visualization legal protection for use of deadly (AV) force 290 Compendium 274 Fluke, Sandra, law student in US expatriate voters 107 contraception mandate on health explicit or implicit approach, to care plans 287–288 theoretical concerns 462 hashtags, support and call to action expression intensity, Sandra Fluke case 288, 292−3, 295, 298 294–7 keywords on Twitter 291 Extensible Markup Language (XML) Rush Limbaugh 289−90 434 Washington DC conflict 289−91 women’s rights activist 287–8 Facebook Follower counts 288 challenges to 60 ‘forces’ concept in gatekeeping 358 data on individuals 27 forecasting studies, digital prediction data theft 27 elections, public opinion polls information on individual users, 464−5 huge amounts 314 formal organizations with resources low interest in politics 124 180–81, 191 personal data, communicative data, Four Horsemen of financial social network and community apocalypse data, civic roles 402 radical, violent, negative press users 365 coverage 177 face-to-face contexts 20 ‘storm the banks’ 178

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­481

Fourth and Fifth Estate, murky German system of e-petitions 138 relationship 60 German VAA ‘Wahl-O-Mat’, most Fourth Estate, the press, in eighteenth successful 90 century 53 Germans, political humor, Heute-Show freedom of expression, right to 351–2 needs to be balanced 377, 388 global communication 399 fundamentalism 67 globalization 38, 193, 369 Free Tibet matching cymbal band 193 global North and South, digital divide French political blogospheres 330 74 French political theorist, Pierre Google effect on internet 27, 60 Rosanvallon (2008) 44 government and democracy on the Friends of the Earth, activism 169 Line 58–9 future research, on emergence of Fifth government control, libertarian Estate 64–5 freedom from, cyberspace 381 government interest in data, risks G20 Meltdown, London, financial 316 crisis, anarcho-socialist government internet surveillance 377 demonstrations 175, 177, 190 government-led e-petitions 142 G20 policy statement, 2010 170 government regulation, HADOPI law G20 protests, on world financial crisis in France 2009 193 on user monitoring 385 gadgets owned, high levels of control government regulations on the internet 75 379 ‘Gangman Style’, political parodies government research 427 in development of digital gas explosion in Nanjing, China, 2010 communications 379–80 little or no coverage in traditional grass roots politics 421 media 63 ‘Great Firewall of China’, control of gatekeeping, research tradition in Internet content 62 journalism studies 357−71 Greece, austerity measures 176 gatewatching 325−37, 326 graphical representations computer- curating news as published by other generated 159 sites 328–9, 333 Guardian newspaper, UK ‘gateway effect’ patterns 350 notable leader covering breaking gender inequality 46 news, live events 335 gender, religion, nationhood, attitudes to 310 Habermas, Jürgen 311 General Election manifesto of Labour, deliberative democracy 247, 311 2005 The Structural Transformation of the road pricing 141 Public Sphere 248–9 General Enquirer, off-the-shelf Hackathon, at the White House, lexicons 436 powerful tools 146 genocide in Africa Haitian earthquake relief, Harry Harry Potter Alliance campaign Potter Alliance 212 against 212 Harry Potter Alliance genocide in Darfur 193 ‘fandom’ raising money for German Bundestag, parliament 136 charitable causes 211–12 German political blogosphere’s hashtag clusters for Sandra Fluke, coverage Trayvon Martin 292–4 2007 G8 summit 330 proportional volume 295–6

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access 482 Handbook of digital politics

‘hashtags’ IBIS and non-IBIS 156 call for activism against Limbaugh ‘iconophobia’ 420 292 identity construction, collaborative components analysis 293 398 everyday political expression 286 ‘image politics’ 421 use in Sandra Fluke, Trayvon political protest and social Martin cases movements 424 user-generated keywords around imitation in online news 360 # symbol 286 impact for e-petitions on public policy #sandrafluke, #slutgate 294 142 ‘hate map’ incentives and disincentives, shift in US tweets using racially offensive balance 44 language 313 income inequality 209 and 388 ‘Indecision 2000’ health service patient, information The Daily Show with Jon Stewart sourcing on Internet 56 340 healthy democratic processes 349 (IMC), significant harm to 348 Seattle 325, 336 hemp and marijuana slogans 193 indexing, decision about, from news Her Majesty’s (HM) Government’s websites 371 e-petitions individual Internet use, political creating and signing online 51 engagement in youth 225–7 high speed data transmission 399 individual rights 78, 377 Hillsborough tragedy, e-petition individuality demands 203 143 individuals living overseas 107 horizontal communication in society, individuals with disabilities, Internet the internet 22 voting 113–14 House Oversight and Government Indymedia 325–7, 336 Reform Committee 289 influence of e-petitions, unequal ‘human drama’-oriented newscasts participation 141 342 informal political actors 41, 255 human gatekeepers 364 informal political talk, public sphere human memory limitation, on ideals 247 argumentative material 273 information acquisition, fast and easy human rights 387–91 226 human thought and knowledge 401 informational Internet, relation to humor, increase the persuasive power politicization 236 of political message 347, 351 informational use of media humorous petitions 139–40 newspaper and online news 283 humorous political content online information and communication 340 technologies (ICTs) 53, 128, 151 hybrid spaces of deliberation, mass- impact assessment of 410 media audiences online 277 information derived from social media hypertext, graphical 154 protection of employees, job HyperText Markup Language applicants 405 (HTML) 434 ‘information design’, cognitive hypertext research 156 science, interface design, visual hypertext, solving ‘wicked problems’ communication 159 153 information empowerment of citizens hypertext tool, gIBIS system 154 25

