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Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site Ecological Character Description

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Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site Ecological Character Description Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site Ecological Character Description 2010 Disclaimer While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the contents of this ECD are correct, the Commonwealth of Australia as represented by the Department of the Environment does not guarantee and accepts no legal liability whatsoever arising from or connected to the currency, accuracy, completeness, reliability or suitability of the information in this ECD. Note: There may be differences in the type of information contained in this ECD publication, to those of other Ramsar wetlands. © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2010. The ‘Ecological Character Description for the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site: Final Report’ is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This report should be attributed as ‘BMT WBM. (2010). Ecological Character Description of the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site. Prepared for the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.’ The Commonwealth of Australia has made all reasonable efforts to identify content supplied by third parties using the following format ‘© Copyright, [name of third party] ’. Ecological Character Description for the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site 2010 Prepared For: Department of Defence and Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts Prepared By: BMT WBM Pty Ltd (Member of the BMT group of companies) CONTENTS I CONTENTS Contents i List of Figures iii List of Tables iv Acknowledgments vi List of Abbreviations vii Executive Summary x 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Scope and Purpose 1-1 1.3 Relevant Treaties, Legislation and Regulations 1-4 1.3.1 Australian Government Legislation or Policy Instruments 1-4 1.3.2 Queensland Government Legislation or Policy Instruments 1-8 1.4 Key Terminology and Concepts 1-11 1.4.1 Wetland Processes 1-11 1.4.2 Wetland Components 1-11 1.4.3 Wetland Services/Benefits 1-11 1.4.4 Interaction of Wetland Elements 1-12 1.4.5 Bioregionalisation Scheme 1-14 1.5 Report Structure 1-14 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 2-1 2.1 Site Details – Summary 2-1 2.2 Location and Area 2-2 2.3 Description of Wetland Types 2-4 2.3.1 Coastal Wetlands 2-11 2.3.2 Inland Wetlands 2-16 2.4 Description of Natural, Cultural and Socio-Economic Values 2-22 2.4.1 Natural Values 2-22 2.4.2 Cultural and Socio-Economic Values 2-23 2.5 Land Use and Tenure 2-26 2.5.1 Tenure and Land Use within the Site 2-26 2.5.2 Tenure and Land Use Adjacent to the Site 2-26 CONTENTS II 2.6 Nomination Criteria Met by the Site 2-27 3 SUMMARY OF CRITICAL SERVICES, COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES 3-1 3.1 Overview of Critical Services, Components and Processes 3-1 3.2 Description of Critical Services/Benefits, Components and Processes 3-4 3.2.1 Representative Ecosystems 3-5 3.2.2 Rare Wetlands 3-6 3.2.3 Threatened Wetland Species 3-7 3.2.4 Biodiversity 3-10 3.2.5 Critical Life Stages 3-14 3.2.6 Waterbird Populations 3-16 3.2.7 Fish Diversity 3-19 3.2.8 Fisheries Nursery Values 3-20 3.2.9 Scientific Research 3-22 3.2.10 Water Supply 3-23 3.2.11 Wilderness 3-24 3.3 Description of Critical Ecosystem Components 3-25 3.4 Description of Wetland Ecosystem Processes 3-28 3.4.1 Climate 3-28 3.4.2 Geology and Geomorphology 3-29 3.4.2.1 Geomorphological Setting 3-29 3.4.2.2 Landforms, Sediments and Soils 3-29 3.4.2.3 Bathymetry 3-31 3.5 Hydrodynamics and Hydrology 3-31 3.5.1 Hydrodynamics and Tidal Inundation Regime 3-31 3.5.2 Freshwater Inflows 3-32 3.5.3 Groundwater Dynamics 3-36 3.5.4 Water Quality 3-37 3.5.5 Noteworthy Biological Processes 3-39 3.6 Conceptual Models 3-41 3.7 Limits of Acceptable Change 3-49 3.7.1 Derivation of Limits of Acceptable Change 3-50 3.7.2 Summary of Limits of Acceptable Change 3-50 4 CHANGES TO ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER AND THREATS 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Ecological Character Changes 4-1 LIST OF FIGURES III 4.2.1 Assessment of Potential Ecological Character Changes: Shoalwater 4-1 4.2.2 Assessment of potential Ecological Character Changes: Corio Bay 4-3 4.2.3 Assessment of Potential Ecological Character Changes Against LACs 4-5 4.3 Threats 4-6 5 INFORMATION GAPS, MONITORING AND EDUCATION 5-1 5.1 Information Gaps 5-1 5.2 Monitoring Needs 5-2 5.2.1 Baseline Monitoring 5-3 5.2.2 Specific Monitoring Needs 5-6 5.3 Communication, Education and Public Awareness Messages 5-7 6 REFERENCES 6-1 7 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 7-1 APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGY USED IN SELECTION