DOCSLIB.ORG

Also As a Free Low Resolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Also As a Free Low Resolution The Nature of North Head: A naturalist’s guide. Second edition, free version with low resolution graphics Peter Macinnis Publication data Author: Macinnis P. (Peter) (1944 –). Title: The Nature of North Head: a naturalist’s guide. ASIN: B08HWJ557L Notes: Written explicitly as an e-book. Contains internal navigation and external links, which will not work in a print version. Contains illustrations. Target audience: curious Australian minds from mid-teens to mid-90s. Subjects: Australia, biology, geology, animals, plants. Copyright: photographs © Peter Macinnis, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, 2020; all line art public domain. Thise needing copies of the photos need to contact the author to get better copies. All quotations are from public domain sources. Cover illustration: South Head from the Third Quarantine Cemetery. Peter Macinnis, 2020. Title page illustration: Helichrysum sp., Peter Macinnis, 2020. Dedication: For Christine, ever patient in reading and advising. A North Head companion These are my personal thoughts and footnotes, circling around a lovely place, North Head, at the entrance to Sydney Harbour. Less than 10 km from the central business district of a city of 5 million people, we have an island of wilderness with animals and plants that reflect what the area was before my mob invaded it in 1788. You can find a free web version of this e-book online, simply by using a secure tinyurl for the starter page: https://preview.tinyurl.com/nheadnat, or a less secure version: https://tinyurl.com/nheadnat. You can also get it directly at http://members.ozemail.com.au/~macinnis/nhead/index.htm. Rationale for this e-book version I work on North Head as a volunteer, doing weeding, planting and other stuff to help maintain a fragile system, but I am also a lifelong educator, and wearing that hat, I decided to generate the web site referred to above, and host it myself. It was to show the casual visitor just how much more was available to be seen. Because I always travel with at least one camera, the web site was soon bloated with pics, so during one of our escape-from- lockdown rambles, I decided to do an e-book version that people can carry around. I have also added a great deal of extra information, even more images, and some internal navigation in the form of jump links. I am distributing this version on the Kindle system, and Amazon wants money. There used to be a time when Amazon allowed some free e-books, but that is no more. I have gone for the lowest possible price, and blocked Digital Rights Management, so once you have bought one copy, you can share it, free of charge. I am a professional writer, but this is not a money-making exercise. Think of this as an obligate naturalist, trotting along beside you, prattling away, darting sideways for a prize, but unlike the real me, totally stoppable. You will also find all of the technical terms you need to look things up, but there’s no examination, so ignore them until you need them. We make three special requests to visitors: Please leave your dogs and cats at home; Please stay on the tracks; and Please don’t pick the flowers. All of these requests are there for good reasons. The North Head area is a sanctuary, and we need to protect rare plants and small animals. That aside, we have paralysis ticks, fox baits and fox traps, so your pet would be at risk, as would our plants and animals, because the average pet’s deposit of pee or poo probably contains as much nitrate and phosphate as 100 square metres of our sandy soil, giving weeds an entry point. That aside, there are also HUGE fines for bringing pets in. Staying on the tracks is to protect the animals and the plants, and to protect the soil from erosion. We don’t need new tracks, because we do need our sandy soil to stay put. Some of our plants are rare and endangered, but even picking a posy of weeds can cost you a hefty fine. This is because we need to preserve a critically endangered habitat, so please just take photos! If you see people in light blue shirts, cutting out plants, those will be trained staff, targeting weeds. If you think you see a weed, please report it, don’t pull it! The main thing is to take your time, stop and examine, and enjoy. You need a slow stroll, and a quiet, keen eye to spot the small things. Contents Getting to North Head Some North Head history The North Head environment Walks around North Head North Head animals with bones North Head animals without bones The plants of North Head Notes about North Head and some afterthoughts References, footnotes, sources and things to read Introduction The writer is mainly known for writing books, usually about science, technology, mathematics or Australian history or some mix of those, but for about 70 years, I have been visiting North Head, and for the past eight years or so, I have been working there as a volunteer, doing things. During 2020, in the lockdown, I have put in 1½ to 2 hours wandering each day, noticing the changes. You may even have seen me: that’s me below. Anyhow, this is how I know that tourists often miss the best sights, flowers and wildlife. This personal and unauthorised collection is designed to offer a proper taste of what is there. You don’t need to go off the beaten