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­483 information leaks online 43 interrelated technologies 128–9 information overload 159 marginalization of high-quality information searching and sourcing, journalism 60 Fifth Estate 55–6 medium promoting activity, information sharing 408–9 mobilization, debate 311 YouTube and Facebook 184–5 multi-channel, infinite-capacity information sources. not fully trusted 203 26, 55 optimism, dot com crisis 2000 396 information technology, researchers privacy 403 151 private self-regulation ‘lnfotainment’ 343–4, 420 limited state control 380 innovation diffusion research 282 public space 6 innovation in newsrooms 362 regulation Institute of Electrical and Electronic by code 383 Engineers (IEEE) by states and private actors 387 computer science and computer from late 1990s 382–3 engineering 454 rights charters 387 institutions, networked 57–8 service providers 385−6 institutions of power, national policy regulatory control 377 discussion 269–70 surveillance 403 interactional Internet, relation to qualities of 399−401 politicization 236 tool for authoritarian control as in interactive moderation 274–5 China, Belarus 26 intermediaries, private type of activity, methods of access further their commercial interests 386 228 in internet regulation 385–6 use regulation on behalf of states 386 pessimists and optimists 239–40 international online networks 40–41 positive use 240 Internet utopianism 67 access, absence of 109 voting 103−15 variations across age, race, ethnic access to ballot box 103−4 divides, countries 104 blacks and whites 113 adoption 72–3 Estonia and Switzerland 103 architecture, horizontal, non- Ireland and , hierarchical 70 discontinued 103 censorship 59 security risks 9, 112 civic space 17−32 technologies to prevent mistakes corporate ownership, capitalist 108 features 70 young voters 105–7, 223 democratic accountability 52 weapon of elite 78 emergence 1 Internet-based activities. fundamental enabling, to hold government and threats 110–11 press accountable 51 Internet Corporation for Assigned environment, fast pace of change Names and Numbers (ICANN ) 239 non-profit organization 380 future research 391–2 psychological empowerment in internet governance 11–12 adolescents 231 capacity and legitimacy to govern Internet Engineering Task Force 377−92 (IETF) value guidance 377 developing internet standards 380

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Stuart Brand, co-founder of WELL journalist, role in society, questioning 71 336 Internet Rights and Principles journalists as message filters 361 Coalition (2013) 390 journalists’ personalities 359 Internet surveillance, qualities of journalists’ sources 360 399−401 internet users, subject to laws of key political issues of day 151 countries 381 keyword use, proportional volume Internet use types for Sandra Fluke and Trayvon relating to political engagement Martin 291, 293 228–30 keywords, frequency of use 288 Internet voting trials, UK, Norway, King, Martin Luther Estonia 106–7 assassination in Memphis, interpersonal communication, effect Tennessee, 1968 68 on voting 99 support for striking sanitation for community activism, political workers 68 engagement 283 interpersonal influence 281 language connectors 441 intra-family dynamics 213 language of rights 377 ‘inventive’ message expression, Twitter language-processing 301 tracking 286 latecomers to a discussion online, investigative reporting, news sources OpenDCN 273 360 late-night talk shows 342–3 Iran against mainstream politics ‘leapfrogging’, African-Americans 76 online campaigning 41 left-leaning or right-leaning category Iraq War online protesters against 436 confidence in influencing fellow legal approval of Barlow, David citizens, not government 270 Johnson, David Post 1996 379 Iraq War protests, international legal immunity of intermediaries growth of, 2003 43 free speech protection online 385 Issue-Based Information System (IBIS) no forceful policing and censoring software tool and approach 154 385 Issue Map and Argument Network legislative attention to topics 444 styles 155 legitimacy 387–91 Istanbul, Taksim Square, 2013 legitimation problems, democratic demonstrations against government procedures 391 425 Lessig, Lawrence Italian comedian-activist, Beppo Grillo Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, 352 2006 382 anti-government network 176 Lewin, Kurt, psychologist (1947) Italy, crisis-ridden. media practices of food consumption habits and activist workers 30 gatekeeping 358 item response theory (IRT) 346 lexicon-based classification 435–8, 445 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) liberal blogs, links to liberal election 434 videos 463 journalism 11 liberal-individualists gatekeeping and interactivity self-expression, self-actualization 357−71 268 quality 389 liberation of the individual 71

