Generationsübergreifender Jiddischismus

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Generationsübergreifender Jiddischismus Janina Wurbs Generationenübergreifender Jiddischismus Skizzen kultureller Biographien der Familie Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman Pri ha-Pardes | 11 Pri ha-Pardes | 11 Janina Wurbs Generationenübergreifender Jiddischismus Skizzen kultureller Biographien der Familie Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman Universitätsverlag Potsdam Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National- bibliographie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Gedruckt mit der freundlichen Unterstützung der Salomo-Birnbaum-Gesellschaft für Jiddisch e. V., der Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung, der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e. V. sowie Förder*innen im Rahmen des Crowdfoundings. Universitätsverlag Potsdam 2018 http://verlag.ub.uni-potsdam.de/ Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam Tel.: +49 (0)331 977 2533 / Fax: -2292 E-Mail: [email protected] Die Schriftenreihe Pri ha-Pardes wird herausgegeben von Rebekka Denz und Michał Szulc im Auftrag der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e. V. in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Jüdische Studien und Religionswissenschaft der Universität Potsdam ISSN (print) 1863-7442 ISSN (online) 2191-4540 Magisterarbeit, Universität Potsdam, 2014 Dieses Werk ist unter einem Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag lizenziert: Namensnennung – Keine kommerzielle Nutzung – Keine Bearbeitung 4.0 Deutschland Um die Bedingungen der Lizenz einzusehen, folgen Sie bitte dem Hyperlink: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Druck: docupoint GmbH Magdeburg Layout und Satz: Frank Schlöffel Umschlaggestaltung: Kristin Schettler Umschlagfoto: Janina Wurbs ISBN 978-3-86956-423-4 Zugleich online veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der Universität Potsdam: URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-408863 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-408863 ָאין אנדענק ֿפון בײלע שעכטער־גָאַטעסמאן ז״ל )1920–2013) מיט טיֿפַער דאנקבַארקײט1* ַֿפאר דָעםאֿפענעם אױֿפנעם און זיך טײלן אױך ַװיֿפאר דַער אינסּפיראציע מיר װעלן ממשיך זַײן זיך לערנען ַאון שאֿפן Im Andenken an Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman z"l (1920–2013) In tiefer Dankbarkeit Für die offene Aufnahme Und Inspiration Wir werden weiter Lernen und Den Faden spinnen * Obgleich Uriel Weinreich das Wort in seinem Modern English-Yiddish, Yiddish-English Dictionary (New York 1990) mit einem schwarzen Punkt als von zweifelhafter Zulässig- keit im Standardjiddischen („a sofek tsi derlozlekh in der klal-shprakh“, S. XI) gekenn- zeichnet hat, wird es an dieser Stelle trotzdem verwendet, da u. a. Bashevis Singer es in seiner Nobelpreisrede 1978 benutzte. Inhalt 1 Einleitung .............................................................................................. 11 1.1 Fragestellung und Methode ........................................................... 11 1.2 Terminologie.................................................................................... 14 1.3 Aufbau .............................................................................................. 17 1.4 Forschungsstand ............................................................................. 19 1.5 Formalia............................................................................................ 21 2 Jiddischismus ....................................................................................... 25 2.1 Jiddischismus im 19. Jahrhundert ................................................. 26 2.2 Ausprägungen des Jiddischismus Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts ......................................................... 31 3 Die Mutter Lifshe Schaechter-Widman (1893–1973): traditioneller jiddischer Gesang ...................................................... 37 3.1 Geven a mol iz a shtetl: Zvinyetshke, „Die Wiege der Gottesmans“ ............................... 37 3.2 Die Volkssängerin Lifshe Schaechter-Widman .......................... 41 3.3 Der Anfang des Jiddischismus in der Familie Gottesman .............................................................. 44 3.4 Beyle Schaechter-Gottesmans Lied Geven a mol iz a shtetl ........................................................................ 46 4 Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman (1920–2013): Sängerin, Malerin, Dichterin, Liedermacherin .......................... 51 4.1 Kindheit und Jugend ...................................................................... 51 4.2 Einfluss des Vaters .......................................................................... 55 4.3 Von der Malerin in Österreich zur Lehrerin und Dichterin in New York .......................................................... 62 4.4 Einfluss von Schaechter-Gottesmans Liedern und Gesang durch zingerayen und Workshops ................................................ 