track (and because we have ticks, venomous spiders and snakes, this may not be a good idea!), but you may need help to find some of the lesser-known beaten tracks, and some of the less obvious plants, animals and rocks. Think of this as basically a study of what goes on in a small wild refuge, close to the heart of a city of 5 million people. It’s personal, so you’ll keep running into stuff about my favourite curiosities, like the spiders, the echidnas, the ant lions. Switch off, if you like… Acknowledgements While I have been encouraged and aided by (in alphabetical order) Ian Evans, Toni Stevenson and Jenny Wilson, any blame goes to Peter Macinnis. Refreshments, help and things You can get food and drink in Manly, at kiosks at Little Manly and Shelly Beach. On North Head, there is food and drink to be had at Bella Vista (east of the Third Cemetery), and at the Q Station. Water is available in some places like the information centre (see below). Some of our water is recycled or rain water: check for warning signs first! It is a good idea to travel with a couple of litres of water. Maps are available in certain locations, including a post on the Scenic Drive, and at the black obelisk where the Ferny track begins. You can also get information on weekends from Bandicoot Heaven (closed during pandemic restrictions, but also near the start of the Ferny track), and at the main information centre (above, also closed) near North Fort. If you look carefully at some of the photos, you can see one of the volunteers in a distinctive sky-blue shirts. (In cold or wet weather, their clothing usually says “Sydney Harbour Federation Trust”, when they are on official duty.) These people are eminently approachable, once we get going again in the post-pandemic world. Back to the contents Getting to North Head Walk 1, part 1: along the Corso to Shelly Beach Walk 2: Going up Darley Road Walk 3: through Little Manly and Collins Flat Driving and biking You can choose between catching a 135 bus from Manly Wharf (or even from Warringah Mall), driving, cycling or walking, and there are three walking routes. The 135 bus leaves once an hour from Stand D, across the road from the ferry wharf in Manly (see pic above). As you walk off the ferry wharf, veer slightly left, past a metallic sculpture resembling a cowpat (below), and cross at the lights. You have reached the bus stop. The cowpat used to have a fine mist of water coming out, hence the local name, “Steaming Great Turd” (or SGT). If you hear somebody saying this, they are probably not insulting or threatening you. If you are driving, follow the walking instructions for the Darley Road route. Most healthy people can walk, one way or another, and as mentioned, there are three main walking routes, but Darley Road is the only one suited to cars or bicycles. Walk 1, part 1: along the Corso to Shelly Beach This is written mainly for people travelling by public transport and wanting to stretch their legs and see some pleasant views. You walk out of the ferry wharf (or alight from a bus) and head directly away from the ferry wharf, to the right of the SGT (node a in the map above), down the main street, known as the Corso, until you reach the ocean beach, called either Manly Beach, or more correctly, “South Steyne”, a name it was given in the 1850s, when a wannabe rich man saw Manly as “the new Brighton”. You can still see a hotel of that name on the Corso, but the sand on our New Brighton is much better, and also deeper than the “sand” at the old Brighton in England, which is made of cobbles. The hotel would be on the left, if you were the photographer in the photo above. If you stop at this establishment, the balcony on the first floor offers a good view of the surf beach, and you may meet a Council official there, whose task is to supervise the waves, because if somebody doesn’t keep an eye on them, the waves will start running out to sea, carting some of our unwary tourists off to New Zealand.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Narrabeen Lakes to Manly Lagoon
    To NEWCASTLE Manly Lagoon to North Head Personal Care BARRENJOEY and The Spit Be aware that you are responsible for your own safety and that of any child with you. Take care and enjoy your walk. This magnificent walk features the famous Manly Beach, Shelly Beach, and 5hr 30 North Head which dominates the entrance to Sydney Harbour. It also links The walks require average fitness, except for full-day walks which require COASTAL SYDNEY to the popular Manly Scenic Walkway between Manly Cove and The Spit. above-average fitness and stamina. There is a wide variety of pathway alking conditions and terrain, including bush tracks, uneven ground, footpaths, The walk forms part of one of the world’s great urban coastal walks, beaches, rocks, steps and steep hills. Observe official safety, track and road signs AVALON connecting Broken Bay in Sydney’s north to Port Hacking in the south, at all times. Keep well back from cliff edges and be careful crossing roads. traversing rugged headlands, sweeping beaches, lagoons, bushland, and the w Wear a hat and good walking shoes, use sunscreen and carry water. You will Manly Lagoon bays and harbours of coastal Sydney. need to drink regularly, particularly in summer, as much of the route is without Approximate Walking Times in Hours and Minutes 5hr 30 This map covers the route from Manly Lagoon to Manly wharf via North shade. Although cold drinks can often be bought along the way, this cannot to North Head e.g. 1 hour 45 minutes = 1hr 45 Head. Two companion maps, Barrenjoey to Narrabeen Lakes and Narrabeen always be relied on.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth
    Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change Edited by Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change Edited by Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites © Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978-1-912250-13-4 (2018 PDF edition) DOI 10.14296/518.9781912250134 Institute of Commonwealth Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House Malet Street London WC1E 7HU Cover image: Activists at Pride in Entebbe, Uganda, August 2012. Photo © D. David Robinson 2013. Photo originally published in The Advocate (8 August 2012) with approval of Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG) and Freedom and Roam Uganda (FARUG). Approval renewed here from SMUG and FARUG, and PRIDE founder Kasha Jacqueline Nabagesera. Published with direct informed consent of the main pictured activist. Contents Abbreviations vii Contributors xi 1 Human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity in the Commonwealth: from history and law to developing activism and transnational dialogues 1 Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites 2
    [Show full text]
  • Cunninghamia Date of Publication: February 2020 a Journal of Plant Ecology for Eastern Australia
    Cunninghamia Date of Publication: February 2020 A journal of plant ecology for eastern Australia ISSN 0727- 9620 (print) • ISSN 2200 - 405X (Online) The Australian paintings of Marianne North, 1880–1881: landscapes ‘doomed shortly to disappear’ John Leslie Dowe Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Smithfield, Qld 4878 AUSTRALIA. [email protected] Abstract: The 80 paintings of Australian flora, fauna and landscapes by English artist Marianne North (1830-1890), completed during her travels in 1880–1881, provide a record of the Australian environment rarely presented by artists at that time. In the words of her mentor Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, director of Kew Gardens, North’s objective was to capture landscapes that were ‘doomed shortly to disappear before the axe and the forest fires, the plough and the flock, or the ever advancing settler or colonist’. In addition to her paintings, North wrote books recollecting her travels, in which she presented her observations and explained the relevance of her paintings, within the principles of a ‘Darwinian vision,’ and inevitable and rapid environmental change. By examining her paintings and writings together, North’s works provide a documented narrative of the state of the Australian environment in the late nineteenth- century, filtered through the themes of personal botanical discovery, colonial expansion and British imperialism. Cunninghamia (2020) 20: 001–033 doi: 10.7751/cunninghamia.2020.20.001 Cunninghamia: a journal of plant ecology for eastern Australia © 2020 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/Scientific_publications/cunninghamia 2 Cunninghamia 20: 2020 John Dowe, Australian paintings of Marianne North, 1880–1881 Introduction The Marianne North Gallery in the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew houses 832 oil paintings which Marianne North (b.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Jordan: a Life in Systematics
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Kristin Renee Johnson for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of SciencePresented on July 21, 2003. Title: Karl Jordan: A Life in Systematics Abstract approved: Paul Lawrence Farber Karl Jordan (1861-1959) was an extraordinarily productive entomologist who influenced the development of systematics, entomology, and naturalists' theoretical framework as well as their practice. He has been a figure in existing accounts of the naturalist tradition between 1890 and 1940 that have defended the relative contribution of naturalists to the modem evolutionary synthesis. These accounts, while useful, have primarily examined the natural history of the period in view of how it led to developments in the 193 Os and 40s, removing pre-Synthesis naturalists like Jordan from their research programs, institutional contexts, and disciplinary homes, for the sake of synthesis narratives. This dissertation redresses this picture by examining a naturalist, who, although often cited as important in the synthesis, is more accurately viewed as a man working on the problems of an earlier period. This study examines the specific problems that concerned Jordan, as well as the dynamic institutional, international, theoretical and methodological context of entomology and natural history during his lifetime. It focuses upon how the context in which natural history has been done changed greatly during Jordan's life time, and discusses the role of these changes in both placing naturalists on the defensive among an array of new disciplines and attitudes in science, and providing them with new tools and justifications for doing natural history. One of the primary intents of this study is to demonstrate the many different motives and conditions through which naturalists came to and worked in natural history.