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­485 libertarian ethos of early internet ‘maps’ of argument and evidence 274 378–81 ‘market fundamentalism’ 79 ‘cyberspace’ 377 market liberalization 369 light-touch post-moderation 331 marketing and advertising departments Limbaugh, Rush, radio talk show host of commercial organizations 160 289, 291 marketing on social media 28 apology for insult 290 marriage, same-sex, rights, Harry conservative talk show, 2012, insult Potter Alliance 212 to Sandra Fluke 289–90 Martin, Trayvon, unarmed Linguistic Enquiry and Word County African-American (LIWC) hashtags on 294, 296−7, 299−300 off-the-shelf lexicons 436 Keywords on Twitter 291, 297, linguistic rules 437 killed by neighbourhood watch listening as well as speaking 251 volunteer, George Zimmerman literacy limited 73 287–8, 290–92 literature reviews 464 mass communication, and logic behind computer algorithms interpersonal conversation 281 370–71 mass media 4–5, 38, 60 logic of collective action 180–82 meaning of rights 377–8 logic of connective action, recognition measurement error 442 of digital media 183 media London 2012 Olympic Games chain-owned and independent 371 data in , Russian, Persian, communication encouragement English 310 230 London Riots 2011, convicts consumption patterns 367 petition for loss of welfare benefits headlines, sensational 265 144 role of, on political opportunity London School of Economics (LSE) 44–5 research project, Reading the Riots sharing 211 424 technologies, Facebook, YouTube low-income individuals, hardware 423 costs 73 media devices, mobile against surveillance tactics of police machine learning 439, 453 426 Madrid train bombings, March media ownership and market forces 2004 influence on media content 371 texting for anti-government rallies mental and social forces, interplay of 59 282 Magna Carta 1406 message platforms 284 formalization of petitioning the metadata, increased use monarch 147 for measuring social media reactions mainstream news organizations 331 314 Malaysian blogosphere methodology and analysis, future of relevance, specificity, timeliness, 313–14 credibility 467 Middle East, North Africa, pre- manifestos of competing parties 88 democracy protests, 2011 59 Mapping Controversies on Science for Military and Overseas Voter politics (MACOSPOL) 157 Empowerment (MOVE) Act mapping networks of message 113–14 retweeting 289 military personnel 107

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Millennial generation born after 1980 negative sentiment on political 201 engagement cable television, video games 202–3 Internet, ‘dystopian’ perspective 226 different world for 203 negative sentiment on social media miniaturization 399 Public relations (PR) people, mixed-media ecosystem, role played intervention by 160 by 160 neoliberal capitalism, class inequalities mobile phone users in USA 69 while watching TV, percentages 317 19, 67, 396 ‘modalities of regulation’ 382 virtual poll tax and citizenship moderation and registration 362 78–80 moderation criteria for e-petitions 138 net neutrality debate 386, 388 moderation practices, governmental Netherlands VAA ‘KiesKompas’ 92 platforms 274 Netiquette 255 monitoring of Internet use 404 ‘network communitarian’ perspective multidimensional scaling 440 383–4 multi-issue organizations 190 networked audience, demands of 315 multimedia 24, 399 networked 203 ‘My Page’ functionality, in decline networked institutions and individuals by Washington Post, Sun, Telegraph, 58 New York Times,Wall Street networked politics Journal 365 2008 Obama presidential campaign 38 name-calling, aggression, irrelevancy, network filters, access blocking 383 misogyny, homophobia, network mapping 297–300 on internet 311 network representation of text Narnia, Alice in Wonderland 381 440–41 National Annenberg Election Survey network, retweet based on tweets 347 Fluke and Martin cases 297 national economies, interpenetration ‘network society’ 37–8 202 networking as Fifth Estate action 56 national policy proposal discussion, networking hubs for collective action deliberation 269–70 190 national political actors, Mumsnet, new blogs to news on Twitter 325−37 local UK mothers 41 new content , social delivery, political national security 388 learning 205 National Security Agency (NSA) US new markets, expansion into 369 security revelations 110 New Media Division. 2008, Obama’s surveillance of citizens 26 campaign 122 natural disasters 310, 333 news natural language processing and comment, from audience technologies 309 viewpoint 362 ‘navigational’ interactivity 358 bloggers 330, 332 negative and positive aspects of engagement in gatewatching Internet use 327–9 on political engagement 227 consumption behavior 357 negative messages, erosion of trust in gatherers, writers, reporters. local electoral process 348 editors 359 negative repercussions from newsgroups, partisan, attack- inappropriate commentary 331 orientated 255