71 8 INHALT 5 Der Bruder Mordkhe Schaechter (1927–2007): Linguist in der Tradition des ideologischen Jiddischismus ... 81 5.1 Schaechters Visitenkarte als Spiegel seiner jiddischistischen Identität ................................................... 83 5.2 Das Erbe des Großvaters als Vorbild für das Engagement für Jiddisch ........................................................ 93 6 Bainbridgivke: jiddischistisches Wohnprojekt in der Bronx .... 97 6.1 Nachbarschaft auf Jiddisch (Gottesmans, Schaechters, Fishmans) ......................................... 97 6.2 Junge Jiddischist*innen: der Kinderklub Enge-Benge ............ 101 6.3 A yidishe gas – Topographie von Bainbridgivke ..................... 109 6.4 Kann das Experiment Bainbridgivke als gelungen betrachtet werden? ................................................. 112 7 Der Sohn Itzik Gottesman (geb. 1957): Transformierung des territorialistischen Jiddischismus in der Jiddischlandhauptstadt New York ................................... 115 7.1 Der Territorialist Yitskhok Nakhmen Steinberg als Namenspatron ......................................................................... 115 7.2 Über die jiddische Liedtradition zur Folkloristik ..................... 120 7.3 Jiddisch im Alltag des 21. Jahrhunderts und Zugänglichmachung des kulturellen Erbes ............................... 127 8 Schlussbemerkungen und Ausblick ............................................ 135 9 Anhänge ............................................................................................... 141 10 English Summary .............................................................................. 155 11 Danksagung ........................................................................................ 163 INHALT 9 12 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis ............................................... 165 13 Abbildungsverzeichnis ..................................................................... 179 14 Über die Autorin ................................................................................ 181 1 Einleitung Im Jahre 2005 wurde Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman mit dem National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship ausgezeichnet, das als Nobelpreis der traditionellen Künste in den USA gilt. Allein dieser Fakt beweist ihre Bedeutung und begründet die Erforschung dieser außergewöhnlichen Persönlichkeit. Die Idee zu dieser Studie entstand durch die Verbindung einer inten- siven Auseinandersetzung mit der jiddischen Liedtradition und der per- sönlichen Begegnung 2004 mit Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman in Weimar, wo sie als Sängerin, Dichterin und Dozentin jiddischer Lieder im Rahmen der Klezmer Wochen Weimar (heute: Yiddish Summer Weimar) wirkte. Die Faszination, die sie vor allem als Sängerin ausübte, führte zu mehre- ren längeren Aufenthalten der Autorin in Schaechter-Gottesmans Haus in der New Yorker Bronx. Dieses Haus kann als ein Ort für traditionel- len jiddischen Gesang und jiddische Poesie angesehen werden, in dem yidishkeyt1 gelebt und weitervermittelt wird. Ein intensiver Austausch über ihre Lebensgeschichte und ihr Werk begann, in dessen Verlauf auch deutlich wurde, wie sehr Schaechter-Gottesmans Familie von der Idee des Jiddischismus geprägt ist. Mit der Fokussierung auf Beyle Schaechter- Gottesman kann also eine Annäherung an den heutigen Jiddischismus unternommen werden. 1.1 Fragestellung und Methode Die vorliegende Studie stellt Leben und Werk der Jiddischistin, Sänge- rin, Dichterin und Malerin Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman vor und unter- sucht insbesondere die innerfamiliäre Tradierung jiddischer Kultur sowie den Einfluss, den die Familie in der jiddischen Welt anerkanntermaßen ausgeübt hat. Konkretes Ziel der Studie ist zu untersuchen, inwieweit 1 Jüdischsein, auf aschkenasische Weise: Dazu können alle Traditionen gehören, religiöse und kulturelle, Bräuche, Festtage, Jiddisch und Hebräisch als gesprochene und literari- sche Sprachen usw. 12 EINLEITtNn entscheidende Einflüsse des Jiddischismus auf Schaechter-Gottesman wirkten, wie sie sich in ihrem Werk ausdrücken und aus welchen familiären Traditionen diese gespeist werden. Zudem stellt sich die Frage, auf welche Art und Weise die aktive Tradierung jiddischer Lieder zum Jiddischismus beiträgt und welche Bedeutung der jiddischistischen Haltung innerhalb der Familie zukommt. Die Methoden dieser Arbeit sind kulturwissenschaftlich und biogra- fisch orientiert und untersuchen die Funktion der Musik innerhalb des Jiddischismus exemplarisch an der Person Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman. Der kulturwissenschaftliche Ansatz erscheint eher gerechtfertigt als ein musikwissenschaftlicher, da ihr Wirken nicht nur in musikalischer und musikhistorischer, sondern auch in kulturwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht bedeutsam ist. Als jüdische Frau aus der Bukowina, die Anfang der
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