OF CRITICAL ELEMENTS A-1 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY TABLES FOR CRITICAL SERVICES/ BENEFITS, COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES B-1 APPENDIX C: SPECIES LIST C-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Key steps in preparing an Ecological Character Description 1-3 Figure 1-2 Marine park zoning in the vicinity of the Ramsar site (Shoalwater portion) 1-7 Figure 1-3 Marine park zoning in the vicinity of the Ramsar site (Corio Bay portion) 1-8 Figure 1-4 Corio Bay Fish Habitat Area (source: Fisheries Queensland) 1-10 Figure 1-5 Generic conceptual model showing interactions between wetland ecosystem processes, components and services/benefits 1-13 Figure 2-1 Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar site 2-3 Figure 2-2 Queensland Wetlands Programme wetland mapping 2-6 Figure 2-3 Seagrass at Sabina Point (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-11 Figure 2-4 Rocky shores along Townshend island (source: DoD) 2-12 Figure 2-5 Sandy shore (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-13 LIST OF TABLES IV Figure 2-6 Estuarine waters (and mangroves) within Shoalwater Bay (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-13 Figure 2-7 Intertidal mud flats at Port Clinton (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-14 Figure 2-8 Saltmarsh community at Shoalwater Bay (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-15 Figure 2-9 Mangroves at Port Clinton (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International). 2-16 Figure 2-10 Sandy Creek (source: DoD) 2-17 Figure 2-11 Peatswamp sedgeland on the Clinton Lowlands (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-18 Figure 2-12 Melaleuca swamp within Dismal Sector (source: DoD) 2-19 Figure 2-13 Peat swamp with forested periphery in Dismal Swamp (source: R. Jaensch, Wetlands International) 2-20 Figure 2-14 Sinkhole within the Dismal Sector (source: DoD) 2-21 Figure 3-1 Conceptual Model Showing Interaction of Critical Elements 3-4 Figure 3-2 Commercial mud crab catches from grids R28, R27 and Q27 expressed as catch per unit effort (tonnes/days fished) and total production for all grids 3-21 Figure 3-3 Shoalwater Bay Digital Elevation Model 3-34 Figure 3-4 Water catchments relevant to the Ramsar Site 3-35 Figure 3-5 Conceptual Model: Shoalwater Bay 3-44 Figure 3-6 Conceptual Model: Open Coast 3-45 Figure 3-7 Conceptual Model: Port Clinton 3-46 Figure 3-8 Conceptual Model: Dismal Swamp and Freshwater Wetlands 3-47 Figure 3-9 Conceptual Model: Corio Bay 3-48 LIST OF TABLES Table E-1 Ramsar Nomination Criteria Met by the Site xi Table E-2 Summary of Critical Services/Benefits, Components and Processes of the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site xiv Table E-3 Limits of Acceptable Change – Critical Services/Benefits of the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar Site xv Table 1-1 Bioregional references used for this report 1-14 Table 1-2 Key steps in preparing an Ecological Character Description and relevant report sections 1-15 Table 2-1 Details of the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar site 2-1 Table 2-2 Ramsar wetland types and their most likely equivalent under Queensland DERM wetland and vegetation classification regimes 2-7 Table 2-3 Estimated areas of wetland types within the Ramsar site 2-9 Table 2-4 Nomination Criteria currently addressed by the Ramsar site 2-35 LIST OF TABLES V Table 3-1 Summary of critical services/benefits, components and processes of the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar site 3-3 Table 3-2 Of Concern wetland Regional Ecosystems within the Ramsar site 3-13 Table 3-3 Critical services/benefits of the Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area Ramsar site 3-52 Table 3-4 Critical components and processes - Limits of Acceptable Change 3-54 Table 4-1 Assessment of Ecological Character changes against LAC 4-5 Table 4-2 Summary of broad scale threats 4-8 Table 4-3 Threat likelihood categories 4-10 Table 5-1 Monitoring Ecological Character 5-5 Table B-1 Summary – 1 B-1 Table B-2 Summary – 2 B-2 Table B-3 Summary – 3a, 3b, 3c B-3 Table B-4 Summary – 4 B-6 Table B-5 Summary – 5 B-7 Table B-6 Summary – 6 B-10 Table B-7 Summary – 7 B-12 Table B-8 Summary – 8 B-13 Table C-1 Angiosperms: Native dicotyledons recorded within SWBTA C-2 Table C-2 Angiosperms: Native monocotyledons recorded within SWBTA C-19 Table C-3 Native gymnosperms recorded within SWBTA C-26 Table C-4 Native ferns recorded within SWBTA C-26 Table C-5 Mammal list C-28 Table C-6 Reptile list C-29 Table C-7 Frog list C-30 Table C-8 Bird list C-31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was originally prepared by BMT WBM Pty Ltd 2010 with expert input from Austecology Pty Ltd and Wetlands International - Oceania (WIO) under contract to the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA).
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