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newspapers, loss of established ones Occupy Rome protests, 2011 190 Chicago Sun-Times 423 Occupy Wall Street movement in hidden agenda 362 USA, 2011, 199 prioritization 371 model of Arab Spring 185–6 organizations 332, 335 sustained protests using digital providers, traditional, media 169 consequences 369−70 old media, radio, TV, effects of 160 sensationalistic, on paedophilia online activity 126, 224, 428 406–7 online and offline activism sources, public information 360 youth participation, one or other staged events 360 210 through digital media, aims to online banking threats 111 reach young 200 online behaviour newsroom culture and organization regulation by social norms, market 360 forces and ‘code’ 382 newsworthy events online bullying 406–7 timeliness, magnitude, clarity, online deliberation, case for 267 cultural relevance, novelty 359 online campaigning 23 new wars spiking, 9/11 396 online communicative forms, variety ‘noise’ in media environment 45 for youth 210 non-governmental e-petitions 147 online communty for physicians in non-governmental organization USA, Sermo 56 (NGO) sector 40–41 online content production, creation of actions 169 blogs 74 VAA development 90 online content research 463 non-professionally produced content online cooperation 400 standard of spelling, news, value, online crime 407 punctuation, accuracy, balance online debates 251–2 361 online deliberation 151, 247 non-state power centres 45–6 comparisons with face-to-face 250, ‘Not Bad’ meme 256–7 photo of US President in UK 427 online discussion forums on European Union (EU) policy 269 Obama, Barack, US President online electoral politics, less for poor digital campaigning 121–3 working class 77 early youth following 199, 208 online environments, political election campaigns 118, 199 expression, conversation 282 election victory 2008 23 online fundraising, small-dollar, Going Inside the Cave 122 John McCain, Bill Bradley 120 president and loving husband online interface system, Vote Builder 426–7 Democratic Party 122 tweeted image of wife hugging online journalism and official news 426–7 sources 361 victory in 2012 US presidential online marketing 409 election 426 online news consumption youth outreach campaign 206 political behaviors, connection 231 in USA, 2011 23, online-only publishers 41, 43, 173, 187 Christian Science Monitor, and social networking platforms 172 others in USA 371

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access 488 Handbook of digital politics online-only publishing, switching to Organizing for Action 371 mobilization-based election online political communication, campaigns 123 analysis of 441–4 Owen, Diana, New Media and automated content analysis 433−47 American Politics 340 online political dissidents, imprisonment 382 Pakistanis, political humor, The Real online political equality 74 News 352 online political expression, Palestinian peace advocates 193 computational approaches 281−302 panel survey methods, on political talk online political talk 10–11, 71, 283−4, 283 300 Parmenides platform analysis and assessment 250–57 policy proposal and justification online political texts, convert to 157 structural form 434−5 participant authentication 275–6 online politics research 300 passive and active forms, of adaptive online polling organizations 51 interactivity 364–6 online privacy and surveillance peer discussion influence 213 economy, politics, culture, key peer-to-peer monitoring 409 features 403–9 pepper-spraying of unarmed protestors online services, new 369 New York, California University online social networks 407 interest-based communities for personal action frames 175, 178–9 youth 202 personal communication technologies online space, for deliberative political for sharing 175 practice 266 personal identification number (PIN) online surveillance and privacy 12 for voting online 112 online voting advice applications, personal information, selling of emerging research field 87−99 commercial use by Google 27 Open DCN project, ‘informed personalization of media, increased discussion’ tool 272 389 open government initiatives 52, 59 pessimists’ and optimists’ views Open Net Initiative 62–3 on political entertainment or open source software, powering comedy 349–50 protest networks 184 petition site ’38 Degrees’ 51 open spaces for readers to set agenda petition to provide cancer drugs on The Times, ‘Your World’ travel site National Health Service (NHS) 363 to Scottish Parliament 142–3 Opinion Finder (OF) 443 petitions, individual, to government opinions ministers 142 fellow citizens 153 Pew Internet 109 formation 286 Pew Research Center for the People leadership 281 and the Press 343 mining, sentiment analysis 160 report, USA, ‘connected viewer’ new media influence 161 306 polarization 255 photo identification for voting 103 organizational influences in journalism physical space, importance of 425 366 pilot trials of internet voting, UK, US, organized politics, individuals relating Norway differently 191 security concerns, voter privacy 103

