China's Arms Acquisitions from Abroad

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China's Arms Acquisitions from Abroad China’s Arms Acquisitions from Abroad A Quest for ‘Superb and Secret Weapons’ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Professor Daniel Tarschys, Chairman (Sweden) Sir Brian Urquhart, Vice-Chairman (United Kingdom) Dr Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica) Dr Ryukichi Imai (Japan) Professor Catherine Kelleher (United States) Dr Marjatta Rautio (Finland) Dr Lothar Rühl (Germany) The Director Director Dr Adam Daniel Rotfeld (Poland) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Frösunda, S-171 53 Solna, Sweden Cable: SIPRI Telephone: 46 8/655 97 00 Telefax: 46 8/655 97 33 E-mail: sipri@sipri.se Internet URL: http://www.sipri.se China’s Arms Acquisitions from Abroad A Quest for ‘Superb and Secret Weapons’ SIPRI Research Report No. 11 Bates Gill and Taeho Kim OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1995 Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bombay Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © SIPRI 1995 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. Enquiries concerning reproduction in other countries should be sent to SIPRI. The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data available ISBN 0–19–829195–7 ISBN 0–19–829196–5 (pbk.) Typeset and originated by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King’s Lynn Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements viii Acronyms ix 1. Introduction: an old issue in new times 1 I. Introduction 1 II. Preliminary assessments 2 III. Structure of the report 5 2. Lessons of history: 150 years of foreign arms acquisitions 8 I. Introduction 8 II. Arms imports before 1949 9 III. Soviet military assistance to China in the 1950s 18 IV. New foreign sources, 1975–89 34 Table 2.1. Arms imports by China, Taiwan, Japan and India, 37 1975–89 Table 2.2. Chinese imports of major conventional weapons, 38 weapon components and weapon technology, by supplier and weapon type, 1975–89 3. Contemporary Chinese arms and technology imports 48 from Russia I. Introduction 48 II. The resumption of Bejing–Moscow military ties 51 III. Actual Soviet and Russian sales 56 IV. Conclusions 67 Table 3.1. Actual and potential transfers of major conventional 68 weapons and military-related items from the Soviet Union/Russia to China, 1990–95 4. Contemporary Chinese arms and technology imports 71 from the West and the developing world I. Introduction 71 II. Western sources of supply 73 III. Acquisitions from Israel 81 IV. Other sources of supply 86 V. Conclusions 90 Table 4.1. Principal Chinese agreements with foreign firms in 88 the aircraft sector, 1990–95 vi C HINA’ S ARMS ACQUISITIONS FROM ABROAD Table 4.2. Military technology imports from non-Soviet/ 92 Russian sources for weapon systems produced in China, 1975–95 5. Future arms acquisitions: influences and implications 97 I. Introduction 97 II. The domestic environment 98 III. The international environment 112 IV. Future arms acquisitions from abroad 121 V. Conclusions 130 Table 5.1. Chinese military expenditure, 1983–93 99 Table 5.2. Volume of Chinese arms imports, 1990–94 100 Table 5.3. Leading persons and institutions in arms 110 procurement decision making in China and their interrelationships, as of 31 December 1994 Table 5.4. Future Chinese requirements for foreign 123 weapons and technologies, by weapon system Appendix 1. Chinese imports and licensed production of 135 major conventional weapons, 1950–93 Appendix 2. Chronology of Sino-Soviet/Russian visits on 145 security, military and arms transfer matters, 1989–June 1995 Appendix 3. Chronology of developments in Sino-US 149 relations concerning military technology, June 1989–December 1994 Index 152 Preface At the dawn of the ‘Pacific Century’, as China grows stronger and seeks to play a greater role in regional and world affairs, it will be important for the international community to understand the capabilities and intentions of the Chinese leadership in all spheres, not only security-related matters. With its concern to shed light on important questions of global and regional peace and security, SIPRI offers this volume as a contribution to this process. The co-authors are well-suited professionally to the task. Dr Bates Gill, head of the SIPRI Project on Security and Arms Control in East Asia, has studied Chinese arms trade and production since the mid-1980s, work which has included frequent research visits to China as well as two year-long stays on the mainland. Dr Taeho Kim, a Visiting Scholar and Research Associate at the Mershon Center for Public Affairs at Ohio State University in 1993–95, has returned to his post as senior China analyst in the Policy Planning Directorate at the Korea Institute for Defence Analyses in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Their command of the Chinese language and access to extensive resources in their respective institutes, their experience and contacts in China, and their many years of monitoring China combine to present a comprehensive and in-depth examination of Chinese arms acquisi- tions from abroad. The authors conclude that China’s historical search abroad for the means to modernize its arsenal has been problematic and only partially successful. Indeed, historical legacies will continue to weigh heavily as constraints on current and future efforts to modernize China’s military through the acquisi- tion of foreign weapons and military technologies. Nevertheless, because of and in spite of these constraints, China will continue to vigorously pursue its military modernization effort, and this effort will include the quest for arms and technologies from abroad. However, as the Chinese themselves well recognize, this path to military modernization will be slow and difficult. SIPRI is pleased to support this effort initiated by the Project on Security and Arms Control in East Asia. In addition to this study, the Project has published research on the prospects for multilateral and bilateral security dialogue in North-East Asia and on conventional arms trade, production and control in East Asia. The work of the Project has benefited enormously from collaboration with the SIPRI Project on Arms Transfers and the SIPRI Project on Arms Production. Adam Daniel Rotfeld Director of SIPRI August 1995 Acknowledgements This research report would not have been possible without the assistance of numerous persons and institutions at various stages of its preparation. The study emerged from research we presented to the Fifth Staunton Hill Confer- ence on the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), sponsored by the American Enterprise Institute and convened at Staunton Hill, Virginia, USA, in June 1994. The conference brought together academics, officials, researchers and journalists specializing in the Chinese military and held an extensive but focused discussion on various aspects of the PLA. We are grateful to the conference organizers and participants and wish to thank the conference host and former US Ambassador to China, James R. Lilley. Several conference participants later reviewed the manuscript at its vari- ous stages. We remain indebted to their work on the Chinese military in general and to their invaluably helpful comments on the manuscript in par- ticular. They are Tai Ming Cheung, John Frankenstein, Paul H. B. Godwin, Alexander C. Huang and David Shambaugh. In addition, we express our appreciation to colleagues at SIPRI for their extensive and insightful sugges- tions with regard to the arms trade and weapon technologies—Eric Arnett, Ravinder Pal Singh, Pieter Wezeman and Siemon Wezeman—and to the Leaders of the SIPRI Arms Transfers and Arms Production projects—Ian Anthony and Elisabeth Sköns, respectively—for the project data they pro- vided for this report. Our editors, Peter Rea and Connie Wall, especially deserve our heartfelt praise and gratitude for their perception, devotion to detail and professional encouragement. Cynthia Loo, Project Secretary at SIPRI, unfailingly provided her assistance in numerous ways. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and the Mershon Center at Ohio State University provided us with excellent research envi- ronments and warm hospitality. Without the encouragement and support of their directors, Adam Daniel Rotfeld and Charles F.
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