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CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE LA DEFENSA ACADEMIA GENERAL DEL AIRE ANTEPROYECTO DE UNA AERONAVE AERONAVE DE ENTRENAMIENTO AVANZADO Trabajo Fin de Grado Autor: A. A. D. Rafael Ángel Reyes Rodríguez (LXVI – CGEA-EOF) Director: José Serna Serrano Co-director: Francisco Javier Sánchez Velasco Grado en Ingeniería en Organización industrial Curso: 2014/2015 – convocatoria: junio Tribunal nombrado por la dirección del Centro Universitario de la Defensa de San Javier, el día ____ de ____________ de 20____. Presidente: Dr. D. Manuel Caravaca Garratón Secretario: Dr. D. Alejandro López Belchí Vocal: Col. Dr. Andrés Dolón Payán Realizado el acto de defensa del Trabajo Fin de Grado, el día____ de _________ de 20____, en el Centro Universitario de la Defensa de San Javier. Calificación: __________________________. EL PRESIDENTE EL SECRETARIO EL VOCAL ANTEPROYECTO DE UNA AERONAVE AERONAVE DE ENTRENAMIENTO AVANZADO RESUMEN: Este trabajo trata de plasmar en su desarrollo el anteproyecto de una hipotética aeronave de entrenamiento avanzado. En él se busca encontrar una solución de compromiso al estado del arte actual, a partir del cálculo de los parámetros definitorios básicos de dicha aeronave, incluida la polar del avión. Para ello se acude a las referencias señaladas en busca de las herramientas necesarias para el establecimiento de los valores aerodinámicos y motrices deseados. Como producto final se obtiene un compendio de constantes que nos permite evaluar las características diferenciadoras de la aeronave con las ya existentes. ABSTRACT: This work tries to develop a conceptual advanced jet trainer design for a hypothetical aircraft. It seeks to find a compromise solution to the current state of the art, from the calculation of the basic parameters defining the aircraft, including polar aircraft. For this we turn to the references listed in search of the necessary tools for setting the desired aerodynamic values and motor. As final product a compendium of constants that allows us to assess the distinctive characteristics of the aircraft with existing is obtained. Dedicado a mi gran amigo Chuflo. Sin ti éste T.F.G. nunca habría visto la luz. Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer el apoyo recibido a mi familia, a mis profesores y a mis amigos por su ayuda incondicional y desinteresada. Muchas gracias. Contenido Capítulo 1. Introducción. .............................................................................. 1 1.1. Justificación histórica. .............................................................................................................. 1 Capítulo 2. Aviones semejantes. ............................................................... 13 Capítulo 3. Diseño fuselaje. ........................................................................ 15 3.1. Cálculo de la esbeltez. ........................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Ancho de fuselaje y envergadura. .................................................................................... 18 Capítulo 4. Pesos del avión. ........................................................................ 21 4.1. Definiciones. .............................................................................................................................. 23 4.2. Peso vacío operativo y peso máximo al despegue. ................................................... 24 4.3. Peso máximo de la carga de pago. ................................................................................... 25 4.4. Peso máximo de combustible. ........................................................................................... 26 4.5. Cálculo final de pesos. ........................................................................................................... 32 Capítulo 5. Selección carga alar y relación empuje-peso. ................ 35 5.1. Relación empuje-peso . ................................................................................................. 37 5.2. Selección de carga alar. ........................................................................................................ 41 5.3. Cálculo de actuaciones en pista. ....................................................................................... 45 Capítulo 6. Definición geométrica del avión. ....................................... 49 6.1. Elección de la forma del ala. ............................................................................................... 50 6.2. Alargamiento. ........................................................................................................................... 51 6.3. Flecha, espesor y perfil. ........................................................................................................ 52 6.4. Estrechamiento. ....................................................................................................................... 53 6.5. Diedro. ......................................................................................................................................... 53 6.6. Envergadura y cuerda. .......................................................................................................... 54 i 6.7. Dispositivos hipersustentadores. .................................................................................... 55 6.8. Superficie horizontal de cola. ............................................................................................ 59 6.9. Superficie vertical de cola. .................................................................................................. 60 6.10. Croquis a tres vistas. ........................................................................................................... 62 Capítulo 7. Polar del avión. ........................................................................ 65 7.1. Resistencia sin sustentación ( 0). ............................................................................... 65 7.2. Resistencia inducida ( ). ................................ .................................................................... 68 7.3. Eficiencia máxima, máxima autonomía, velocidad de máxima autonomía, máximo alcance, ............................................................................................................................... 70 Capítulo 8. Diagrama carga de pago-alcance. ...................................... 73 Capítulo 9. Conclusiones y trabajo futuro. ............................................ 77 9.1. Trabajo futuro. ......................................................................................................................... 78 Anexos. .............................................................................................................. 81 Datos generales del avión. ........................................................................................................... 82 Grupo motopropulsor, tomas de admisión y características físicas del motor. ... 83 Pesos. .................................................................................................................................................... 84 Fuselaje y cabina. ............................................................................................................................. 85 Ala. ......................................................................................................................................................... 86 Dispositivos hipersustentadores. ............................................................................................. 89 Alerones y spoilers. ........................................................................................................................ 90 Estabilizador horizontal y timón de profundidad. ............................................................ 91 Estabilizador vertical y timón de dirección. ........................................................................ 92 Tren de aterrizaje. ........................................................................................................................... 93 Actuaciones. ....................................................................................................................................... 94 Bibliografía y referencias. .......................................................................... 95 ii Lista de Acrónimos Esta lista incluye los acrónimos más usados en el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado ordenados alfabéticamente: A.G.A. Academia General del Aire B.A.E. British Aerospace Eletronics B.C.A.T.P. British Commonwealth Air Training Plan B.P.R. By-Pass Rate C.A.S.A. Construcciones Aeronáuticas Sociedad Anónima C.M.A. Cuerda Media Aerodinámica C.M.G. Cuerda Media Geométrica C.U.D. Centro Universitario de la Defensa E.E.U.U. Estados Unidos J.A.A. Joint Aviation Authorities J.A.A.T.O. Joint Aviation Authorities Training Organisation M.F.W. Maximum Fuel Weight M.P.L. Maximum Payload M.T.O.W. Maximum Take-Off Weight M.Z.F.W. Maximum Zero Fuel Weight iii O.E.W. Operative Empty Weight R.A.F. Royal Air Force R.F. Reserve Fuel R.F.C. Royal Flying Corps T.F. Trip Fuel T.F.G. Trabajo Fin de Grado T.O.P. Take- Off Parameter U.S.A.F. United States Air Force iv Capítulo 1. Introducción. Con el objetivo principal de buscar una alternativa a las aeronaves de entrenamiento básico a reacción españolas, se propone éste Trabajo de Fin de Grado que trata de encontrar una solución de compromiso de entre las existentes, plasmándola en un diseño conceptual de una hipotética aeronave que supla las carencias
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