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Pittsburgh, Free Tibet matching political comments on line, from cymbal band 193 young people 106 plastic bags, mandatory charge, political communication e-petition 143 changing environment 3–7, 342 platforms, Apple, Facebook, Google homophilic, attraction is challenge hosting software applications 385 to democracy 267 pledges, pre-election, monitoring of by researchers 151 VAAs 90 scholars on expansion of public pointwise mutual-information sphere 247 information-retrieval visual image in 419 PMI-IR algorithm 444 political content, as PPF , London police activism 410 2009, or Occupy 175 police misconduct, visibility from humorous effect on concrete social media 407–8 political behaviors 349 police use of social media 406 social media, quality of 310–11 Policy Commons Argument political conversations, informal Visualization Tool 155 knowledge increasing 250 policy impact of e-petitions 146–7 political crises, higher patterns of policy-makers, VAA development 90 activity 333 policy preferences 87, 89 political debate articles as pro or con policy profile of users of VAA 464 of users and parties, salience and political decision-makers 153 variability 88 ‘average’ citizen removal from policy-related public deliberation 312 relating background information political democracy, contemporary 273 challenges to 264 policy related to copyright in political engagement 44, 210 knowledge economy 154 among youth 221−40, 224 policy think tanks 190 decrease of, crisis of democracy policy to sell off national forests, 223–4 e-petition against 143 redefinition of, by internet 29 political activity online, translation political entertainment into voting 41, 105, 192 beneficial or detrimental 349 political actors, network actors 40 comparative research with other political affiliation, interest-based 45 countries 351–2 political and media organizations help to facilitate political learning horizontal and vertical axis 3–4 345–6 political and media theorists implications of 340−53 two-screen viewing questions new media form 352 political behaviour and action programming 340 213 political everyday talk about politics political blog posts 266 corresponding comments section political exchanges, partisan, 444 prejudiced, uncivil 266 political bloggers (Guido Fawkes) political information, mainstream 41–2, 284, 327 media 4–5, 160 political campaigning 118–24 during campaign 127 political comedy, beneficial or political institutions and politicians detrimental 349 4 digital politics 340 Internet usage 221

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access 490 Handbook of digital politics political interest and political poll taxes and literacy tests knowledge 127–8 in southern USA to discourage digital skills 93 voting 68 no learning effect from humour 346 poll taxes, to prevent people voting 79 political life diminishment by television pollution levels in cities, collective 419 intelligence on 57 political mobilization 39, 286 popular support courting, by political participation, from digital politicians 6 media use 67, 128 populist discourses 26 political parties positive and negative words 358, monitoring reputation of leaders, 436−7 policies 310 positive coalitions 44 political performance, how effective postal voting 105 428 ‘postmaterialist’ world for youth 203 political practices post-privacy era 26 drive for self-promotion, self- power and inequality 80 revelation 28 power between media actors and revolutionized by digital media public 312 35 power of interpretation, audience political protest since 2010, age of possession 312 social media 46 power of political comedy political role of Internet in society to facilitate political learning 346 54 power relations between participants political satire 340 332 political science and communication power strategies, communicative 55–7 465 presidential campaigns, of US 2000 political scientists 342 on significance of television with press censorship 59 two-screen viewing 306, 311 Press Complaints Commission 315 political socialization 35, 200, 213–14 press independence from government political talk 53 everyday 248–52 press, radio, television, mass media online 291–300 53 situating 282–3 press, role of creating a public 281 via digital media 284–5 press, tabloid, bounds of propriety, political viewpoints, exposure to, overstepping 395 online 213 primary school student blog, on school politicians, televised appeals to voters lunch picture 56 audience was a sitting target 5–6, principal components analysis 440 426–8 printing press in Europe, official politics languages 1 communication about digital priority areas for future research campaigning 130 158–62 of dissent 421 privacy and surveillance, computers, interest in, barrier for young 209 concern 396, 403 mediated, representative or distorted privacy settings, changes to 408 428 privacy violations 22 technology 2 private and public morality 7 ‘ways of seeing’ in digital media private corporations environment 417−29 corporate social responsibility 387

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­491 private corporations in internet Python programming language governance 384 466 production constraints 359 professional and personal influences quantitative and qualitative analysis on journalists 460 for audience expectations 366 Queensland Parliament, all local professionalization of movement in UK 136 organizations 181 Question Time BBC TV Profile of Mood States (POMS), high levels of tweeting 424 questionnaire 443 patterns of interaction 309 pro-segregation remarks 327 Twitter as part of programme’s protest networks, Wall Street to format 309 Madrid to Cairo 182–3 protest themes, personalized, across race gaps 75–6 national boundaries 176 racial dimension of digital divide 109 protest, transnational character of, racial disparities in digital media, Arab Spring, Occupy 424 closing of 215 protests in Heiligendamm 330 racism, legal regulations against 388 psychological empowerment 230–31 rational-critical debates 251, 253, 311 public action as personal expression rationality, decline of, in public sphere 184 26 public contributions, source material ‘raw news’ 360 for stories 361 raw text into research grade data 460 public service media, provision online ‘reader blogs’ 362 389 reader comments, pre-moderation public space reappropriation media with gatekeeping role 251, Spain, May 2011 (15-M movement) 361 425 readers’ comments publication public sphere 20–21 on websites of three national active citizens, autonomous newspapers 362–3 communicative spaces 249 real time or asynchronicity deliberation 248−9 people participation on own terms, levels and fields, Jürgen Habermas reflective outcomes 272–3 249 real-time communications 399 publics and spectators reciprocal exchange on Guardian visual citizens in visual displays newspaper 253 424–6 reciprocity level 251−3 Put People First (PPF) campaign of political conversations 252 172–3 recommendations for social scientists financial crisis, London march 466 169–70 learn a programming language 466 Oxfam, Tearfund, Catholic Relief, recording violent police behaviour World Wildlife Fund 189 Occupy, 15-M 426 social technologies 175–6 reflexivity 253 Putin, Vladimir, affection for Siberian regulation to achieve policy ends 378 tigers 210 regulatory control of intermediaries of Puzzled By Policy internet 385 academic project, European 158 regulatory power of intermediaries 384 focus on issue of immigration in EU ‘reinforcement politics’ 54 158 ‘relational power’ 37