    [Show full text]
  • Level 1 Fauna Survey of the Gruyere Gold Project Borefields (Harewood 2016)
    GOLD ROAD RESOURCES LIMITED GRUYERE PROJECT EPA REFERRAL SUPPORTING DOCUMENT APPENDIX 5: LEVEL 1 FAUNA SURVEY OF THE GRUYERE GOLD PROJECT BOREFIELDS (HAREWOOD 2016) Gruyere EPA Ref Support Doc Final Rev 1.docx Fauna Assessment (Level 1) Gruyere Borefield Project Gold Road Resources Limited January 2016 Version 3 On behalf of: Gold Road Resources Limited C/- Botanica Consulting PO Box 2027 BOULDER WA 6432 T: 08 9093 0024 F: 08 9093 1381 Prepared by: Greg Harewood Zoologist PO Box 755 BUNBURY WA 6231 M: 0402 141 197 T/F: (08) 9725 0982 E: [email protected] GRUYERE BOREFIELD PROJECT –– GOLD ROAD RESOURCES LTD – FAUNA ASSESSMENT (L1) – JAN 2016 – V3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 2. SCOPE OF WORKS ...............................................................................................1 3. RELEVANT LEGISTALATION ................................................................................2 4. METHODS...............................................................................................................3 4.1 POTENTIAL VETEBRATE FAUNA INVENTORY - DESKTOP SURVEY ............. 3 4.1.1 Database Searches.......................................................................................3 4.1.2 Previous Fauna Surveys in the Area ............................................................3 4.1.3 Existing Publications .....................................................................................5 4.1.4 Fauna
    [Show full text]
  • Controlled Animals
    Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Fish and Wildlife Policy Division Controlled Animals Wildlife Regulation, Schedule 5, Part 1-4: Controlled Animals Subject to the Wildlife Act, a person must not be in possession of a wildlife or controlled animal unless authorized by a permit to do so, the animal was lawfully acquired, was lawfully exported from a jurisdiction outside of Alberta and was lawfully imported into Alberta. NOTES: 1 Animals listed in this Schedule, as a general rule, are described in the left hand column by reference to common or descriptive names and in the right hand column by reference to scientific names. But, in the event of any conflict as to the kind of animals that are listed, a scientific name in the right hand column prevails over the corresponding common or descriptive name in the left hand column. 2 Also included in this Schedule is any animal that is the hybrid offspring resulting from the crossing, whether before or after the commencement of this Schedule, of 2 animals at least one of which is or was an animal of a kind that is a controlled animal by virtue of this Schedule. 3 This Schedule excludes all wildlife animals, and therefore if a wildlife animal would, but for this Note, be included in this Schedule, it is hereby excluded from being a controlled animal. Part 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 1. AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (Family Didelphidae) Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 2. SHREWS (Family Soricidae) Long-tailed Shrews Genus Sorex Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew Episoriculus macrurus North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Old World Water Shrews Genus Neomys Ussuri White-toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura Greater White-toothed Shrew Crocidura russula Siberian Shrew Crocidura sibirica Piebald Shrew Diplomesodon pulchellum 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Jervis Bay Territory Page 1 of 50 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region (Blank), Jervis Bay Territory
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination Ecology and Evolution of Epacrids
    Pollination Ecology and Evolution of Epacrids by Karen A. Johnson BSc (Hons) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania February 2012 ii Declaration of originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Karen A. Johnson Statement of authority of access This thesis may be made available for copying. Copying of any part of this thesis is prohibited for two years from the date this statement was signed; after that time limited copying is permitted in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Karen A. Johnson iii iv Abstract Relationships between plants and their pollinators are thought to have played a major role in the morphological diversification of angiosperms. The epacrids (subfamily Styphelioideae) comprise more than 550 species of woody plants ranging from small prostrate shrubs to temperate rainforest emergents. Their range extends from SE Asia through Oceania to Tierra del Fuego with their highest diversity in Australia. The overall aim of the thesis is to determine the relationships between epacrid floral features and potential pollinators, and assess the evolutionary status of any pollination syndromes. The main hypotheses were that flower characteristics relate to pollinators in predictable ways; and that there is convergent evolution in the development of pollination syndromes.
    [Show full text]
  • VAN DIEMEN's LAND COMPANY Records, 1824-1930 Reels M337
    AUSTRALIAN JOINT COPYING PROJECT VAN DIEMEN’S LAND COMPANY Records, 1824-1930 Reels M337-64, M585-89 Van Diemen’s Land Company 35 Copthall Avenue London EC2 National Library of Australia State Library of New South Wales Filmed: 1960-61, 1964 CONTENTS Page 3 Historical note M337-64 4 Minutes of Court of Directors, 1824-1904 4 Outward letter books, 1825-1902 6 Inward letters and despatches, 1833-99 9 Letter books (Van Diemen’s Land), 1826-48 11 Miscellaneous papers, 1825-1915 14 Maps, plan and drawings, 1827-32 14 Annual reports, 1854-1922 M585-89 15 Legal documents, 1825-77 15 Accounts, 1833-55 16 Tasmanian letter books, 1848-59 17 Conveyances, 1851-1930 18 Miscellaneous papers 18 Index to despatches 2 HISTORICAL NOTE In 1824 a group of woollen mill owners, wool merchants, bankers and investors met in London to consider establishing a land company in Van Diemen’s Land similar to the Australian Agricultural Company in New South Wales. Encouraged by the support of William Sorell, the former Lieutenant- Governor, and Edward Curr, who had recently returned from the colony, they formed the Van Diemen’s Land Company and applied to Lord Bathurst for a grant of 500,000 acres. Bathurst agreed to a grant of 250,000 acres. The Van Diemen’s Land Company received a royal charter in 1825 giving it the right to cultivate land, build roads and bridges, lend money to colonists, execute public works, and build and buy houses, wharves and other buildings. Curr was appointed the chief agent of the Company in Van Diemen’s Land.