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Reporters Sans Frontiers 62–3 San Francisco hippy counterculture representative democracy 136 movement 1960s, northern republican models of democracy 18 California 71 Republican Party, online platforms, Save the Children, activism 169 voter databases 121 scepticism, in online public discussion research 270 new, priorities for 47, 236–9 schoolgirl grooming cases 406 on digital campaigning 129–32 schools, teaching role for online on e-petitions impact 140–44 interpretation 214 on Internet use 229–30 ‘science of the social’ 281−302 on political entertainment 351 Scottish Parliament 136 Research, Twittersphere and e-petitions 138 mainstream news media 257 search engines 53 resignation of Trent Lott, US House for navigation of web 385 Senate Leader 327 regulatory control 377 resistance ‘second screen’ phenomenon, websites to digital rights management on and television 424 music files 383 security 377 resource mobilization theory (RMT) concerns of Internet voting 104−5, 181 110–13 respect for all arguments 265 confidentiality, anonymity, retweet network eligibility 112–13 for Sandra Fluke, major hashtags seed words, synonyms and antonyms 298 437 for Trayvon Martin, major hashtags self-defense claim from George 299 Zimmerman revision for gatekeeping models 367–9 Florida’s ‘stand your ground’ law rights and ‘human rights’ 387−8 287–8 ‘rights-bearing’ citizenship 203 self-expression engagement 213 rioters, sharing of camera images on self-motivating participation 183 Twitter 424 self-organizing roots 187 riots in the UK, 2011, journalists using self-regulation 378 Twitter 335 sentiment analysis 160 riots in UK, August 2011 cable new coverage 443 outraged media attention, public online political communication fear, harsh sentences 424 441–3 rioters sense of invisibility in social positive or negative words 464 body 424 Sentiment Lexicon 437, 445 rising demands for expression 203 sentiment valence from Twitter posts risk assessment, on by-mail absentee 443 voting 111–12 significance of political comedy 341–4 risks to public health, economic Silicon Valley, fruit farming area, stability, social order 316 Northern California 69 role of comedy in civic engagement 420 Silicon Valley Ideology 79 Russian blogosphere, issue salience 444 active perpetuation of inequalities 80 sampling bias 442 class inequality 67−81 Sandra Fluke, Washington DC neoliberal system 69–72 conflict political content posting 74 contraceptive mandate 289–90 skills and online practices 208–10

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Sleep Train Mattress Centers, on Rush Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, Limbaugh 289−90 Time Magazine 70, 119 slogan ‘eat the rich’, Jean-Jacques monitoring consumer sentiment 160 Rousseau 177 monitoring, understanding of small group discussion opinion polls 316 on affirmative actions, nuclear platforms 306 power Arab-Israeli conflict, US barrier lowering for direct action industry 283 315 smartphone, laptop or tablet, creating democratic deliberation 277 online content 306 surveillance 395−411 smartphone users key features 398 good platforms for adaptive technology, democratic impact 153 information delivery 365 use by African-Americans 75 social accountability across many users, risk for 408 sectors 52–3, 57 social media on internet 19 social action, Max Weber 397 agricultural diseases, animal food divisions, with political shortage, activity 68, 77 public protests against badger ‘social collaborative filtering’ culls 316 Facebook ‘Activity Feed’ plug-in social movement, anti-war, intra-party 364–5 ‘netroots’ 120–21 social computer use 12, 313, 452–4 social movement organizations social computing research 455, 458 (SMOs) 23, 181 human behavior and digital social networking sites (SNS) 54, 61, technology 451 205, 408, 453 methods of 456–7 Facebook, Twitter 156, 160 politics 454–2 linked to civic engagement, political theoretical concerns 462 action 285−6 social contract between developers, social networks digitally mediated 183 administrators, contributors social norms of deliberation 251–2 271 social policy as argumentative process social coordination 24 153 social developments in technology, social science research on politics, media consumption patterns 367 abstract concepts 467 social dysfunction 181 social scientists 439, 465 social facts, Émile Durkheim 397 VAA development 90 social foundations. of future digital social technologies, loose public politics 35−48 networks 187 social grouping of people deliberating socio-democratic groups, traditional 271 empowerment 92 social media 12, 396 socio-economic status 208–10 attention, Trayvon case 290 impact on youth engagement 200, candidates’ digital exposure increase 209 285 soft news 343 development and use, twenty-first Persian Gulf War 1991 342 century 199 software platform owners, regulatory different forms of civic participation control 377 30 source, media, audience channels in effective use 427 gatekeeping process 368 mass diffusion, 2006 spaces for online deliberation 264−78

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Spain, 15M mobilizations 171, 173 conversation at centre of Spain, los indignados 170–72, 185–6, sociological enquiry 281 199, 425 The Laws of Imitation (Les Lois de sustained protests using digital l’imitation) 282 media 169 targeted advertising 409 spectator as pupil or scholar 420 commercial company, Facebook state governance and digital media 7 404 state surveillance and crime 410 ‘targeted sharing program’ 128 stopwords 461 targeting in campaigns 126 Streaming Twitter API 287 Taskcn, for large sentiment lexicons structured data that can be quantified 436 434–5 Tea Party movement, US 43, 193 students’ challenges to teachers 61 Tearfund, non-governmental style guidelines 360 organization (NGO) 189 subjects, engaging, intellectually technical documentation for internet challenging 269 non-state organizations 380 substantial equality, respecting equal technological advances, youth interest voice 254–5 222 substantive debate engendering online technological changes, ‘networked 271–2 society’ 130 Sun Microsystems 71 technological convergence of ‘Super Bowl Sunday’, Nestlé’s computers marketing team 160 digital media 23–4 ‘Super Tuesday’, Obama campaign, technology-enabled networking 180 2008 122 technology, influence for youth 208 supervised learning 435, 438–9 technology, lightweight, for online deductive method 461–2 publishing 327 supporters’ use of websites 120 Telegraph editor, comment on blogs, surveillance enhancement wikis and journalism 361 crime-fighting, political suppression, television, central focus 306 routine monitoring 24 television in political campaigning, surveillance of citizens 395 dominant role 419 surveillance of undergraduate students television newsmagazines 342 405 template policy content 126 survey research on two-screen viewing, tension between politics, popular Ofcom culture, images 428 use of Internet while watching TV Tension-Anxiety, emotion score 443 308 terrorism, efforts to prevent 406 Swedish youth, evidence of civic text messaging, Obama campaign, participation 205 2008 206 Syria, Assad family, poster ripping, texting and tweeting 54 2011 428 The Colbert Report 342 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart 342 tablets and smartphones, reaction to erosion of trust in media 348 media events 318 saint of democracy or sinner 345 talking into acts, votes 282 The Guardian Talking Politics, William Gamson, ‘Been there’, readers’ setting agenda 1992 283 363 Tarde, Gabriel, nineteenth century the Press, Fourth Estate. holding to French sociologist 301 account 59–60

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­495 theoretical work, explicit 462 two-screen politics third party mediation 384 evidence, theory and challenges time pressures 359 306−19 time spent on Internet, by adolescents ‘group-viewing’ 312 228, 232 response of traditional broadcasters tools and techniques in political science 314–15 data production, processing two-screen viewing techniques 313 challenges 313–19 topic model, latent Dirichlet allocation change in audience experience 312 (LDA) 440 data and existing literature 307–10 topic modelling goal 439−40 digital divide 316–18 traditional providers’ news product types of Internet use 369 communicative, social 229 traditional values of media creative, expressive, finance- independence and objectivity 360 managerial 229 training data set construction informational, interactional 229 in supervised learning 438 typography and graphic design 159 transcripts for latecomers, Unchat 272 transdisciplines 410 UK Children With Diabetes Advocacy transmedia 24 Group 56 transnational corporations, rising UK Dept for Environment, Food and power 202 Rural Affairs (Defra) transparency and accountability 152 horizon scanning software for social Trenchard, John (1731), definition of media analysis 316 politics 2 UK Government Communications trust 39–40, 152 Headquarters (GCHQ) Turing, Alan, scientist and surveillance access to personal data code-breaker 406 e-petition for pardon 143 Ukraine, 2014, government challenges Turkish Prime Minister 59 Recep Tayyip Erdogan, reaction Unchat, Noveck 2003 275 425 experimental real-time discussion turnout and internet voting 104–5 tool for small-group discussion TV Licensing Authority, UK, 272 ‘chatterboxing’ 306 Uniform and Overseas Civilian tweets, geotagged 313–14 Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) Tweets on the Streets, Paulo USA 105 Gerbaudo, 2012 425 Internet voting 113–14 Twitter United Nations Foundation, Climate celebrities campaign, complaints to Change portal 157 BBC 315 United States attitudes toward Internet conversations 10 voting 463 hashtags 60 United States Department of State, information dissemination, triggered Opinion Space 158 by media happenings, news United States journalists, values coverage 285 of, ethnocentrism, small town low interest in politics 124 pastoralism, individualism, ‘menace’ to society 425 moderation 359 sites blocking 62 United States missile strikes on third-party space 332–3 Afghanistan and Sudan, 1998 342