    [Show full text]
  • Epacris Study Group
    ASSOCIATION OF SOCIETIES FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN PLANTS Inc. EPACRIS STUDY GROUP Group Leader: Gwen Elliot, P.O. Box 655 Heathmont Vic. 3135 NEWSLETTER No. XS (ISSN 103 8-6017) Qctaber zaQ4 Greetings as once again we begin to enjoy the longer days of spring-summer and the encouragement this provides for many of our flowering plants. Despite the generally dry conditions many Epacris species are putting on outstanding floral displays. How are you going with your recording of the flowering times of Epacris impressa in your garden, as well as in nearby bushland or in other areas as you travel within Australia? It really is quite an exciting project because together we, as Study Group members, can make a real contribution to the overall understanding of this species, adding to the knowledge and research of botanists who look in detail at the features of the plant under the microscope and in its natural habitat. It iis a species which occurs both atsea-level and at higher altitudes. How are the flowering times affected when highland plants are cultivated at lower altitudes? Are flowering times different when plants fiom New South Wales for example are gvown much further south in soulhern Victoria or Tasmania ? Epacris impressu seems like an excellent species for us to research in this way. If our project is successful we may perhaps be able to continue with looking at the flowering times of other Epacris which are relatively common in cultivation. In case you have misplaced the recording sheet from our October 2003 Newsletter, another is included in this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Towra Point Nature Reserve Ramsar Site: Ecological Character Description in Good Faith, Exercising All Due Care and Attention
    Towra Point Nature Reserve Ramsar site Ecological character description Disclaimer The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW (DECCW) has compiled the Towra Point Nature Reserve Ramsar site: Ecological character description in good faith, exercising all due care and attention. DECCW does not accept responsibility for any inaccurate or incomplete information supplied by third parties. No representation is made about the accuracy, completeness or suitability of the information in this publication for any particular purpose. Readers should seek appropriate advice about the suitability of the information to their needs. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or of the Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts. Acknowledgements Phil Straw, Australasian Wader Studies Group; Bob Creese, Bruce Pease, Trudy Walford and Rob Williams, Department of Primary Industries (NSW); Simon Annabel and Rob Lea, NSW Maritime; Geoff Doret, Ian Drinnan and Brendan Graham, Sutherland Shire Council; John Dahlenburg, Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority. Symbols for conceptual diagrams are courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/symbols), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. This publication has been prepared with funding provided by the Australian Government to the Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority through the Coastal Catchments Initiative Program. © State of NSW, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW, and Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority DECCW and SMCMA are pleased to allow the reproduction of material from this publication on the condition that the source, publisher and authorship are appropriately acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Kropotkin and the Social Ecology of Science in Russia, Europe, and England, 1859-1922
    THE STRUGGLE FOR COEXISTENCE: PETER KROPOTKIN AND THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF SCIENCE IN RUSSIA, EUROPE, AND ENGLAND, 1859-1922 by ERIC M. JOHNSON A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2019 © Eric M. Johnson, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: The Struggle for Coexistence: Peter Kropotkin and the Social Ecology of Science in Russia, Europe, and England, 1859-1922 Submitted by Eric M. Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Examining Committee: Alexei Kojevnikov, History Research Supervisor John Beatty, Philosophy Supervisory Committee Member Mark Leier, History Supervisory Committee Member Piers Hale, History External Examiner Joy Dixon, History University Examiner Lisa Sundstrom, Political Science University Examiner Jaleh Mansoor, Art History Exam Chair ii Abstract This dissertation critically examines the transnational history of evolutionary sociology during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Tracing the efforts of natural philosophers and political theorists, this dissertation explores competing frameworks at the intersection between the natural and human sciences – Social Darwinism at one pole and Socialist Darwinism at the other, the latter best articulated by Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin’s Darwinian theory of mutual aid. These frameworks were conceptualized within different scientific cultures during a contentious period both in the life sciences as well as the sociopolitical environments of Russia, Europe, and England. This cross- pollination of scientific and sociopolitical discourse contributed to competing frameworks of knowledge construction in both the natural and human sciences.
    [Show full text]