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United States presidential campaigns, Vikileaks 62 use of Internet and digital media 9 viral communication students, United States presidential candidate memes 176 appearances virtual city of Alphaville, virtual social on late-night and daytime talk problems 212 shows, 2000 347 virtual poll taxes 79 online campaigning 340 visibility and visuality United States television programs ‘visibility entrepreneurs’, 423 A Current Affair 342 in political communications 422–4 Entertainment Tonight 342 visual culture studies Universal Declaration of Human ancestry in art history, museum Rights (UDHR) 387 studies, media studies 421 universities visual iconography 428 campus grids, digital library visual image in political collections online courses 61 communication 419–22 university governance 61 visual language and graphics unsupervised learning 439–40, 443–4, for depiction of argumentation 159 461 visual language, designing user-generated content (UGC) 24 color textures, shapes 159 user media 361 visual political communication 12 ‘utopian’ perspective, potential of voices not online, under-representation Internet 226 316–17 voluntary work of youth 224 VAAs (voting advice applications) volunteer recruitment and mobilization Dutch ‘Stemwijzer’, very popular 120 90–92 vote, as political participation, young effect on users, increased voter adult turnout low 206 turnout 94 vote on issue preferences 89–90 in-depth interviews on usage 99 Voter Activation Network (VAN) 122 influence on electoral outcomes voter database, Democratic Party 122 94–5, 98 voter turnout in American presidential inspiration for further information elections 95 1972−2012 (by age) 207 qualitative research on 99 voter turnout rates 87 trustworthiness of advice 97 voting advice applications (VAAs) 9 usage, ‘digital divide’ problem accessibility of, online 89 92–4 effect on electoral process 88 voting advice calculation 96 informed voting, health of validation in automated content democracy 90 analysis 445 internet platforms run during Vancouver Airport elections 87–99 death of Robert Dziekanski, 2009 methods used 88 407 policy preferences of voters 88 videocassette recorder (VCR) short questionnaires for preferences programming in 1980s 199 87–99 video games, The Sims 212 socio-demographic or political viewing experience, for broader social background of users 88 deliberation 277 voting and involvement with political views, accounting for 265 campaigns 349 Vigor-Activity, emotion score 443 voting by e-mail in USA 103

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access Index ­497 voting, by-mail, modest gains in World Wide Web (WWW) 118, 325 turnout 105 1990s 396 voting, for people with disabilities 105 e-democracy 266 voting in general election 44 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), voting on iPads 114 web standards 380 voting technology, privacy protection World Wildlife Fund 107 non-governmental organization (NGO) 189 wage labour, traditional, hiring, writing code, as regulation 382 monitoring of prospective WUNC and PPF employees 404 London, Toronto and Pittsburgh Washington DC-centric affair, Sandra 189, 193 Fluke 295 worthiness, unit, numbers, We The People e-petitions 139 commitment 170–72 Web 2.0 technologies 325 web-based tool, policy Commons young people 154 civic identity 201–4 Weber, Max digital communication in political state monopoly on legitimate use of life 199 force 381–2 ‘digital natives’ 199 web links 184–5 engagement in politics, potential website surfing in 1990s 199 200 Welsh Assembly e-petitions 138 ‘Net Generation’, life style difference Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link (WELL) 223 online engagement with news and prominence in protest politics 199 current events 325 young people of color, digital Wikipedia 60 technology role 208 dangers of 26 YourView, Australia WikiWikiWeb, Ward Cunningham online platform for public political 1984 397 debate 157 ‘winner takes all’ markets 386–7 youth Wired magazine, California 69–70 civic engagement 9–10, 199−215 WordNet 437 contemporary culture Wordpress, YouTube, technology fruitfulness for democratic platforms 156 governance 238 working class, faltering interpersonal digital media 214–15 community interactions, divergence from parents in political traditional activism 213 less exposure for young 202 engagement, on social networking World Summit on the Information sites 213 Society (WSIS), United Nations involvement, in US Presidential Internet Governance Forum 390 election, 2008 206 meetings, Geneva, 2003, Tunis, 2005 news 204–5 389–90 participation effect of Internet World Trade Organization (WTO) voting 104 controversial 1999 meeting in politically engaged, informational Seattle and creative Internet 223–5, activists using Web2.0 technology 236 325 socialization into civic and political World Vision, activism 169 life 214

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turnout, increase since 2000, non- zero-order correlations white youth 206 political engagement and Internet YouTube, low interest in politics 124 use 235 YouTube videos and Tweets 74 relation to politicization 236 death of Ian Tomlinson in London Zimmerman, George, killer of Trayvon G9 protests, 2009 407 Martin 290–91

Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon - 9781782548768 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 07:48:43AM via free access